Editing A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

{{Short description|Indian spiritual teacher (1896–1977)}}
{{Redirect2|Bhaktivedanta|Prabhupada|the college|International Society for Krishna Consciousness|other people called Prabhupada|Prabhupad (disambiguation){{!}}Prabhupad}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name               = A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
| image              = Prabhupada singing (Germany 1974).jpg
| alt                = A portrait of an elderly Indian man in light-saffron robes with a red flower garland around his neck, sitting cross-legged with his eyes closed, playing hand cymbals and signing.
| caption            = A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in Germany, 1974
| title              = Founder-{{IAST|[[Acharya]]}} of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]
| honorific-prefix   = His Divine Grace
| religion           = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|09|01}}
| birth_place        = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_name         = Abhay Charan De
| alma_mater         = [[Scottish Church College|Scottish Churches College]], [[University of Calcutta]]{{Sfn|Jones|2007|pp=77-78}}
| initiation         = {{Ubl|{{IAST|[[Diksha]]}}: 1933 (by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]])|{{IAST|[[Sannyasa]]}}: 1959 (by [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]])}}
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1977|11|14|1896|09|01}}
| death_place        = [[Vrindavan]], India
| resting_place      = Srila Prabhupada's {{IAST|[[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi Mandir]]}}, [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|ISKCON Vrindavan]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|27.57196|77.67729}}
| guru               = [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur]]
| lineage            = from [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
| known_for          = [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|the Hare Krishna movement]]{{Sfn|Klostermaier|2000|p=25}}
| works              = {{Ubl|{{IAST|[[Bhagavata Purana|Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam]]}} (trans. and comm.) | {{IAST|[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritāmṛta]]}} (trans. and comm.)|''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]]'' (trans. and comm.) | ''[[Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead]]'' | ''Teachings of Lord Caitanya'' | ''The Nectar of Devotion'' | {{IAST|[[Isha Upanishad|Īśopaniṣad]]}} (trans. and comm.)}}
| module             = {{Listen
|filename = Prabhupada's purport on Hare Krsna mantra.ogg
|title = A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami explains the ''Hare Krishna maha-mantra''
|description = recorded in October 1966. (5:20)
|image = none
| embed = yes
}}
| signature          = Srila Prabhupada's signature.svg
| signature_alt      = Close-up of the name written in English with angular letters
| background         = Orange
| native_name_lang   = Bengali
| nationality        = Indian
| father             = Gour Mohan De
| mother             = Rajani De
| denomination       = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
}}

'''Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada''' ({{IAST3|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhaktivedānta Svāmī Prabhupāda}}; {{Langx|bn|অভয় চরণারবিন্দ ভক্তিবেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ}}) (1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977) was a spiritual, philosophical, and religious teacher from [[India]] who spread the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]] and the teachings of "[[#Philosophy and teachings|Krishna consciousness]]" to the world. Born as Abhay Charan De and later legally named Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami, he is often referred to as "Bhaktivedanta Swami", "Srila Prabhupada", or simply "Prabhupada".{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}}

To carry out an order received in his youth from his spiritual teacher to spread "Krishna consciousness" in [[English language|English]], he journeyed from [[Kolkata]] to [[New York City]] in 1965 at the age of 69, on a [[cargo ship]] with little more than a few trunks of books. He knew no one in [[United States|America]], but he chanted Hare Krishna in a [[Tompkins Square Park|park in New York City]], gave [[Pravacana|classes]], and in 1966, with the help of some early students, established the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)]], which now has centers around the world.

He taught a path in which one aims at realizing oneself to be an [[Ātman (Hinduism)|eternal spiritual being]], distinct from one's temporary material body, and seeks to revive one's dormant relationship with the [[Svayam Bhagavan|supreme living being]], known by the [[Sanskrit]] name [[Krishna]]. One does this through various practices, especially through hearing about Krishna from standard texts, chanting [[mantra]]s consisting of names of Krishna, and adopting a life of devotional service to Krishna. As part of these practices, Prabhupada required that his initiated students strictly refrain from non-[[Lacto vegetarianism|vegetarian]] food (such as meat, fish, or eggs), [[gambling]], [[Psychoactive drug|intoxicants]] (including coffee, tea, or cigarettes), and [[extramarital sex]]. In contrast to earlier Indian teachers who promoted the idea of an impersonal ultimate truth in the West, he taught that the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]] is ultimately personal.

He held that the duty of a [[guru]] was to convey intact the message of Krishna as found in core spiritual texts such as the {{IAST|[[Bhagavad Gita]]}}. To this end, he wrote and published a translation and commentary called ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]].'' He also wrote and published translations and commentaries for texts celebrated in India but hardly known elsewhere, such as the {{IAST|Srimad-Bhagavatam}} ({{IAST|[[Bhagavata Purana]]}}) and the {{IAST|[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]}}, thereby making these texts accessible in English for the first time. In all, he wrote more than eighty books.

In the late 1970s and the 1980s, ISKCON came to be labeled a [[Cult|destructive cult]] by critics in America and some European countries. Although scholars and courts rejected claims of cultic [[brainwashing]] and recognized ISKCON as representing an authentic branch of [[Hinduism]], the "cult" label and image have persisted in some places. Some of Prabhupada's views or statements have been perceived as [[Racism|racist]] towards [[Black people]], discriminatory against [[Caste|lower castes]], or [[Misogyny|misogynistic]].{{Sfn|Lorenz|2004|pp=112-128, 347–390}}{{Sfn|Brown|2020|p=122}}{{Sfn|Lucia|2014|p=238}} Decades after his death, Prabhupada's teachings and the Society he established continue to be influential,{{Sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}} with some scholars and Indian political leaders calling him one of the most successful propagators of Hinduism abroad.{{Sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=183}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=136, 142}}{{Sfn|Cox|1983|pp=40–41}}{{Sfn|Ivanenko|2008|pp=73–74}}

== Early life (1896–1922) ==

Abhay Charan De was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[India]], on 1 September 1896, the day after [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] (the birth anniversary of [[Krishna]]).{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} His parents, Gour Mohan De and Rajani De, named him Abhay Charan, meaning "one who is fearless, having taken shelter of Lord Krishna's lotus feet".{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}} Following Indian tradition, Abhay's father invited an astrologer, who predicted that at the age of seventy, Abhay would cross the ocean,{{Sfn|Chryssides|1999|p=171}} become a famous religious teacher, and open 108 [[Hindu temple|temples]] around the world.{{Sfn|Bhat|2004|p=61}}

Abhay was raised in a religious family belonging to the {{Transliteration|bn|[[Suvarna Banik|suvarna-vanik]]}} mercantile community. His parents were [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnavas]], or followers of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], who taught that Krishna is the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality]] and that [[Bhakti|pure love]] for Krishna is the highest attainment.{{Sfn|Zeller|2010|p=74}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=33}}

Gour Mohan was a middle-income merchant and had his own fabric and clothing store.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}} He was related to the rich and aristocratic Mullik mercantile family,{{Sfn|Chryssides|1999|p=171}} who had been trading in gold and salt for centuries.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}}

Opposite the De house was a temple of [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] that for a century and a half had been supported by the Mullik family.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}} Every day, young Abhay, accompanied by his parents or servants, attended temple services.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}}

At the age of six, Abhay organized a likeness of the "chariot festival", or [[Ratha Yatra|Ratha-yatra]], an annual [[Vaishnavism|''Vaishnava'']] festival in the city of [[Puri]], [[Odisha]].{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} For this purpose, Abhay persuaded his father to obtain for him a scaled-down copy of the massive chariot on which the form of [[Jagannath]]a (Krishna as "Lord of the universe") rides in procession in Puri.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} Decades later, after going to [[United States|America]], Abhay would bring Ratha-yatra festivals to the West.{{Sfn|R. S. Dasa|1985|pp=69–70}}

Though Abhay's mother wanted him to go to [[London]] to study law,{{Sfn|Mitchiner|1992|p=146}} his father rejected the idea, fearing Abhay would be negatively influenced by [[Western culture|Western society]] and acquire bad habits.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} In 1916, Abhay began his studies at the [[Scottish Church College]], a prestigious school in Calcutta founded by [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]], a [[Christian mission]]ary.{{Sfn|Emmott|1965|p=160}}{{Efn|After the unification of the Church of Scotland in 1929, the institution became known as Scottish Church College. "Sen, Asit and John Abraham. Glimpses of college history, 2008 (1980). Retrieved on 2009-10-03" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083113/http://scottishchurch.ac.in/College%20History02.pdf}}

In 1918, while in college, Abhay, as arranged by his father, married Radharani Datta, also from an aristocratic family.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}}{{Sfn|Zeller|2010|p=76}} They had five children over the course of their marriage.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=33}} After graduation from college, Abhay began a career in pharmaceuticals{{Sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=24}} and later opened his own pharmaceutical company in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]].{{Sfn|Hopkins|1989|p=50}}

Abhay grew up while India was under [[British Raj|British rule]], and like many other youth of his age he was attracted to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. In 1920, Abhay graduated from college with a specialization in English, philosophy, and economics.{{Sfn|Melton|1992|p=233}} He successfully passed the final exams, but as a sign of opposition to British rule he refused to take part in the graduation ceremony and receive a diploma.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}{{Sfn|Zeller|2010|p=76}}

== Midlife (1922–1965) ==
[[File:Bhaktivinoda_Asan_Roof_2_-_ISKCON_Ultadanga,_Kolkata.jpg|alt=Sculptures of five people clad in traditional Indian clothing sitting under an ornate black canopy in a semicircle on the floor around a sculpture of a bespectacled person in saffron clothes.|thumb|Memorial at the spot of Abhay Charan De's first meeting with [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]. Kolkata|upright=1.3]]

In 1922, while still in college, Abhay was persuaded by a friend, Narendranath Mullik,{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}} to meet with [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] (1874–1937), a Vaishnava scholar and teacher and the founder of the [[Gaudiya Math]], a spiritual institution for spreading the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} The word [[Matha|''math'']] denotes a monastic or missionary center.{{Sfn|Valpey|2006|p=97}} Bhaktisiddhanta was continuing the work of his father, [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] (1838–1914), who regarded Chaitanya's teachings as the highest form of [[theism]], intended not for any one religion or nation but for all of humanity.{{Sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=24}}

When the meeting took place, Bhaktisiddhanta said to Abhay, "You are an educated young man. Why don't you take the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and spread it in English?"{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}{{Sfn|Sardella|2013|pp=102–103}}{{Sfn|Rochford|1985|p=10}} However, Abhay, according to his own later account, argued that India first needed to become independent before anyone would take Chaitanya's message seriously, an argument that Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati effectively countered.{{Sfn|Broo|2006|p=41}} Convinced by Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Abhay accepted the instruction to spread the message of Chaitanya in English, and it was in pursuing this order from Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati that he later traveled to New York.{{Sfn|Judah|1974|pp=40–41}} Many years later he recalled: "I immediately accepted him as spiritual master. Not formally, but in my heart".{{Sfn|Zeller|2010|p=80}}

=== The Gaudiya Math and initiation (1933) ===
After meeting Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in 1922, Abhay had little contact with the Gaudiya Math until 1928, when {{IAST|[[Sannyasa|sannyasis]]}} (renounced, itinerant preachers) from the Math came to open a center in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], where Abhay and his family were living.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}} Abhay became a regular visitor, contributed funds, and brought important people to the lectures of the Math's {{IAST|sannyasis}}. In 1932, he visited Bhaktisiddhanta in the holy town of [[Vrindavan]], and in 1933, when Bhaktisiddhanta came to Allahabad to lay the cornerstone for a new temple, Abhay received {{IAST|[[diksha]]}} (spiritual initiation) from him and was given the name Abhay Charanaravinda.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}}{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}}

Over the next three years, whenever Abhay was able to visit Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in Calcutta{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=71–72}} or Vrindavan,{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=86}} he would carefully listen to his spiritual master.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=65–66, 69}} In 1935, Abhay moved for business reasons to [[Mumbai|Bombay]];{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=77–78}} then, in 1937, he moved back to Calcutta.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=77–78; 93}} In both places, he assisted other members of the Gaudiya Math by donating money, leading {{IAST|[[kirtan]]s}}, lecturing, writing, and bringing others to the Math. At the end of 1936, he visited Vrindavan, where he again met Bhaktisiddhanta, who told him, "If you ever get money, print books",{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} an instruction that would inform his life's work.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Two weeks before his death on 1 January 1937, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati wrote a letter to Abhay urging him to teach Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English.{{Sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=25}}{{Sfn|Zeller|2010|p=81}}{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=28}}{{Sfn|Melton|1991|p=449}} After Bhaktisiddhanta passed away, the unified mission of the Gaudiya Math broke down{{Sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=2}} as a battle for power broke out between his senior [[Guru–shishya tradition|disciples]].{{Sfn|Nye|2001|p=10}} Although Abhay continued to serve with other disciples of his spiritual master and wrote articles for their publications, he kept clear of the political struggles.{{Sfn|Nye|2001|p=10}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=92}}

=== "Bhaktivedanta" title (1939) ===

In 1939, elders in the Gaudiya community honored Abhay Charanaravinda (A.{{Nbsp}}C.) with the title "Bhaktivedanta". In the title, {{IAST|[[bhakti]]}} means "devotion", and {{IAST|[[vedanta]]}} means "the culmination of Vedic knowledge".{{Sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}} Thus the honorary title acknowledged his scholarship and devotion.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}}

=== ''Back to Godhead'' magazine (1944) ===

In an effort to fulfill the order of his guru, in 1944, A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta began publishing ''[[Back to Godhead]]'', an English fortnightly [[magazine]] presenting the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=28}}{{Sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=26}}{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=36}} He single-handedly wrote, edited, financed, published, and distributed the magazine,{{Sfn|Zeller|2010|p=14}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=104–105}} which is still published and distributed by his followers.{{Sfn|Eck|1979}}{{Sfn|Zeller|2010|p=92}}

=== Accepting {{IAST|vanaprastha}} ===

In 1950, A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta accepted the {{IAST|[[Vānaprastha|vanaprastha ashram]]}} (the traditional retired order of life), and went to live in Vrindavan, regarded as the site of Krishna's ''[[Lila (Hinduism)|Lila]]'' (divine pastimes),{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}} although he occasionally commuted to [[Delhi]].{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}} In [[Mathura]], adjoining Vrindavan, he wrote for and edited the {{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrikā}} magazine published by his godbrother{{Efn|A term used in the [[Gaudiya Math]] and [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] for denoting [[Guru–shishya tradition|disciples]] of the same {{IAST|[[Diksha|diksha-guru]]}}.}} [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]].{{Sfn|Greene|2016|p=51}}

=== Forming "The League of Devotees" (1952) ===

[[File:Prabhupada's passport.jpg|alt=A black-and-white image of the photograph page of an old-looking Indian passport. |thumb|Prabhupada's [[Indian passport|passport]], issued for his journey to the United States. (1965)|upright=1.3]]

In 1952, A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta attempted to set up organized spiritual activities in the central Indian city of [[Jhansi]], where he started "The League of Devotees",{{Sfn|Greene|2016|p=48}}{{Sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=27}} only to see the organization collapse two years later.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=36}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=163–164}}

=== Taking {{IAST|sannyasa}} (1959) ===
On 17 September 1959,{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}} prompted by a dream of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati calling on him to accept {{IAST|sannyasa}} (renounced order of life), A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta formally entered {{IAST|sannyasa [[Āśrama (stage)|asrama]]}} from Bhakti Prajnan Keshava at his Keshavaji Gaudiya Math in [[Mathura]] and was given the name Bhaktivedanta Swami. Wishing to preserve the [[Diksha|initiatory name]] given him by Bhaktisiddhanta, as a sign of humility and connection to his spiritual master he kept the initials "A.{{Nbsp}}C." before his {{IAST|sannyasa}} name, becoming A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=131–132}}

=== Staying at the Radha Damodar temple (1962–1965) ===

From 1962 to 1965, Bhaktivedanta Swami stayed in Vrindavan at the [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha-Damodar temple]]. There he began the task of translating from [[Sanskrit]] into English and [[Bhashya|commenting]] on the 1800-verse {{IAST|[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad-Bhagavatam]]}} (Bhagavata Purana),{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=67}} the foundational text of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.{{Sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=74}} With great effort and struggle, he finally succeeded to translate, produce, raise funds for, and print the first of its twelve [[canto]]s, in three volumes.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=249–256}}

=== Journey to the United States (1965) ===
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 280
| image1            = MS Jaladuta, 1961.jpg
| alt1              = A black-and-white photograph of a ship
| caption1          = The ''Jaladuta''. (1961)
| image2            = Prabhupadai-handwrite.jpg
| alt2              = A old-looking note handwritten in blue ink.
| caption2          = August 31, 1965. After Prabhupada undergoes a heart attack onboard the ''Jaladuta'', for five days his diary has no entries. He then writes, "Passed over a great crisis on the struggle for life and death".{{Sfn|Prabhupada|1965|p=26}}
}}
After accepting ''sannyasa'', Bhaktivedanta Swami began planning to travel to America to fulfill his spiritual master's desire to spread Chaitanya's teachings in the West.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}}{{Sfn|Selengut|1996}}

To leave India, Bhaktivedanta Swami had many hurdles to overcome. He needed a sponsor in America, official approvals in India, and a ticket for his travel. After significant difficulties he managed to secure the needed sponsorship and approvals.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=67}} He then approached one of his well-wishers, [[Sumati Morarjee]], the head of the [[Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.|Scindia Steam Navigation Company]], to ask for free passage to America on one of her cargo ships.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|pp=37-38}} Because of his age, she at first tried to dissuade him.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}}{{Sfn|Morarjee|2017}} Finally she relented and granted him a ticket on a [[Cargo ship|freighter]], the ''Jaladuta.'' Bhaktivedanta Swami began the 35-day journey to America on 13 August 1965, at the age of 69.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=277}}{{Sfn|Sardella|2019|p=82}}

Bhaktivedanta took with him little more than a suitcase, an umbrella, some [[Cereal|dry cereal]], forty [[Indian rupee]]s (about seven US dollars), and two hundred three-volume sets of his translation of the first canto of ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''.{{Sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=186}}{{Sfn|Gallagher|Willsky-Ciollo|2021|p=299}}{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=10}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2002}}

After surviving two [[Myocardial infarction|heart attacks]] during his maritime journey,{{Sfn|Rosen|2007|p=12}} Bhaktivedanta Swami finally arrived at the [[Boston Harbor]] on 17 September 1965, and then continued on to [[New York City]].{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=281}}

== Later years (1965-1977) ==

=== Beginnings in New York City ===
{{See also|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}}
Bhaktivedanta Swami had no support or acquaintances in the United States except the Agarwals, an Indian-American family, who, although strangers to him, had agreed to sponsor his visa.{{Sfn|Selengut|1996}}{{Efn|Jones notes that Bhaktivedanta Swami became the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of [[National Origins Formula|national quotas]] by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration Act]] of the United States.{{Sfn|Jones|2007|p=xxxvi}}}} Upon reaching New York, he took a bus to the town of [[Butler, Pennsylvania]], where the Agarwals lived. In Butler he delivered lectures to different groups at venues such as the local [[YMCA]].{{Sfn|Ritts|1965}}{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=17}}

After a month in Butler, he returned by bus to New York City.{{Sfn|Selengut|1996}} He stayed at various places — sometimes in a windowless room,{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=301}} sometimes a [[Bowery]] loft{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=343-344}} — until with the help of early followers he found a place to stay in the [[Lower East Side]], where he converted a store-front curiosity shop at 26 Second Avenue with the serendipitous name "Matchless Gifts" into a small temple.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=36}}{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=29}}{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=68}}{{Sfn|Zeller|2010|p=70}}{{Sfn|Poling|Kenny|1986|p=7}} There he offered classes on the ''Bhagavad-gita'' and other [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] texts and held kirtan (group chanting) of the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]]'':
{{Blockquote|''Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare<br/>Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.''{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=391}}}}

[[File:Hare Krishna Tree.jpg|thumb|373x373px|The Hare Krishna Tree in [[Tompkins Square Park]], New York.]]
After he and his followers held Hare Krishna kirtan one Sunday under a tree in nearby [[Tompkins Square Park]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported the event: "Swami's Flock Chants in Park to Find Ecstasy; 50 Followers Clap and Sway to Hypnotic Music at East Side Ceremony".{{Sfn|Sikes|1966}} He slowly gained a following, mainly from young people of the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s counterculture]].{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}

In contrast to the 1960s countercultural lifestyle, he required that in order to receive [[Diksha|spiritual initiation]] his followers had to vow to follow four "regulative principles": no illicit sex (that is, sex outside of marriage), no eating of meat, fish, or eggs, no intoxicants (including drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and even coffee and tea), and no gambling.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=13}}{{Sfn|Rochford|2004|p=102}} New initiates also vowed to daily chant sixteen meditative "rounds" of the Hare Krishna 'mantra' (that is, to complete sixteen circuits of chanting the mantra on a 108-bead strand). During the first year in New York, he initiated nineteen people.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}

In July 1966, he incorporated the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON).{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=68}}{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{Sfn|Goswami et al.|1983|p=986}}{{Efn|Responding to suggestions that his organization be named "International Society for God Consciousness", Bhaktivedanta Swami defended his choice my maintaining that ''Krishna'' included all other forms and concepts of God.{{Sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|pp=120–122}}}}

In December 1966, he made a recording of Krishna kirtan (along with a brief explanatory talk) that took the form of an album entitled ''Krishna Consciousness'',{{Sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} released under the "Happening" record label. The record helped the early spread of what he called "the Hare Krishna movement".{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=376-379}}{{Sfn|Dasa|2011}}

With his small band of followers in a little storefront, he was already sharing a vision of spreading "Krishna consciousness" around the world. He asked them to help, for example, by typing his manuscripts for the second canto of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''.{{Sfn|Greene|2016|p=99}} After he completed his [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'']] (by mid-January  1967),{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=393}} he asked a new disciple to find a publisher for it.{{Sfn|Greene|2016|p=148}}

Bhaktivedanta Swami personally taught his first followers to spread Krishna's message, prepare food to offer to Krishna, collect donations, and chant the Hare Krishna ''maha-mantra'' ("great mantra") on the streets.{{Sfn|Daner|1976|p=17}}

=== San Francisco ===
{{Main|Mantra Rock Dance}}
[[File:Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco 1967.jpg|thumb|alt= Allen Ginsberg accompanies the saffron-clad swami and a group of young followers in the airport lounge|[[Allen Ginsberg]] greeting A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami at the [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco airport]]. (January 1967)|280x280px]]

In 1967, Bhaktivedanta Swami established a second center, in [[San Francisco]].{{Sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}}{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=22}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=550}} The opening of the temple in the heart of the booming [[Hippie|hippie community]] of [[Haight-Ashbury]] attracted many new adherents and was a turning point in his movement's history, marking the beginning of rapid growth.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=1}} To gain attention and raise funds, his disciples organized a two-hour concert with kirtan led by Bhaktivedanta Swami and rock performances by the [[Grateful Dead]] and other famous rock groups of the day.{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=79}} This "[[Mantra-Rock Dance|Mantra Rock Dance]]", held at the popular [[Avalon Ballroom]],  attracted some three thousand people{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=79}} and brought attention to the local Hare Krishna temple. One commentator dubbed it the "ultimate high of that era".{{Sfn|Greene|2006|p=139}}

[[File:1967 Mantra-Rock Dance Avalon poster.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Mantra-Rock Dance]] poster by Harvey W. Cohen (created December 1966).]]
Later that year, Bhaktivedanta Swami's followers organized San Francisco's first [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yatra]], the festival he had celebrated as a child in imitation of the massive parade held annually in the Indian city of [[Puri]]. For this first San Francisco version, a [[flatbed truck]] with four pillars holding a canopy took the place of Puri's three huge ornate wooden vehicles.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=699}} He would later establish this annual festival in major cities around the world,{{Sfn|Gelberg|1989|pp=149-150}} with big vehicles —"chariots" — and thousands of people taking part.

At first, Bhaktivedanta Swami's followers referred to him as "the [[Swami]]"{{Sfn|Goswami|2011|p=352}} or "Swamiji".{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}} From mid-1968 onwards they called him "Prabhupada", a respectful epithet that "enjoys currency with devotees and an increasing number of scholars".{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=22}}

=== Great Britain and Europe ===

In 1968, Prabhupada asked three married couples among his disciples to open a temple in [[London]], England. Following his instructions, the disciples, dressed in their robes and ''[[sari]]s'', began singing Hare Krishna regularly on London streets and at once attracted attention. Soon newspapers carried headlines like "Krishna Chant Startles London" and "Happiness is Hare Krishna".{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}

A further breakthrough came in December 1969 when the disciples managed to meet with members of the rock band the [[The Beatles|Beatles]], who were at the peak of their global fame.{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=23}}{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} Even before then, [[George Harrison]] and [[John Lennon]] had obtained a copy of the maha-mantra recording released by Prabhupada and his students in New York and had begun singing Hare Krishna.{{Sfn|Dasa|2011}}{{Sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}}

In August 1969, Harrison produced a [[The Radha Krsna Temple (album)#"Hare Krishna Mantra" single|single of the Hare Krishna mantra]], sung by the London disciples, and released it on [[Apple Records]].{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=23}}{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}{{Sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} For the recording, the disciples called themselves "The Radha Krishna Temple".{{Sfn|Badman|Miles|2001|pp=350-351}} Harrison told a press conference convened by Apple that the Hare Krishna mantra was not a [[Pop music|pop song]] but an ancient mantra that awakened spiritual bliss in the hearts of people listening to and repeating it.{{Sfn|Greene|2006|p=146}} Seventy thousand copies of the record sold on the first day.{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} It rose to number 11 on the British charts,{{Sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} and Prabhupada's students performed live four times on the BBC's popular TV show ''[[Top of the Pops]]''.{{Sfn|Beck|2007|p=459}} The record was also a success in [[Germany]], [[Holland]], [[France]], [[Sweden]], [[Yugoslavia]], and [[Czechoslovakia]] (as well as [[South Africa]] and [[Japan]]), and so the group was invited to perform in a number of European countries.{{Sfn|Greene|2006|p=147}}The next year, 1970, Harrison produced with Prabhupada's disciples another hit single, "Govinda", and in May 1971 the album ''[[The Radha Krsna Temple (album)|The Radha Krishna Temple]]''.{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=23}}{{Sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} Also in 1970, Harrison sponsored the publishing of the first volume of Prabhupada's book ''[[Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead]]'',{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}{{Sfn|Greene|2006|p=195}} which related the activities of Krishna's life as told in the tenth [[canto]] of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''. In 1973 Harrison donated a seventeen-acre estate known as [[Bhaktivedanta Manor|Piggots Manor]],{{Sfn|Uncut|2013}} fifteen miles northwest of London. The Hare Krishna devotees converted this into a rural temple-ashram and renamed it [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]]{{Sfn|Nye|2001|p=12}} in Prabhupada's honor.
[[File:Prabhupada and the devotees outside Schloss Rettershof, Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|Prabhupada and devotees outside Schloss Rettershof, Frankfurt (1974).]]
Once Prabhupada's disciples had made a start in England, over the years Prabhupada visited England many times and from there traveled to Germany, France, [[Italy]], Sweden, [[Switzerland]], and [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]],{{Sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} leading kirtans, [[Prana pratishtha|installing]] [[Murti|forms]] of Krishna in ISKCON temples, meeting religious and intellectual leaders and others keen to meet him, and guiding and encouraging his disciples.{{Efn|Prabhupada's travels to and from Europe and his programs there are described in ''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrita'', volumes 4 and 5.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002}}}}

=== Africa ===

In 1970, Prabhupada made the first of several visits to [[Kenya]].{{Sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} Although the disciples he had sent there had settled into doing spiritual programs for the local [[Indian diaspora|Indian]] people, Prabhupada insisted on doing programs meant for Africans. On one notable occasion in [[Nairobi]], when he was scheduled to do a program at an Indian [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] temple in a mainly African area downtown, he ordered the doors opened to invite the local residents.  Soon the hall was flooded with African people.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=1018}} Then he held ''kirtan'' and gave a talk. Prabhupada told his local leaders that they should spread Krishna consciousness among the local African people.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=1018-1019}}  Prabhupada also later visited [[Mauritius]] and South Africa{{Sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} and sent his disciples to [[Nigeria]] and [[Zambia]].{{Sfn|Karapanagiotis|2021|p=81}}

=== The Soviet Union ===

[[File:Prabhupada in Moscow 1971.tif|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada in front of [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] on [[Red Square]] in [[Moscow]]. (July 1972)]]
Prabhupada's visit to [[Moscow]] from 20 to 25 June 1971 marked the beginning of Krishna consciousness in the [[Soviet Union]].{{Sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}} During his five days in Moscow, Prabhupada managed to meet only two Soviet citizens: [[:ru:Котовский, Григорий Григорьевич|Grigory Kotovsky]], a professor of Indian and South Asian studies, and [[:ru:Пиняев, Анатолий Фёдорович|Anatoly Pinyaev]], a twenty-three-year-old Muscovite.{{Efn|Kotovsky was the head of the Department of India and [[South Asia]] of the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute of Oriental Studies]] of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union|USSR Academy of Sciences]].}} Pinyaev, who went on to become the first Soviet Hare Krishna devotee, met Prabhupada through the son of an Indian diplomat stationed in Moscow.{{Sfn|Kotovsky|1997|p=109-114}} Prabhupada's assistant gave Pinyaev a copy of Prabhupada's [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita'']], which Pinyaev was able to translate into Russian, copy, and then distribute [[Underground press|underground]] in the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|S. Das|2017}} Pinyaev showed a great interest in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, accepted initiation from Prabhupada, and did much to ignite interest in Krishna consciousness in the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}} Pinyaev was later imprisoned in [[Smolensk]] [[Psikhushka|Special Psychiatric Hospital]] and forcibly treated with drugs for his practice of Krishna consciousness.{{Sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}}{{Sfn|Marzo|1986|p=7}}

=== India ===

Having achieved some success in the West, in 1970 Prabhupada directed his attention especially to India, with the hope of turning India back toward its original spiritual sensibilities.{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=89}} He came back to India with a party of Western disciples{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}} — ten American ''sannyasis'' and twenty other devotees{{Sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} — and for the next seven years focused much of his effort on establishing temples in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Vrindavan, [[Hyderabad]], and a planned international headquarters in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]] (the birthplace of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]).{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}}

By that time, Prabhupada saw that India had set a course towards [[Europeanisation|Europeanization]]{{Sfn|Rosen|2007|p=12}} and sought to imitate the West. Therefore, the appearance on Indian soil of American and European Hare Krishna devotees who had rejected Western materialism and embraced Indian spiritual culture "caused nothing less than a sensation among the modernizing (i.e. [[Westernization|Westernizing]]) Indians, planting seeds for an authentic religious revival there".{{Sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=31}}[[File:A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami travels.webm|thumb|360x360px|Timeline of Prabhupada's travels around the world (1965‒1977){{Sfn|Vanipedia|2024}}]]By the early 1970s, Prabhupada had established his movement's American headquarters in [[Los Angeles]] and its world headquarters in Mayapur.{{Sfn|Melton|1992|p=238}}

=== Around the world ===
In Latin America, Prabhupada visited [[Mexico]] and [[Venezuela]]. In Asia he visited [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Philippines|the Philippines]]. He also spent time in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Fiji]]. In the [[Middle East]] he visited [[Iran]].{{Sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} Among the places he sent disciples to spread Krishna consciousness was [[China]].{{Sfn|Karapanagiotis|2021|p=81}}

Early in the movement, Prabhupada had guided his students personally, but later, as the movement rapidly expanded, he relied more on letters and his secretaries.{{Sfn|Daner|1976|pp=17-18}} By giving his students instructions, advice, and encouragement, he ensured a "strong paternal presence" in their lives.{{Sfn|Daner|1976|p=17}} He wrote more than six thousand letters, many now collected and kept in the Bhaktivedanta Archives.{{Sfn|Greene|2016|p=227}} Besides receiving reports of accomplishments, he also had to deal through correspondence with almost daily setbacks, perplexities, quarrels, and failures. He tried to correct or resolve these as much as he could and kept on advancing his movement.{{Sfn|Greene|2016|p=227}}

Wherever he was, he took an hour-long early-morning walk, which became a time for disciples to ask questions and receive personal guidance.{{Sfn|Greene|2016|p=207}} On returning from his walk, he lectured daily on the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'',{{Sfn|Naughtie|2010|p=11}} often reading from the portion of the manuscript he was working on. Every afternoon he met with disciples or with dignitaries and leaders from various parts of his mission.

Traveling constantly to lecture and tend to his disciples, Prabhupada circled the world fourteen times in ten years.{{Sfn|Smith|2003|p=178}} He opened more than one hundred temples and dozens of farm communities and restaurants, as well as ''[[gurukula]]s'' (boarding schools) for ISKCON's children.{{Sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}} He initiated nearly five thousand disciples.{{Sfn|Rochford|2004|p=103}}

=== Death (1977) ===

On 14 November 1977, at the age of 81, after a long illness,{{Efn|''[[iarchive:easternmysteries00cust/page/126/mode/2up|Eastern mysteries]]'' (1991) cites "diabetes and complications following a stroke" as the cause of Prabhupada's death.{{Sfn|Doyle|1991|p=127}}}} Prabhupada passed away in his room at the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna Balaram Mandir]],{{Sfn|Jones|2007|pp=77-78}}{{Sfn|New York Times|1977|p=2}} the temple he had established in Vrindavan, India.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=184}}{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=14}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=181}} His burial site is located in the courtyard of the temple beneath a ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' (memorial shrine) built by his followers.{{Sfn|Jones|2007|pp=77-78}}{{Sfn|De Backer|2016|p=13}}

=== Succession ===
[[File:Srila Prabhupada samadhi in Vrindavan.jpg|alt=An ornate, elaborate marble building with a faceted dome and arched staircase.|thumb|Prabhupada's ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' in [[Vrindavan]], India.|280x280px]]In 1970, Prabhupada established a Governing Body Commission (GBC), then consisting of twelve leading disciples, to oversee ISKCON's activities around the world and to serve as ISKCON's ultimate managing authority.{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=181}} In 1977, four months before his death, he appointed eleven senior disciples to perform spiritual initiations on his behalf while he was ill.{{Sfn|Burt|2020|pp=88-90}}

Despite the measures Prabhupada took to organize the management of his movement, his death caused a crisis of authority in ISKCON that destabilized the organization and became a turning point in its development.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=14}}{{Sfn|Rochford|1985|p=8}}{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=72}} The succession process was beset by conflicts, with disagreements persisting for decades.{{Sfn|Burt|2023|pp=51-54}}{{Sfn|Burt|2020|pp=86-99}} Nonetheless, by 2023 nearly one hundred disciples and grand-disciples in succession from Prabhupada were serving as initiating gurus in his branch of the Gaudiya Vaishnava lineage.{{Sfn|GBC|2024}}

== Philosophy and teachings ==

Within [[Indian philosophy|Eastern systems]], spiritual lineages are integral to each tradition, and a teacher is mandated to maintain theological fidelity by transmitting knowledge as given in the lineage.{{Sfn|Burt|2023|p=12}} Prabhupada comes in the [[Brahma Sampradaya|Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya lineage]], which traces back to [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]{{Sfn|Burt|2023|p=1}} and [[Madhvacharya]], and further back, its teachings say, to the beginnings of creation.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=23}} This lineage (''[[sampradaya]]'') follows such texts as ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad-Bhagavatam]]'', the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad-gita]]'', and the writings of Chaitanya's disciples and their followers.{{Sfn|Burt|2023|p=13}} Prabhupada's extensive [[Bhashya|commentaries]] on the sacred texts follow those of [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Bhaktisiddhanta]], [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Bhaktivinoda]], and other traditional teachers, such as [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana]], [[Visvanatha Chakravarti|Vishvanatha Chakravarti]], [[Jiva Goswami]], Madhvacharya, and [[Ramanuja]]charya.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=141}}{{Sfn|R. S. Dasa|1985|pp=71–72}}

=== The Absolute Truth ===
In accordance with the teachings of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', Prabhupada taught that the supreme truth, or Absolute Truth, is the one unlimited, undivided spiritual entity that is the source of all. That Absolute Truth, he taught, is realized in three phases: as ''[[Brahman]]'' (all-pervading impersonal oneness), as ''[[Paramatman|Paramatma]]'' (the aspect of [[God]] present within the heart of every living being), and as ''[[Bhagavan]]'', the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality of Godhead]]. Though the Absolute Truth is one, he taught, that one Absolute is progressively realized in these three features according to one's level of spiritual advancement. In the initial stage the Absolute is realized as Brahman, in a more advanced stage as Paramatma, and at the most advanced stage as ''Bhagavan''.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=133–134}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=127, 131–132}}{{Sfn|Schweig|2004|pp=15, 19}}{{Sfn|Deadwyler|1989|p=66}}
[[File:Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg|thumb|[[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]], the supreme manifestation of God in the teachings of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], which Prabhupada represented. Radha-Krishna installed by Prabhupada in [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|his temple]] in [[Vrindavan]], India.]]

=== Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead ===

In the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', and so in Prabhupada's teachings, Krishna is seen as the original and supreme manifestation of Bhagavan{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=23}} – in [[Sanskrit]], ''svayam-bhagavan'', or the Supreme Personality of Godhead himself.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=142–145}}  No one is equal to or greater than Krishna.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=132}}  Brahman and Paramatma are partial realizations of Krishna.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=132}} The various [[Vishnu]] forms, such as [[Rama]] and [[Narasimha]], are "nondifferent" from Krishna; they are the same Personality of Godhead, appearing in different roles. The form of Krishna is the original and the most complete form. In the [[Deva (Hinduism)#Important Devas|Hindu pantheon]], he taught the gods other than the Vishnu forms are [[Deva (Hinduism)|demigods]] — that is, assistants of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=133–134}}

=== The energies of the Absolute ===

If the Absolute Truth is one, this raises the question of how diversity can exist. If, as the ''[[Upanishads]]'' say, there is only the Absolute Truth and nothing else, we need some way to account for the existence of living beings, with all their differences, and the world, with all its many colors, forms, sounds, aromas, and so on. Prabhupada responds by referencing a statement from the ''Upanishads'' that the Absolute Truth has varied energies.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{Sfn|Gupta|2007|p=45}} As a fire located in one place gives off heat and light throughout a room, the Absolute Truth fills the world with every sort of variety.{{Sfn|Gupta|2007|p=40}}

=== Oneness and difference ===

Prabhupada taught Chaitanya's doctrine of ''[[Achintya Bheda Abheda|achintya bheda-abheda-tattva]]'', in which everything is seen as simultaneously, inconceivably one with the Absolute — that is, with Krishna — and yet different.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{Sfn|Gupta|2007|pp=45-55}}{{Sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=150-158}} By way of analogy, Prabhupada gives the example that heat is in one sense identical with the fire from which it emerges and yet the two are different — when sitting in a fire's warmth, we are not burning in the fire itself.{{Sfn|Gupta|2007|p=40}}{{Sfn|Dasa|1970}} This "oneness and difference" accounts for the oneness of an Absolute Truth that includes limitless varieties.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{Sfn|Gupta|2007|pp=45-55}}{{Sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=150-158}}

=== The inferior and superior energies ===
{{Vaishnavism}}
Among Krishna's energies, Prabhupada taught, the ingredients of this world collectively belong to Krishna's "inferior energy"{{Sfn|Judah|1974|pp=50, 54}} — inferior in that, being inert matter, it lacks consciousness.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=134}}{{Sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=95}} But superior to inert matter are the [[Jiva|conscious living beings]] (''jivas'') that belong to Krishna's "superior energy".{{Sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=21}}{{Sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=133}}

=== The predicament of the living being ===
Because the living beings belong to Krishna's "superior energy", Prabhupada taught, they share in Krishna's divine qualities, including [[Saccidānanda|knowledge, bliss, and eternality]] (''sat'', ''cit'', and ''ananda'').{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=134}}{{Sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=133}} But because of contact with the "inferior energy" since time immemorial,{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=135–136}} the divine nature of the living beings has been covered, and subjecting the living beings in this world to ignorance, suffering, and repeated birth and death.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=135–137}} Living beings struggle against birth and death, disease, and old age in each life.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=135}} While trying to control and enjoy the resources of nature, living beings increasingly suffer from entanglement in nature's complexities.{{Sfn|R. S. Dasa|1985|pp=22–23}}

As spiritual beings belonging to the "superior energy", the living beings are different from their material bodies: the body may be male or female, young or old, white or black, American or Indian, but the living being within the body is beyond what he called these "material designations".{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=758}} Prabhupada phrased this understanding in a maxim he often used: "I am not this body".{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=238}}{{Sfn|Swami|2015|p=80}}

He taught that when we falsely identify with these bodies, we are under the influence of Maya, or illusion. Only when this illusion is dispelled can the soul become liberated from material existence.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=135}}

=== ''Bhakti'' ===
Prabhupada taught that living beings can be freed from illusion and from their entire material predicament by recognizing that they are tiny but eternal parts of Krishna and that their natural engagement lies in serving Krishna, just as a hand serves the body. Dormant within every living being, Prabhupada taught, is an eternal loving relationship with that Absolute, or Krishna, and when that loving relationship is revived, the living being resumes its natural eternal and joyful life.{{Sfn|Knott|1998|p=62, 64}} This eternal service in devotion to Krishna, rendered by one freed from all material designation, is called ''[[bhakti]]''.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=132}}[[File:Hari Haraye Namah Krsna (Nama Sankirtana) by Narottama Dasa.ogg|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada sings a Bengali ''bhajan'' by [[Narottama Dasa|Narottama Dasa Thakur]].]]One can begin practicing ''bhakti'', Prabhupada taught, even while in the earliest stages of spiritual life. In this way, ''bhakti'' is both the end and how to achieve it. As a spiritual practice, ''bhakti'' is a powerful, transformative process that purifies the soul and enables it to see God directly.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=135}}

=== Impersonalism ===

Prabhupada crusaded against what he called "impersonalism"—the idea that the Supreme has no form, qualities, activities, or personal attributes. In this way, he stood opposed to the teachings of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] (AD 788–820), who held that everything except Brahman is illusory, including the soul, the world, and God.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}} Before Prabhupada, Shankara's system of thought, known as ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]'', had generally provided the framework for Western understandings of Hinduism,{{Sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}} and the "steady procession of Hindu swamis" who came to America generally aligned themselves with Shankara's [[Monism|monistic views]] and the idea of "the ultimate absorption of the self into an impersonal Reality or Brahman".{{Sfn|Judah|1974|p=19}}

But prominent Vaishnava philosophers from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, like [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] and [[Ramanuja]], had opposed Shankara's views with personalistic understandings of [[Vedanta]]. Those teachers presented strong philosophical arguments criticizing Shankara's "illusionism" (''mayavada''), his view that personal individuality, indeed all individuality, is illusory.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}}{{Sfn|Basham|1983|pp=176–180}} Philosophers in the Gaudiya line such as, in the sixteenth century, [[Jiva Goswami]] had continued to argue formidably against impersonalism, which they regarded as  ''the'' essential metaphysical misconception".{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=120}} So Prabhupada strongly opposed impersonalistic views wherever he encountered them and asserted the eternal personal existence of the Absolute and of all living beings.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}} Where [[Buddhism]] shares ground with Shankara's views by teaching that ultimately personality disintegrates, leaving nothing but a void ''[[nirvana]]'',{{Sfn|Basham|1983|p=176}} Buddhism too came in for Prabhupada's strong personalistic critique.{{Sfn|Basham|1983|p=176}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=68}}

=== Societal organization ===
Prabhupada taught that society should ideally be organized in such a way that people have specific duties according to their occupation (''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'') and stage of life (''[[Āśrama (stage)|ashrama]]'').{{Sfn|King|2012a|p=200}} The four ''varnas'' are [[Brahmin|intellectual work]]; [[Kshatriya|administrative and military work]]; [[Vaishya|agriculture and business]]; and [[Shudra|ordinary labor and assistance]]. The four ''ashramas'' are [[Brahmacharya|student life]], [[Gṛhastha|married life]], [[Vānaprastha|retired life]], and [[Sannyasa|renounced life]]. In accordance with the ''Bhagavad-gita'' and in opposition to the modern [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Caste|caste system]], Prabhupada taught that one's ''varna'', or occupational standing, should be understood in terms of one's qualities and the work one actually does, not by one's birth.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=119}}

Moreover, devotional qualifications always supersede material ones.{{Sfn|Valpey|2004|p=49}} Following Chaitanya, who challenged the caste system and undercut hierarchical power structures,{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=131}} Prabhupada taught that anyone could take to the practice of ''[[Bhakti yoga|bhakti-yoga]]'' and become self-realized through the chanting of God's [[Names of God|holy names]], as found in the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna maha-mantra]]''.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=135}}

Prabhupada also emphasized the importance of self-sufficient farming communities as places where one could live simply and cultivate Krishna consciousness.{{Sfn|Farkas|2021|p=2}}
<!--=== Other religions ===
Swami said:

{{Blockquote|Actually, it doesn't matter&nbsp;– Krishna or Christ&nbsp;– the name is the same. The main point is to follow the injunctions of the Vedic scriptures that recommend chanting the name of God in this age.<ref name="Ssr1">{{Harvnb|Bhaktivedanta Swami|2003|loc=}}</ref>}}

Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a [[Hindu]], but tomorrow I may become a [[Christians|Christian]] or [[Muslim]]. In this way, faiths can be changed, but [[dharma]] is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection, and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25"/> While the ISKCON theology of [[personal god]] is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of [[bhakti]] and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with ''[[karatalas]]'' (hand-cymbals) and ''[[mridanga]]s'' (drums)".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=6}}</ref>

His approach to modern knowledge was similar to that of sectarian [[Orthodox Judaism]], where modernity's skills and technical knowledge are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna, we become Krishna conscious".<ref name="char">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iskcon.com/icj/contributors.html#Selengut |title=Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON |publisher=[[ISKCON Communications Journal]] |access-date=31 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204151/http://www.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html#Selengut |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status = dead}} (self-published)</ref> Similar to many traditional religions, he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=224}}</ref> -->

=== Spiritual practices ===

==== ''Kirtan'' ====

[[File:Prabhupada Germany Studio.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Pranbhupada plays the [[Pump organ|harmonium]] during a recording session in Germany. (1974)]]
The primary spiritual practice Prabhupada taught was [[Kirtan|''Krishna sankirtana'']] (also called ''kirtan'' or ''kirtana''), in which people musically chant together names of Krishna, especially in the form of the ''maha-mantra'': {{Blockquote|''Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare<br/>Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.''}}''Kirtan'' literally means "description" hence "praise", and ''sankirtana'' indicates ''kirtan'' performed by people together.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=177–178}}

On the authority of traditional [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit texts]], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu had taught that Krishna ''kirtan'' is the most effective method for spiritual realization in the present age (''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]'') – more effective than silent meditation (''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]''), speculative study (''[[Jñāna|jnana]]''), worship in temples (''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]''), or performing the various physical or mental disciplines of ''[[yoga]]''. ''Krishna kirtan'', he had taught, can be done by anyone, anywhere, at any time, and without hard-and-fast rules. Because the names of Krishna are "transcendental sounds", identical with Krishna himself, the chanting is spiritually uplifting.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=51}}

[[File:Hare Kṛṣṇa Kīrtana and purport.ogg|thumb|Prabhupada leads ''[[Kirtan|Hare Krishna kirtan]]'' and explains the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|maha-mantra]]''. October 1966.|280x280px]]

When Prabhupada began his efforts to spread Krishna consciousness in the United States, he held ''kirtans'' in a [[Bowery]] loft, in his early storefront temples, in [[Tompkins Square Park]] in [[New York City|New York]] and [[Golden Gate Park]] in [[San Francisco]], and wherever else he went.{{Sfn|Greene|2016|pp=117‒118}} Following Prabhupada, his disciples soon began holding ''kirtans'' regularly in streets, parks, temples, and other venues in major cities in [[North America]] and [[Europe]] and then in [[Latin America]], [[Australia]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]]. Because of Hare Krishna ''kirtan'', Prabhupada's movement itself came to be referred to simply as "Hare Krishna" and its followers as "Hare Krishnas".{{Efn|See the etymologies for "Hare Krishna" in, for example, the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the Merriam-Webster dictionaries, and ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.}}

Theologically speaking, the term ''sankirtana'' can extend from the public chanting of Hare Krishna to the distribution of books spoken by or about Krishna. ''Kirtan'' in the sense of public chanting is traditionally accompanied by ''kartals'' ([[Clash cymbals|hand cymbals]]) and [[Mridangam|mridangas]] (drums), and Prabhupada's spiritual master and grand spiritual master had said that distribution of Krishna literature was the "great ''mridanga''" because such distribution spreads Krishna consciousness still further.{{Sfn|Daner|1976|pp=17-18}}{{Sfn|Haddon|2013|p=262}}{{Sfn|Sardella|2013|p=262}} Prabhupada therefore gave great importance to such distribution.

==== Association with devotees ====

Prabhupada's tradition constantly makes the point that "association with saints inspires saintliness, association with devotees inspires devotion. The association of genuine devotees can exert a powerful effect upon one's consciousness".{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=129}} And so when Prabhupada incorporated ISKCON, its founding document included as one of the Society's purposes "To bring the members of the Society together with each other and nearer to Krishna".{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=174}}

==== Initiation vows ====

Prabhupada required of his followers, as a prerequisite for spiritual initiation, that they promise to follow four "regulative principles": no illicit sex (that is, no [[Extramarital sex|sex outside of marriage]]), no eating of meat, fish, or eggs, no [[Psychoactive drug|intoxicants]] (including drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and even coffee and tea), and no [[gambling]].{{Sfn|Rochford|2004|p=102}}{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|pp=12-13}} New initiates also vowed to daily chant sixteen meditative "rounds" of the ''Hare Krishna mantra'' (that is, to complete sixteen circuits of chanting the mantra on a 108-bead strand).{{Sfn|Rochford|2004|p=102}}

==== Hearing of ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' ====

For at least the last millennium, the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' has been "by far the most important work in the Krishna tradition" and "the scripture ''par excellence'' of the Krishnaite schools".{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=9}} It is sometimes described as "the ripened fruit of the Vedic tree".{{Sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}}{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=113}} Accordingly, Prabhupada instituted daily classes on the ''Bhagavatam'' in all his centers,{{Sfn|Fahy|2014|p=8}} and he spoke on ''Bhagavatam'' daily, wherever he went.{{Sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|1984|loc=Chapter 15}}

==== Deity worship ====

In accordance with Vaishnava teachings, Prabhupada introduced the worship of Krishna in the form of a ''[[murti]]'': figures cast in metal or carved in stone or wood to match descriptions of Krishna given in Vaishnava texts. Scholar of religion Kenneth Valpey writes: {{Blockquote|"Prabhupāda explained that although omnipresent, Kṛṣṇa makes himself perceivable and hence worshipable through material elements which are, after all, his own 'energies.' Based on this reasoning one should understand the image of Kṛṣṇa to be 'Kṛṣṇa personally,' appearing in a way quite suitable for our vision,' that is, perceivable by ordinary persons with ordinary powers of sight".{{Sfn|Valpey|2006|p=127 citing a lecture by Prabhupada}}}}
Prabhupada taught that because Krishna is personally present as the deity (the term Prabhupada used for such a form), worshiping the deity helps one develop loving exchanges with Krishna. Prabhupada installed deities in ISKCON temples worldwide.{{Sfn|R. S. Dasa|1985|pp=70–72}}

Food prepared and offered to the deity of Krishna with devotion becomes sanctified as [[Prasada|''krishna-prasadam'']] ("mercy of Krishna"). Prabhupada taught that eating only ''prasadam'' purifies one's existence and helps one develop in ''bhakti''.{{Sfn|Zeller|2012|p=686}} From the beginning of his mission, Prabhupada distributed ''prasadam'' to visitors{{Sfn|Dwyer|2010|p=29}}{{Sfn|Zeller|2012|pp=682-683}} and soon made it into the movement's primary outreach vehicle.{{Sfn|Zeller|2012|p=688}}{{Sfn|Knott|1986|p=72}} A weekly ''prasadam'' feast for the public has always been a program at all of ISKCON centers.{{Sfn|King|2012b|pp=444, 448}}{{Sfn|Zeller|2012|p=681}} Prabhupada wrote, "The Hare Krishna Movement is based on the principle: chant Hare Krishna mantra at every moment, both inside and outside of the temples, and, as far as possible, distribute prasadam".{{Sfn|King|2012b|p=442, citing Prabhupada's purport to ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' 4.12.10}}

==== Living in Vrindavan ====

Prabhupada's predecessors such as [[Rupa Goswami]] had taught the value of living in [[Vrindavan]] (sometimes spelled "Vrindaban"), the sacred town between [[Agra]] and [[New Delhi]] that is held to be the site of Krishna's rural "pastimes" on earth and therefore conducive to constant remembrance of Krishna. Prabhupada accordingly brought his disciples on pilgrimage to Vrindavan, and there, he established the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna-Balaram temple]]. Yet with a broader outlook, he wrote one disciple, "[W]herever you remain, if you are fully absorbed in your transcendental work in Krishna consciousness, that place is eternally Vrindaban. It is the consciousness that creates Vrindaban".{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=189}}

== Principal writings ==

[[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], who had specifically encouraged writing and publishing, at one meeting told Prabhupada: If you ever get money, print books.{{Sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=112}} So regardless of how busy or sometimes unwell Prabhupada might have been, he remained focused on producing books.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=113}} Prabhupada slept little, waking at 1:00 am every night{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=143}} to translate and comment on the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' and other texts.{{Sfn|Goswami2012|p=114}} During the day he would give attention to guiding disciples and seeing to the affairs of his international society and its temples, and very early in the morning, while most people were asleep, he did most of his writing "because even with his age and uncertain health, he was unwilling to sacrifice his writing time for extra rest".{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

By 1970, he had translated the ''Bhagavad-gita'', two cantos of the ''Bhagavatam'', a summary study of its tenth canto, and a summary volume drawn from the expansive [[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritamrta]]. Starting in 1970, his literary output slowed only slightly due to the demands of his expanding Hare Krishna movement.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=118}} His task, as scholars have observed, was not merely to translate the text but to translate an entire tradition.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=117}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}

Historian of religion [[Thomas Hopkins (scholar of religion)|Thomas Hopkins]] relates that Prabhupada told him in a conversation in [[Philadelphia]] in 1975 that "the ''Gita'' provided the basic education on Krishna devotion, the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' was like graduate study, and the ''Caitanya-caritamrita'' was like [[postgraduate education]] for the most advanced devotees".{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|pp=178-179}}

Hopkins says that by presenting in English such works as the ''Bhagavatam'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrta'', Prabhupada made important texts accessible to the Western world that were simply not accessible before. Hopkins says, "[W]hat few English translations there were of the ''Bhagavata'' ''Purana'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrta'' were barely adequate and very hard to get hold of".{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}{{Efn|Hopkins recalls that, when he was working on his doctoral work in the early 1960s, the only copy of the ''Bhagavata Purana'' he was able to obtain was by interlibrary loan on [[Microform|microfilm]] from [[Harvard University|Harvard's]] [[Widener Library]].{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}}} Prabhupada, Hopkins says, "made these and other texts available in a way that they never were before" and "made the tradition itself accessible to the West".{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}

=== ''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'' ===
[[File:Indian President Pratibha Patil receives Bhagavad Gita.jpg|thumb|280x280px|[[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] receives a copy of [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad Gita As It Is'']]. (14 December 2011)]]
In 1966–67, Prabhupada wrote a translation and commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita|''Bhagavad-gita'']] he entitled [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'']]. It was first published by the [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Company]] in 1968 in an abridged edition and later, in 1972, in full.{{Sfn|Davis|2015|p=166}} For each verse he first gives the [[Sanskrit]] [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]], then a [[Romanization|roman transliteration]] and word-for-word gloss, followed by his translation and a commentary, or "purport".{{Sfn|Davis|2015|p=167}} Scholar of religion Richard H. Davis comments that this was "the first English translation of the ''Gita'' to supply an authentic interpretation from an Indian devotional tradition".{{Sfn|Davis|2015|p=168}} It is "by far the most widely distributed of all English Gita translations".{{Sfn|Davis|2015|p=167}} In 2015 Davis wrote, "The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust estimates that twenty-three million copies of Prabhupada's translation have been sold, including the English original and secondary translations into fifty-six other languages".{{Sfn|Davis|2015|p=168}} For Prabhupada, Davis says, "the essential fact about the ''Bhagavad-gita'' is its speaker. The ''Gita'' contains the words of Krishna, and Krishna is the 'Supreme Personality of Godhead.'" In Prabhupada's view, other translations lack authority because the translators use them to express their own opinions rather than the message of Krishna. In contrast, Prabhupada saw his task in presenting what Krishna wanted to say, and so he claimed to present the ''Bhagavad-gita'' "as it is".{{Sfn|Davis|2015|p=165}}

=== ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' ===
At once a sacred history, a theological treatise, and a philosophical text,{{Sfn|Bryant|2003|p=xxxix}} the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' "stands out by reason of its literary excellence, the organization that it brings to its vast material, and the effect that it has had on later writers".{{Sfn|Ingalls|1968|p=vi}} Praising the poetry of the ''Bhagavatam'', scholar of religion [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Edwin Bryant]] says, "[S]cholars of the text have every right to say that 'the ''Bhagavata'' can be ranked with the best of the literary works produced by mankind.'"{{Sfn|Bryant|2003|p=lx, quoting Ramnarayan Vyas, The Synthetic Philosophy of the Bhāgavata.}}

[[File:Srimad-Bhagavatam set.jpg|left|thumb|600x600px|alt=A row of multi-colored books with golden print on their spines.|Prabhupada's edition of ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad-Bhagavatam]]'', with his translation and commentary.]]
It was this great work that Prabhupada, after taking ''sannyasa'', set out to present in English, with, once again, the original Sanskrit text, its word-for-word meanings, a translation, and an in-depth commentary.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=35-36}} Also known as ''Srimad-Bhagavata'' [[Puranas|''Purana'']], ''Bhagavata'' ''Purana'', or just the ''Bhagavata''{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=111}} ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' is a work of twelve books ("[[canto]]s" was the word Prabhupada used) comprising more than fourteen thousand verse couplets.{{Sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2016|p=1}} "''Srimad''" means "beautiful" or "glorious".{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=119}}

Prabhupada began his translation and commentary on the ''Bhagavatam'' after accepting ''sannyasa'' in 1959, and by 1965 he had completed and published the first canto.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=127}} He worked on translating the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' into English for the rest of his life.{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

The cantos were published one by one, as he finished them. He completed nine cantos and thirteen chapters of the tenth. The rest of the ''Bhagavatam'' was completed by his disciples.{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

=== ''Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead'' ===

Considering his old age and the vast size of the ''Bhagavatam'', Prabhupada knew he might not live to finish it. So in 1968 he undertook to present the ''Bhagavatam''{{'}}s tenth canto — the essence of the work — in summary form as ''Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead''.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=766}}

This summary study is "Prabhupada's own exposition of the story of Krishna as it is told in the Tenth Canto".{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}} It "laid out the account of Krishna from the ''Bhagavata Purana'' that provides the images and stories central to Krishna devotion".{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=178}}

As Bryant says: {{Blockquote|"The tenth book of the ''Bhāgavata'' has inspired generations of artists, dramatists, musicians, poets, singers, writers, dancers, sculptors, architects and temple-patrons across the centuries. Its stories are well known to every Hindu household across the length and breadth of the Indian subcontinent, and celebrated in regional festivals all year round".{{Sfn|Bryant|2003|pp=lxviii–lxix}}}} Prabhupada himself inspired artists among his disciples to provide the text with profuse full-color illustrations. Such illustrations became a feature of nearly all his books.{{Sfn|Jacobsen|2024|p=405}}

A related work is ''Light of the Bhagavat'', written by Prabhupada in Vrindavan in 1961, before he went to the West, but published only after his death. The book is a treatment of one chapter (chapter twenty) of the tenth canto. Prabhupada composed forty-eight commentaries for the chapter's verses. The book is accordingly illustrated with forty-eight paintings.{{Sfn|A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|1997}}

=== ''Ishopanishad'' ===

In 1969 Prabhupada published, again in his full verse-by-verse format, his translation and commentary for the ''[[Isha Upanishad|Ishopanishad]]''{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} — also known as the ''Īśa Upaniṣad'' or ''Īśāvāsya Upaniṣad'',{{Sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=405}} which in 1960 he had partially serialized in his ''[[Back to Godhead]]'' magazine.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} The ''Ishopanishad'', consisting of only eighteen ''mantras'',{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1949|p=195}} is considered one of the principal ''[[Upanishads]]''.{{Sfn|Hume|1921|p=xii}} In all indigenous collections of the ''Upanishads'', the ''Iśopaniṣad'' comes first.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=405}} Its first verse, "highly regarded as a capsule of Vedic theology",{{Sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}} presents a god-centered view of the universe.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} The celebrated traditional commentator [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] wrote, "One who is eager to rid himself of the suffering and delusion of saṁsāra, created by ignorance, and attain Supreme Bliss is entitled to read this ''Upaniṣad''".{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1949|p=199}}

=== ''The Nectar of Devotion'' ===

Begun in 1968,{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} ''The Nectar of Devotion'' is a summary study of [[Rupa Goswami]]'s ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu'', his "famous exposition of the principles of devotion".{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} Scholar-practitioner [[Shrivatsa Goswami]] has described ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu'' as "a textbook of devotional practice, an exposition on the philosophy of devotion, and a study of devotional psychology".{{Sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|pp=246-247}} ''The Nectar of Devotion'' "gave access to Gaudiya Vaisnavism's most important theological treatise on devotion".{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=178}}

=== ''Caitanya-caritamrta'' ===

''Caitanya-caritamrta'' is the seventeenth-century account of the life and teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]], who founded the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition.{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} Written in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language, it runs to more than 15,000 verses and "is regarded as the most authoritative work on Śrī Caitanya", a work of "rare merit", with "no parallel in the whole of Bengali literature".{{Sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=61-62}} Scholar of religion [[Hugh Urban]] calls it "one of the greatest works in all of Indian vernacular literature".{{Sfn|Urban|2003|p=265}}

Prabhupada completed his translation in 1974, within two years,{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=118}} and it was published in seventeen volumes, again with verse-by-verse text, transliteration, word meanings, translation and commentary.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=35-36}} He based his commentary on the Bengali commentaries of his predecessors [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]]a and [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]].{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=141}}

Before Srila Prabhupada's translation, the work in English was simply unavailable. After Prabhupada's edition came out, scholar J. Bruce Long wrote, "The appearance of an English translation of [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja|Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī]]'s ''Śri Caitanya-caritāmṛta'' by A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedānta, Founder-[[Acharya|Ācārya]] of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, is a cause for celebration among both scholars in Indian Studies and lay-people seeking to enrich their knowledge of Indian spirituality".{{Sfn|Long|1978|p=286}}

Several years earlier, in 1968, Prabhupada published ''Teachings of Lord Caitanya''.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=233}} The book offers a summary of selected portions of ''Caitanya-caritamrita''.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=209}}{{Efn|Scholar and disciple [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] writes that Prabhupada's first publishing ''Bhagavad-gītā As It Is'' in abridged form and publishing summary studies from the ''Bhagavatam'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrita'' before completing full translations and commentaries "expresses both an urgency that Prabhupāda felt in transmitting these works as essential sacred texts and the weightiness that each of these three foundational texts possessed within the tradition that Prabhupāda represented".{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=209}}}}

=== ''The Nectar of Instruction'' ===

Prabhupada also wrote a verse-by-verse commentated translation of [[Rupa Goswami]]'s eleven-verse ''Upadeshamrita'',{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} one of Rupa Goswami's shortest works,{{Sfn|Valpey|2004|p=52}} which provides concise directions on how to carry out devotional service.{{Sfn|Burt|2023|p=12}}

=== Bhaktivedanta Book Trust ===

In 1972 Prabhupada founded the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (BBT), which manages the international publishing and distribution of his writings.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}}{{Sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|p=986}}{{Sfn|Bromley|Shinn|1989|p=53}} Apart from his major works, the BBT publishes various paperbacks derived from his lectures.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=119}} The BBT also publishes ''[[Back to Godhead]]'', the magazine Prabhupada founded, in multiple languages.{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=142}} Between 1973 and 1977, Prabhupada's followers distributed several million books and other pieces of Krishna conscious literature every year in shopping malls, airports, and other public locations in the United States and worldwide.{{Sfn|Rochford|1983|p=285}} As of 2023, his books had been translated into eighty-seven languages.{{Sfn|''The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust''|}} In 2022, the BBT printed more than two million pieces of literature.{{Sfn|Haribol|2023}}

== Critical assessments of Prabhupada's writings ==

[[Shrivatsa Goswami]] has said, "Making these Vaiṣṇava texts available is one of Śrīla Prabhupāda's greatest contributions. Apart from the masses, his books have also reached well into academic circles and have spurred academic interest in the Caitanya tradition".{{Sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|p=247}} Further, he says, "The significance of making these texts available is not merely academic or cultural; it is spiritual. ''[[Jñāna]]'', knowledge, is spread, proper doctrines are made known, people come closer to reality".{{Sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|p=247}} Other academics, too, have applauded Prabhupada's publications{{Sfn|Knott|1998|p=81}} as his most significant legacy.{{Sfn|Sharma|1981|p=971}}

But [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|his edition]] of ''Bhagavad-gita'', in particular, has come in for criticism as well. [[Eric J. Sharpe|Eric Sharpe]], scholar of religion, considers Prabhupada's reading of ''Bhagavad-gita'' single-minded and fundamentalist.{{Sfn|Knott|1998|p=82}} Sanskrit scholar A.L. Herman concurs.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=75–76}} Another scholar, K. P. Sinha, takes exception to Prabhupada's "misinterpretations and unkind remarks" directed toward [[Advaita Vedanta]], the philosophy of absolute monism.{{Sfn|Sinha|1997|loc=preface}}{{Efn|For a discussion of the criticisms by Herman, see Tamal Krishna Goswami, ''A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti'' (2012) pp 75–76.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=75-76}} Goswami leaves Sinha's critique aside on the grounds that it is "clearly a sectarian polemic rather than an academic study" and for a rebuttal points us to Gerald Surya's review of Sinha's "A critique of A.C. Bhaktivedanta" in ISKCON Communications Journal, 7:2, December 1999, http://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_2/72surya.html.}}

The most detailed critical analysis by a Western, non-Hindu scholar comes from historian of religion Robert D. Baird.{{Sfn|Knott|1998|p=82}} Baird takes upon himself the task of not merely seeing Prabhupada as "an authentic proponent of Vaishnavism" but of examining as an academic scholar the way Prabhupada reads the ''Bhagavad-gita''.{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=200}}

[[File:SP in a lecture in front of Rupa Goswami samadhi.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Prabhupada lectures on ''The Nectar of Devotion'' in front of [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa Goswami's]] ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' in [[Vrindavan]], India. (1972)]]
Whereas many scholars, Baird writes, see "some degree of progression" in the ''Gita'', with different themes emphasized in different parts of the book, Prabhupada "reads the complete teaching of the book, indeed of [[Vedas|Vedic literature]] generally, into any passage".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=201}} It appears "that he considers it legitimate to interpret any verse in the light of the whole system found in the ''Gītā'' whether it is explicitly mentioned in that verse of the Gītā or not".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=203}} In this way, he reads "Krishna consciousness" even into portions of the text where Krishna is not explicitly mentioned.{{Sfn|Baird|1986|pp=201‒203}} Prabhupada cites later passages in the ''Gita'' to explain earlier passages.{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}} Indeed, he even quotes from other texts in the canon (whether written before the ''Gita'' or after{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}}) to indicate the intention of the ''Gita'', "as though they have the same authority as the ''Gita'' itself".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}} And so: "In all, a wide range of texts are used to serve as authorities for understanding the ''Gītā''. Swami Bhaktivedanta not only treats specific texts in a way that would be unusual among Western scholars, but he sees specific texts in the light of the Vedas in general".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=216}}

Whereas other scholars, Baird writes, would give great attention to the overall structure of the ''Gita'', Prabhupada gives the structure scant notice, preferring instead to make this point: "In every chapter of ''Bhagavad-gītā'', Lord Kṛṣṇa stresses that devotional service unto the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality of Godhead]] is the ultimate goal of life".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=217}}

Prabhupada uses the text of the ''Gita'' to present various aspects of Krishna theology.{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=207}} And "he also goes beyond specific texts and the ''Gītā'' itself when he makes it the occasion for the inculcation of a Vaishnava lifestyle,"{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=203}} typified by chanting the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|maha-mantra]]'', regulating one's sexual activity, offering food to Krishna, and following a vegetarian diet.{{Sfn|Baird|1986|pp=203‒207}} And so: "Swami Bhaktivedanta is more interested in expounding the principles of Krishna consciousness than in merely explicating the text at hand".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=205}} In one instance cited, "the text recommends one thing [''[[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|astanga-yoga]]''] and Bhaktivedanta Swami cancels that and offers the ''mahāmantra''".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=205}}

As for competing interpretations: "Bhaktivedanta often seeks to show the superiority of the Vaishnava position and the error of other positions".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} "The position that is attacked with the most regularity and vigor is that of Advaita Vedanta,"{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} "the system of thought that is commonly used to provide the structure for Western understandings of 'Hinduism'",{{Sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}} whose advocates Prabhupada calls Mayavadins, impersonalists, or monists.{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} For Advaita Vedanta he reserves his strongest condemnations.{{Sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}}

Nor does Prabhupada only criticize "impersonalists". Rather, "Scholars in particular come under Swami Bhaktivedanta's condemnation because they are merely 'mental speculators'".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=220}} In Prabhupada's view, Baird says, "Since these scholars are not surrendered to Krishna, they are not Krishna conscious; they are merely offering their own ideas rather than the truth within the ''[[Guru–shishya tradition|paramparā]]'' system [the lineage of masters and disciples]".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=220}} Prabhupada "seldom engages in the kind of argumentation that scholars are accustomed to when deciding between alternative positions".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=221}} Instead he takes a position as a [[Guru|spiritual master]] within the disciplic succession and "merely declares" what is true.{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=221}} And so, Baird says, "The gulf between Swami Bhaktivedanta's presentation and that of the scholarly [[Exegesis|exegete]] is simply unbridgeable, for their purposes operate on different levels".{{Sfn|Baird|1986|p=200}}{{Efn|For a discussion of Baird's critique, see Tamal Krishna Goswami's ''A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' (2012), pp. 66–71.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|pages = 66-71}}}}

But what some scholars might see as faults, others see as virtues. Thomas Hopkins sees Prabhupada's translations and purports as successfully conveying the meaning of the text precisely because Prabhupada draws upon the commentaries of his predecessors and brings to his work the understandings of his entire tradition.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=140–141}} Moreover, Hopkins says, Prabhupada does this in such a way that the entire text becomes comprehensible to a modern reader, not only theoretically but practically.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=142}} Translations of such texts as the ''Gita'', Hopkins says, cannot be done mechanically.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=146}} The translator has to understand the spirit and the experience that lie behind the text.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=146}} Where Prabhupada's translations expand the text, they do so "for the sake of making the meaning more clear, rather than obscuring it".{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=144}} Hopkins says, "Writing a commentary is not a merely intellectual or academic exercise—it has a practical goal: to engage people with a living spiritual tradition".{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=142}} Prabhupada, he says, brings the meaning of the text out of the past and into the present, giving it meaning in terms of people's lives.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=141}}

== Challenges and controversies ==

Prabhupada's efforts to establish and expand Krishna consciousness included some difficulties internal to his new and growing movement. He had to train disciples unaccustomed to Vaishnava culture and philosophy and engage them in furthering his Hare Krishna movement;{{Sfn|Deadwyler|1989|p=154}} he had to set up and then guide his Governing Body Commission to see to ISKCON's global management. He often had to intervene when clashes and controversies within ISKCON grew out of hand. He had to sort out difficulties faced by individual disciples, ensure a proper understanding of his teachings, and, more broadly, transplant an entire cultural movement.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|pp=1, 23}} He also faced challenges from the outside world.

=== Cult image and "brainwashing" ===

Until the mid-1970s, the attitude of the Western public towards Prabhupada and his movement was cordial. News reports described Hare Krishna devotees, their beliefs, and their religious practices in a spirit of curiosity.{{Sfn|Melton|1989|p=92}} By the mid-1970s, this changed. The rapidly expanding Hare Krishna movement — distinctive, foreign, highly visible, and vigorous (often over-vigorous) in spreading its message — became an early target for a nascent [[anti-cult movement]]. The Hare Krishna movement no longer represented an authentic spiritual tradition. Instead, it was now one of a myriad of "destructive [[cult]]s" that won converts and took over their lives by "mind control" and "[[brainwashing]]". When young adults, supposedly robbed of free will and "programmed" by mind control, became Hare Krishna devotees, some parents hired "[[Deprogramming|deprogrammers]]" to kidnap them and "free them from the cult". "Deprogrammings" typically involved days or weeks of isolation, browbeating, and intense verbal haranguing and harassment.{{Sfn|Cox|1983|p=57}}{{Sfn|Shinn|1983|p=95}}{{Sfn|Rochford|1995|p=217}}{{Sfn|Goswami2012|p=38}}

After one such deprogramming failed, the [[New York County District Attorney|New York City District Attorney]]'s Office charged two local Hare Krishna leaders with illegally imprisoning two Hare Krishna followers by brainwashing them.{{Sfn|Schumach|1977}}{{Efn|The case is People v. Murphy (N.Y. 1977) 98 Misc.2d 235.}}

Prabhupada instructed his disciples to fight these charges, among other ways, by entering his books into evidence.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=53}} Meanwhile, two hundred scholars signed a document defending ISKCON as an authentic Indian missionary movement.{{Sfn|Melton|1989|p=95}}

In March of 1977, a [[New York Supreme Court|New York State Supreme Court]] justice threw out the charges and recognized ISKCON as a [[Good faith|bona fide]] religious tradition.{{Sfn|Schumach|1977}} Nonetheless, in America and Europe the "cult" label and image persisted for the rest of Prabhupada's lifetime and beyond.{{Sfn|Lewis|2005|p=129}}{{Sfn|Rochford|1995|p=217}}

As scholar [[James A. Beckford|James Beckford]] notes, in the 1970s, Hare Krishna devotees became increasingly active in selling their literature and collecting donations from the public,{{Sfn|Beckford|1985|p=26}} so they were sharply criticized for what was seen as harassing people for money at airports and other public places. As [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Bryant]] and Ekstrand comment, "Questionable fund-raising tactics, confrontational attitudes to mainstream authorities, and an isolationist mentality, coupled with the excesses of neophyte proselytizing zeal, brought public disapproval"{{Sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}} — something that Prabhupada had to deal with too.

=== Institutionalization ===

As ISKCON evolved towards being a worldwide organization, it suffered from the inevitable travails of institutionalization. Young disciples, mostly from an [[anti-establishment]], [[Anti-authoritarianism|anti-authoritarian]] background, became members of the GBC and found themselves running a worldwide institution. Preaching sometimes started giving way to revenue production; gender issues arose; leaders sometimes fell, and scandals broke out. Bureaucracy intruded on spontaneity, and many members left. As much as Prabhupada tried to leave management to the GBC, much of this he too had to deal with personally.{{Sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}}{{Sfn|Dasa|Goswami|2004|p=408}}

=== Child abuse ===

Prabhupada directed his disciples to train children in boarding schools called ''[[gurukula]]s'', where they would receive education from spiritual teachers. However, as reported by sociologist of religion [[E. Burke Rochford]], through mismanagement, these schools became like orphanages. After Prabhupada's departure, it came to light that physical and sexual abuse occurred within these schools due to lack of oversight.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|pp=75-91}}

=== Obstacles in India ===

In India, Prabhupada faced a special set of challenges. He had much to accomplish there, but his American and European disciples were inexperienced in how to get things done in India and even how to live there.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=37}}

When Prabhupada's young American followers came to India in the early 1970s and began holding festivals, including public ''sankirtana'', many Indians were surprised to see Westerners adopting Indian modes of worship and devotion. Some local people, including even some Indian officials, suspected that the American devotees must be undercover operatives of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA).{{Sfn|Mehta|1993|p=78}}{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=33}}

Outspoken and uncompromising as he was in the way he presented Krishna's teachings in India, as elsewhere, Prabhupada found himself battling with opposing views of all sorts.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=99}} Therefore, another challenge came from Prabhupada's consistent rejection of the common Hindu notion of caste by birth. Since Prabhupada, like his predecessors, insisted that anyone, from any race or nation, could become spiritually purified and fit to perform the duties of priests, he faced opposition from Hindu [[brahmin]]s who held that performing such duties was an exclusive birthright of their caste.{{Sfn|Goswami|2012|p=192}}{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|p=155}}

When Prabhupada resolved to build a temple on land in [[Juhu|Juhu, Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), the man who had sold ISKCON the land tried to [[Fraud|swindle]] the devotees and take it back. The man had deep political connections in the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Bombay municipality]] and employed lawyers and even thugs to drive the devotees off, but Prabhupada persisted and eventually won.{{Sfn|Goswami|2002|pp=536-537}}{{Efn|For a book-length telling of this saga, see ''I'll Build You a Temple'' by [[Giriraja Swami]].}}{{Primary source inline|date=April 2024}}

=== Deviations ===

While working to establish his movement, Prabhupada had to deal with problems caused even by leading disciples, who, monks or not, could still hold on to intellectual baggage, disdain for authority, and ambitions for power.{{Sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}} In 1968 Prabhupada's first ''sannyasi'' disciple openly disregarded Prabhupada's instructions to him and twisted core tenets of Prabhupada's teachings. This foreshadowed succession problems and issues of authority that Prabhupada's movement would face both during Prabhupada's presence and after.{{Sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

Unlike Indian gurus who declared themselves ''[[avatar]]s'', divine appearances of God, Prabhupada, from the very beginning of his preaching, called himself only a servant or representative of God.{{Sfn|Daner|1976|p=19}} But in 1970 four of Prabhupada's early ''sannyasis'' announced at a large ISKCON gathering that Prabhupada's followers had failed to recognize that Prabhupada was Krishna: God himself. Prabhupada expelled those ''sannyasis'' from his Society (he eventually readmitted them after they recanted their claim).{{Sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

In 1972, without consulting Prabhupada, eight of the twelve members of the GBC held a meeting in New York aimed at centralizing control of ISKCON's activities and finances. Their plans would have lessened Prabhupada's own oversight and set aside his emphasis on the autonomy of each ISKCON center. This prompted Prabhupada to suspend the entire GBC "until further notice", establish direct lines of communication with each temple's leaders, and re-emphasize spiritual purity, the selfless and voluntary nature of devotional life, and the exemplary conduct befitting ISKCON leaders. He said he wanted this, not corporate bureaucracy and excessive centralization. (He later unsuspended the GBC).{{Sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

In 1975, a clash broke out when a team of ten parties of itinerant ''sannyasis'', assisted by two hundred ''[[Brahmacharya|brahmacharis]]'', crisscrossed America, visiting ISKCON temples to extoll renunciation and a missionary spirit — and urge ''brahmacharis'' to abandon the temples and join the ''sannyasi'' parties. The temples, the team argued, were led by presidents who were ''[[Gṛhastha|grihasthas]]'' (married men), and grihasthas had a propensity for enjoyment that undermined what should be an austere temple atmosphere.{{Sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

The conflict reached its peak in 1976 in Mayapur at ISKCON's annual global gathering when a ''sannyasi''-dominated GBC passed resolutions severely restricting the role of women and families in ISKCON.{{Sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}} After hearing from both sides, Prabhupada came down against this type of discrimination, calling it "fanaticism", and had the GBC undo the resolutions. Prabhupada said, "I cannot discriminate — man, woman, child, rich, poor, educated, or foolish. Let them all come, and let them take Krishna consciousness".{{Sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

=== Controversial views and statements ===

In the course of his preaching work in the West, Prabhupada made controversial statements that criticized various ideals of modern society or spoke offensively of certain groups.{{Sfn|Burt|2023|p=57}}{{Sfn|Gupta|2022|p=153}}{{Sfn|Lorenz|2004|pp=112-128, 347-390}}{{Efn|Two essays by a student of Indology and former ISKCON disciple Ekkehard Lorenz in ''The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant'' document controversial Prabhupada's quotes on a number of subjects. The editors of the volume, [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Edwin Bryant]] and Maria Ekstrand, sought to include in the book "a wide range of voices", including those not only of well-credentialed academics but also of current ISKCON members and of former members (in the editors' words, the movement's "most vocal" critics).{{Sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=6}}}}

"In a traditional Hindu vein",{{Sfn|Lucia|2014|p=238}} Prabhupada spoke favorably of the myth of [[Aryan race|Aryan bloodlines]] and compared [[Dark skin|darker races]] to ''[[shudra]]s'' [people of low caste], thus implying them being inferior to the lighter-complexioned humans.{{Sfn|Lucia|2014|p=238}} In a recorded room conversation with disciples in 1977, he calls [[African Americans]] "uncultured and drunkards", further stating that after being given freedom and equal rights, they caused a disturbance in the society.{{Sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=372}}

Prabhupada called [[democracy]] "the government of the asses", "nonsense", and "farce", at the same time praising the [[Monarchy|monarchial]] form of government and speaking favorably of [[dictatorship]].{{Sfn|Lorenz|2004|pp=367-369}} While comparing [[Napoleon]] and Hitler to great demons of [[Hindu mythology]] [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Kamsa]], he called their activities "very great". On other occasions, he made "generally approving remarks about Hitler" and said that Hitler killed the [[Jews]] because they "were financing against Germany".{{Sfn|Lorenz|2004|pp=369-370}} He also expressed some [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] views, asserting that "women cannot properly utilize freedom and it is better for them to be dependent",{{Sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=379}} stating that they are "generally not very intelligent",{{Sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=378}} and "in general should not be trusted".{{Sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=378}}

Scholars have commented, however, on the contrast between such controversial pronouncements and the full picture of what Prabhupada actually taught and did.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|pp=126-127}} [[Kim Knott]], a religious studies scholar, extensively discusses Prabhupada's statements about women.{{Sfn|Knott|2004|p=292}} Describing her perspective about ISKCON as that of an "outsider" and a "western feminist",{{Sfn|Knott|2004|p=292}} she highlights Prabhupada's firm belief that [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|"bhakti-yoga"]], the path of Krishna Consciousness, allows transcendence beyond gender distinctions.{{Sfn|Knott|2004|p=296}} Knott emphasizes that, according to Prabhupada, women devotees, regardless of their gender, possess equal potential for spiritual advancement and service to Krishna.{{Sfn|Knott|2004|p=296}} She further commends Prabhupada for opening up the Hare Krishna movement to women despite cultural norms and traditional prescriptions.{{Sfn|Knott|2004|p=300}} In this way, she writes, Prabhupada took time, place, and circumstance into account and acted in the spirit of Krishna consciousness, "in the manner of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]]".{{Sfn|Knott|2004|pp=300-301}}

Commenting on the role and degree of responsibility that Prabhupada's statements about women played in their abuse in ISKCON, [[E. Burke Rochford]] notes that Prabhupada's personal example in dealings with his earliest women disciples was "far more important".{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=126}} Their collective personal experiences, Rochford observes, portray Prabhupada's "respectful attitude and behavior toward his women disciples"{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=126}} and his empowerment for the same rights and duties as his male disciples.{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=127}} Prabhupada encouraged and engaged women in conducting public [[Pravacana|scriptural discourses]], ''kirtans'' and [[Arti (Hinduism)|temple worship]], writing for ISKCON magazines and publications, personally accompanying and assisting him, and assuming "significant institutional positions in ISKCON".{{Sfn|Rochford|2007|p=128}}{{Sfn|Gupta|2021|p=51}}

Similarly, scholar of religion Akshay Gupta observes that Prabhupada did not regard his black disciples as lower or "untouchables",{{Sfn|Gupta|2021|p=50}} displaying to some of them the same or even greater degree of affection than to his followers of other ethnicities.{{Sfn|Gupta|2021|p=50}}{{Efn|One such disciple, Ghanashyama Dasa, went on to become the first [[African Americans|African-American]] ''[[Sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' and ''[[guru]]'' in history, with the name [[Bhakti Tirtha Swami]].{{Sfn|McCray|1983|pp=34-36}}{{Sfn|Princeton University}}}}  Another scholar of religion Mans Broo adds that when Prabhupada speaks about castes, he referred to an envisioned "ideal society" in which people would be divided into different occupational groups "based not on hereditary but on individual qualifications".{{Sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}}

Broo also notes that scholarly analyses{{Sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47–48}} attribute some of such statements to Prabhupada's "flair for drama and overstatement"{{Sfn|Smith|2004|p=185}} — particularly noting his penchant for making politically incorrect remarks to reporters{{Sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}} and adding, "It is difficult to decide how seriously any single remark is meant to be taken from a transcript". However, Broo concludes that this behavior does not clear Prabhupada from responsibility for his more radical, politically incorrect statements.{{Sfn|Broo|2006|p=47}}{{Sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}}
Another scholar of religion, Fred Smith, suggests that some of  Prabhupada's statements (such as those concerning Hitler) "must be understood in the context of the intellectual and political culture in which he matured"{{Sfn|Smith|2004|pp=186-187}} — specifically that of mid-twentieth-century Bengal,{{Sfn|Gupta|2022|p=153}} brewing with anti-colonialist nationalism championed by such figures as [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], and therefore more favorably disposed to [[Nazi Germany]] than to [[Great Britain]].{{Sfn|Smith|2004|pp=186-187}}{{Efn|[[Subhash Chandra Bose|Bose]]'s influence and his efforts to mobilize people against [[British Raj|British rule]] significantly contributed to the growth of anti-British sentiments in Bengal and throughout India. [[Nazi Germany]] was sympathetic to India's independence and during the [[World War II]] offered financial and military assistance to Bose's [[Indian National Army]] in their struggle against [[Great Britain]].}}

Broo notes that Prabhupada's followers continue to grapple with his controversial statements{{Sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47–48}} — which paint "a picture of a not very pleasant man, one far removed from the Gaudiya Vaishnava ideals described in the classical texts of the tradition"{{Sfn|Broo|2006|p=39}} — and respond to them in different ways: Some remain silent, while others invoke context or argue that Prabhupada is being unfairly quoted due to negative biases. Still, others are willing to differentiate between his statements they deem "absolute" and those they consider "relative", acknowledging that some teachings may be contingent on the circumstances of Prabhupada's life before coming to the US.{{Sfn|Broo|2006|pp=39-40}} However, some followers view this approach as "exceedingly risky", questioning who has the authority to determine which teachings are relative and which are not.{{Sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47-48}} Therefore, Broo concludes, this issue is "not likely to be resolved soon".{{Sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47-48}}

Commenting on the underlying causes for such controversies, scholar of religion [[Larry Shinn]] attributes the conflict between Prabhupada's teachings and Western cultural values to "[Prabhupada]'s insistence on the infallibility of the Krishna scriptures and (...) the authenticity of Prabhupada's Krishna faith and practice".{{Sfn|Shinn|2004|p=xviii}}{{Efn|[[Larry Shinn]] writes: {{Blockquote|Perhaps Prabhupada's piousness centering upon his deep faith in Krishna was both his greatest strength and the source of ISKCON's most consistent tension in America. As an ''[[acharya]]'' or teacher of the Krishna scriptures and devotional faith, Prabhupada was a "holy man," a guru whose translations of the Sanskrit scripture of the ''Bhagavata Purana'', the ''Bhagavad Gita'', and of Chaitanya's teachings were the center of his own devotional life and of his education of his new American devotees. His insistence on the infallibility of the Krishna scriptures and his interpretation of them continues to be a source of unrest within ISKCON, and certainly between ISKCON and its surrounding culture.... In one respect, it was the authenticity of Prabhupada's Krishna faith and practice that enticed new converts to ISKCON and also caused the society to stand out in contrast, and even opposition, to western religious and cultural values.{{Sfn|Shinn|2004|p=xviii}}}}}}

== Influence ==

By explaining the teachings of bhakti yoga and Gaudiya Vaishnavism and arousing interest in them worldwide, Prabhupada made a lasting contribution.{{Sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=136, 142}}{{Sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=183}} Through his writings and his movement, many [[Western world|Westerners]] have become aware of ''bhakti'' for the first time.{{Sfn|Basham|1983|p=174}} He translated and commented on important spiritual texts, particularly the ''Bhagavad-gita'', the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', and the ''Caitanya-caritamrta'', making these texts accessible to a global audience.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}} His commentaries brought the traditional wisdom of these writings into a contemporary context, making possible a deeper comprehension of their spiritual meaning and its practical application in one's life.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=136, 142}} Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Prabhupada's preaching achievements are viewed as the fulfillment of a mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=5}}

Although the "steady procession of Hindu swamis" who had come to America before Prabhupada had generally aligned their views with the monistic [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] (AD 788‒820) and the idea of "the ultimate absorption of the self into an impersonal Reality or Brahman",{{Sfn|Judah|1974|p=19}} Prabhupada rejected Advaita Vedanta{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=6}} and coherently argued that the Absolute is ultimately the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Personality of Godhead]].{{Sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140‒141}}

[[Ferdinando Sardella|Sardella]] has written that in the twelve years between Prabhupada's arrival in America and his demise, Prabhupada "managed to build ISKCON into an institution comprising thousands of dedicated members, establish Caitanya Vaishnava temples in most of the world's major cities, and publish numerous volumes of Caitanya Vaishnava texts (in twenty-eight languages), tens of millions of which were distributed throughout the world".{{Sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}}{{Sfn|Sardella|2019|p=83}} Prabhupada also spread the chanting of the ''Hare Krishna mantra'' worldwide.{{Sfn|Sardella|2019|p=83}}

In 2013, Rochford wrote, "[T]he fact that ISKCON has survived for nearly 50 years, despite significant change, is a testament to the devotees' resilience and to the power of Prabhupada's teachings and vision for ISKCON".{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|p=12}}

In India, Prabhupada's movement has become a well-respected institution, with recognition at all levels of Hindu society.{{Sfn|Kazmin|1998}}{{Sfn|Newsweek|2006}} ISKCON has large temple complexes active in cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata.{{Sfn|Pandey|2020}}{{Sfn|Popham|1998}} ISKCON's center in Mayapur has become an Eastern Indian place of pilgrimage for millions every year. Thousands of middle-class Hindus, both in India and elsewhere, have joined ISKCON.{{Sfn|Pandey|2020}} And Hindus both in India and in the [[Hinduism by country|Hindu diaspora]] have provided ISKCON vast support.{{Sfn|Newsweek|2006}}{{Sfn|Sardella|2019|p=84}}

But Prabhupada's legacy also faces scrutiny on various fronts. Criticisms have emerged regarding the movement's organizational structure, controversies have arisen surrounding continuity of leadership after his passing,{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=35–37}}{{Sfn|Nesti|2000|p=151}}&nbsp;and misdeeds and even criminal acts have been committed by some ISKCON members, including once-respected former leaders.{{Sfn|Rose|2020|p=755}}{{Efn|Sources that have discussed ISKCON's post-charismatic crises and disruptions include Bryant and Ekstrand (2004), Dwyer and Cole (2007), and Rochford (2007).}} Concerns have been expressed about the movement's adaptability to modern values, especially concerning gender roles and societal norms.{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=6–7}} And although ISKCON has benefited from the support and participation of a large and growing number of Indian families in its congregations outside India,{{Sfn|Kazmin|1998}}<!-- No such work has been deined in the article, a full cite is required {{Sfn|Vellely|1998}} --> the "Hinduization" of ISKCON has in many places tended to diminish the involvement of other audiences.{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=26–28}}

Nonetheless, Prabhupada's influence endures through his writings and ISKCON's ongoing activities.{{Sfn|Lewis|2005|p=128}} Despite significant setbacks, the movement he started continues to grow.{{Sfn|Sardella|2013|p=247}}

== Recognition ==
=== From scholars ===

Kim Knott writes that scholars describe Prabhupada as a charismatic spiritual leader and emphasize his "humanity" and "uniqueness".{{Sfn|Knott|1997}} Prabhupada's missionary successes in such a short period, and at such an advanced age, she writes, are extolled by scholars using terms such as "stunning", "remarkable", and "extraordinary".{{Sfn|Knott|1997}} In the same vein, [[Klaus Klostermaier]], scholar of Hinduism and Indian history, refers to Prabhupada as "probably, the most successful propagator of Hinduism abroad".{{Sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=183}}

Representing such thoughts, [[Harvey Cox]], American theologian and Professor of Divinity Emeritus at Harvard University, said:

{{Blockquote|There aren't many people you can think of who successfully implant a whole religious tradition in a completely alien culture. That's a rare achievement in the history of religion. In his case it's even all the more remarkable for his having done this at such an advanced age. When most people would have already retired, he began a whole new phase of his life by coming to the United States and initiating this movement. He began simply, with only a handful of disciples. Eventually he planted this movement deeply in the North American soil, throughout other parts of the European-dominated world, and beyond. Although I didn't know him personally, the fact that we now have in the West a vigorous, disciplined, and seemingly well-organized movement–not merely a philosophical movement or a yoga or meditation movement, but a genuinely religious movement--introducing the form of devotion to God that he taught, is a stunning accomplishment. So when I say [he's] "one in a million," I think that's in some ways an underestimate. Perhaps he was one in a hundred million.{{Sfn|Cox|1983|pp=40-41}}}}

=== From officials ===

Prabhupada's success in spreading [[Sanātana Dharma|Indian spirituality]] among non-Indians across the world brought him acclaim from Indian political leaders.{{Sfn|Ivanenko|2008|pp=73-74}}

[[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Ministers]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]],{{Sfn|Ivanenko|2008|p=43}} [[Narendra Modi]], and [[President of India|Indian Presidents]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]], and [[Pratibha Patil]] have praised Prabhupada, his work and mission.{{Sfn|Ivanenko|2008|pp=73-74}}{{Sfn|IANS|2018}}[[File:PM Narendra Modi on 125th birth of Prabhupada (Hindi with English subtitles ).webm|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] speaks on Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary. (2 September 2021){{Sfn|Modi|2021b}}|280x280px]]In 1998, speaking at the opening ceremony of an ISKCON temple in New Delhi, Prime Minister Vajpayee credited Prabhupada's movement with publishing the ''Bhagavad Gita'' "in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages" and distributing it "in all nooks and corners of the world",{{Sfn|Pandey|2020}} calling Prabhupada's journey to the West and the rapid global propagation of his movement "one of the greatest spiritual events of the century".{{Sfn|Pandey|2020}}{{Efn|"If today the Bhagavad Gita is printed in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON.... For this one accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada's followers. The voyage of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada to the United States in 1965 and the spectacular popularity his movement gained in a very short spell of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century".{{Sfn|Pandey|2020}}}}

Releasing a 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin on the occasion of Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary,{{Sfn|India Govt Mint|2021}} Prime Minister Modi also praised Prabhupada for his efforts "to give India's most priceless treasure to the world", describing Prabhupada's accomplishments in spreading the thought and philosophy of India to the world as "nothing less than a miracle."{{Sfn|Modi|2021b}}

On the fiftieth anniversary of Prabhupada's voyage to the West, [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Tulsi Gabbard]] praised the "compassion that drove Srila Prabhupada to attempt something so brave and so daring to deliver the message of Lord Chaitanya and the Holy Name to all of mankind".{{Sfn|Gabbard|2015}}

Prabhupada was conferred with the title ''[[Vishvaguru|Vishwa Guru]]'' by the [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]] during the [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela]] in Uttar Pradesh in recognition of his contributions to humanity and his efforts in spreading Indian culture, traditions and "spiritual wisdom to every corner of the world".<ref>{{cite web |title=ISKCON Founder Srila Prabhupada Conferred With 'Vishwa Guru' Title During Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.news18.com/india/iskcon-founder-srila-prabhupada-conferred-with-vishwa-guru-title-during-maha-kumbh-9227233.html |website=www.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABAP honours Swami Prabhupada with 'Vishwa Guru' title at Maha Kumbh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/abap-honours-swami-prabhupada-with-vishwa-guru-title-at-maha-kumbh/articleshow/118185299.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vishwa Guru title for Srila Prabhupada|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/360-degree/vishwa-guru-title-for-srila-prabhupada-1860668 |website=deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>

== Commemoration ==

=== Shrines, memorials, museums ===
[[File:Samadhi Mandir of Srila Prabhupada (front), Mayapur 07102013.jpg|alt=A tall ornate domed structure, topped with a spear and flanked by green lush trees.|thumb|280x280px|''Pushpa-samadhi'' of Prabhupada in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]].]]
In keeping with [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|''Gaudiya-Vaisnava'']] rites, after Prabhupada's death at the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna-Balarama temple]] in [[Vrindavan]] ([[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh, India]]), his disciples interred his body on the temple premises and erected a marble ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'', or shrine, over his burial site.{{Sfn|New York Times|1977}}{{Sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|p=38}} In [[Mayapur]] ([[West Bengal]]), they built a much larger ''pushpa-samadhi'' — a shrine sanctified with flowers from Prabhupada's burial ceremony.{{Sfn|Silva da Silveira|2014}} Daily ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (traditional worship) is offered to larger-than-life statues of Prabhupada at both sites.{{Sfn|Silva da Silveira|2014}}

Another shrine is dedicated to Prabhupada in [[New Vrindaban]] ([[West Virginia|West Virginia, USA]]), where a residence built to host Prabhupada during his occasional visits evolved into the elaborate Prabhupada's Palace of Gold.{{Sfn|Bromley|Shinn|1989|p=199}} After opening to the public in 1979, two years after Prabhupada's death, the memorial site  is now a place of worship and an attraction for pilgrims and tourists,{{Sfn|McCarthy|2013}}{{Sfn|Shinn|Bromley|1987|p=124}} listed in America's [[National Register of Historic Places]].{{Sfn|Hanz|2023}} Other rooms ‌in which Prabhupada stayed while in Vrindavan, Mumbai, Los Angeles, London, Melbourne and several other places around the world have been preserved as museums.

[[File:Prabhupada family and Jaladuta monument.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Prabhupada's son Vrindavan Chandra De (back, in red shirt) in front of the ''Jaladuta'' monument with his family (standing) and the monument's team (seated, left to right): concept director, manager, and [[:uk:Журавель Володимир Миколайович|sculptor]]. ISKCON Kolkata. (August 2015)]]Prabhupada's birthplace, in the [[Tollygunge]] neighborhood of Kolkata, was inaugurated as a memorial site in 2021, on the 125th anniversary of Prabhupada's birth, by [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|West Bengal Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]].{{Sfn|Pandey|2021}} In the [[Ultadanga]] neighborhood of Kolkata, the building, known as Bhaktivinode Asan where Prabhupada first met his guru, [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], has also been restored as a heritage site.{{Sfn|Banerjee|2022}}

On August 13, 2015, the fiftieth anniversary of Prabhupada's departure from Kolkata to the United States, a two-meter-high bronze monument, created by Ukrainian sculptor [[:uk:Журавель Володимир Миколайович|Volodymyr Zhuravel]], was unveiled in Kolkata by the [[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]] [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] and [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry]] [[Kiran Bedi]].{{Sfn|Jaisinghani|2015}}  The monument was created in two parts — one depicting Prabhupada's departure for America, the other his arrival. After the monument was unveiled, the "departure" part was installed at the ISKCON temple in Kolkata, the "arrival" part in front of the ISKCON temple in Boston.{{Sfn|Smullen|2018}}

In November 2024, [[Scottish Church College]] inaugurated the "Abhay Charan Seminar Hall", honoring A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The hall was constructed with support from the Bhaktivedanta Research Centre.<ref name="k927">{{cite web |title=স্কটিশ চার্চে প্রভুপাদের নামে সেমিনার কক্ষ, সহায়তায় ভক্তিবেদান্ত রিসার্চ সেন্টার |website=sangbadpratidin |date=6 Nov 2024 |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/scottish-church-college-inaugurated-seminar-room-in-the-name-of-abhaycharan-dey/ |access-date=2 Dec 2024}}</ref><ref name="h939">{{cite web |title=অভয়চরণ নামাঙ্কিত সেমিনার হলের দ্বারোদ্ঘাটন হয়েছে |website=Hindusthan Samachar Bangali |date=6 Nov 2024 |url=https://bengali.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2024/11/6/Seminar-hall-In-New-Name-at-Scottish-church-colleg.php |access-date=2 Dec 2024}}</ref>[[File:Prabhupada Seminar Room at Scottish Church College.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Prabhupada Seminar Room at Scottish Church College]]

=== Biographies, memoirs, diaries ===

In 2008, Ketola wrote that there were more than thirty historical, biographical, and autobiographical works centering on Prabhupada.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}} Since then they have increased.

Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami's official six-volume biography ''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta'' ("carefully researched", Ketola reports{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}}) has more recently been joined by a shorter biography, ''Swami in a Strange Land'', by Joshua Greene.{{Sfn|Patel|2018|pp=179-181}} Both authors are Prabhupada's disciples. Among memoirs that focus on specific times or places, Ketola mentions several, including Hayagriva Dasa's ''The Hare Krishna Explosion''.{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}})

Ketola also notes two published diaries kept by direct assistants of Prabhupada: Tamal Krishna Goswami's ''TKG's Diary'' and Hari Sauri Dasa's multi-volume ''Transcendental Diary''.{{Efn|E. Burke Rochford writes in his Foreword to one volume, "For scholars and students of religion the material presented represents a critically important historical record". Foreword to A Transcendental Diary: November 1975–April 1976, p. xv{{Sfn|Ketola|2008|p=9}}}}

{{Collapsible list
|expand =
|bullets = on
|title = List of biographical publications about A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
|framestyle = border: none
|titlestyle = color:darkblue
|''Ācārya: The Lifestory of A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Bhaktisiddhanta Das (2021), {{ASIN|B095PTSKC7}}
|''Ācārya: Portraits of His Divine Grace A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Sesa Dasa (1996), {{ISBN|978-0-9472-5905-1}}
|''Blazing Sadhus'' by Achyutananda Das (2016), {{ISBN|978-1-5375-0886-3}}
|''By His Example: The Wit and Wisdom of A.{{Nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Guru Das (2004), {{ISBN|978-1-8870-8936-4}}
|''Chasing Rhinos With The Swami'' by Shyamasundar Das (2016), in 3 volumes, {{ISBN|978-1-4951-7708-8}}
|''Dancing White Elephants: Traveling with Srila Prabhupada in India, August 1970—March 1972'' by [[Giriraja Swami|Giriraj Swami]] (2023), {{ISBN|978-1-9258-5003-1}}
|''Five Years, Eleven Months and a Lifetime of Unexpected Love: A Memoir'' by Visakha Dasi (2016), {{ISBN|978-1-5228-3844-9}}
|''The Great Transcendental Adventure: Pastimes of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in Australia and New Zealand by Kurma Dasa (1999),'' {{ISBN|978-0-9472-5922-8}}
|''The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966‒1969'' by Hayagriva Dasa (1985), {{ISBN|978-0-9322-1501-7}}
|''He Lives Forever'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8-3531-4960-6}}
|''I'll Build You a Temple — The Juhu Story'' by [[Giriraja Swami|Giriraj Swami]] (2021), {{ISBN|978-1-9258-5001-7}}
|''In Conversation with Srila Prabhupada'' by Lokanath Swami (2016), {{ASIN|B09HKRBMHG}}
|''ISKCON in the 1970s'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1997), {{ISBN|978-0-9112-3372-8}}  |''Jaya Srila Prabhupada!'' by Bhakti Vikasa Swami (2014), {{ISBN|978-9-3821-0911-2}}
|''Journey to the Pacific Rim'' by Bali Mardan Das, {{ISBN|978-8-1932-9180-1}}
|''Life with the Perfect Master: A Personal Servant's Account'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8-4117-0674-1}}
|''Memories – Anecdotes of a Modern–Day Saint'' by Siddhanta Dasa (2020), in 4 volumes {{ISBN|978-8-1929-7022-6|9780972259712|9789389050806}}
|''Miracle on Second Avenue'' by [[Mukunda Goswami]] (2011), {{ISBN|978-0-9817-2734-9}}
|''Mission in the Service of His Divine Grace: Birth of the Hare Krishna Movement in South Africa'' by Riddha Dasa (2003), {{ISBN|978-1-9015-9301-3}}
|''The Mayapur Vrindavan Festivals with Srila Prabhupada (1972‒77)'' by Lokanath Swami (2020), {{ISBN|978-0-6206-9482-7}}
|''My Days with Prabhupada: A Young Man's Path to God in the Hare Krishna Movement'' by Umapati Swami (2016), {{ASIN|B01EVBQ6M4}}
|''My Glorious Master: Remembrances of Prabhupada's Mercy on a Fallen Soul'' by Bhurijana Dasa (1996), {{ISBN|978-0-9925-2194-3}}
|''My Memories of Srila Prabhupada'' by Bhakti Vikasa Swami (2012), {{ISBN|978-9-3821-0930-3}}
|''Ocean of Mercy'' by [[Bhakti Charu Swami]] (2016), {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3533-2}}
|''Our Srila Prabhupada — A Friend to All'' by Mulaprakrti Devi (2000), {{ASIN|B004Q6XSXA}}
| ''A Place of Sandalwood and Roses,'' by Govinda Dasi (2023), {{ISBN|979-8-9873-8291-2}}
|''Prabhupada Antya-lila: Final Pastimes of Srila Prabhupada'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (1988), {{ISBN|978-0-9369-7901-4}}
|''Prabhupada Appreciation'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8-3579-6633-9}}
|''Prabhupada at Radha-Damodara'' by Mahanidhi Swami (2013), {{ASIN|B00CTRMKKK}}
|''Prabhupãda in Malaysia ''by Janananda Das Goswami (2020), {{ISBN|978-8-1938-5971-1}}
|''Prabhupada-lila'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]] (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-9112-3336-0}}
|''Prabhupada Meditations'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2023) in 2 volumes, {{ISBN|979-8-4463-5309-5}}
|''Prabhupada: Messenger Of The Supreme Lord'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Sastvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2014), {{ISBN|978-8-1895-7430-7}}
|''Prabhupāda Nectar: Anecdotes from the Life of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada ''by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1984), {{ISBN|978-0-9112-3322-3}}
|''Prabhupada Stories'' by Govinda Dasi
|''Servant of the Servant'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (2019), {{ISBN|978-8-1939-9216-6}}
|''Srila Prabhupada and His Disciples in Germany'' by Bhakti Gauravani Goswami (2021), {{ISBN|978-9-3915-4504-8}}
|''Srila Prabhupada is Coming: My Personal Memories of His Divine Grace, A.C. Bhaktivehanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Mahamaya Dasi (2000), {{ISBN|978-0-9704-5301-3}}
|''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2008), in 7 volumes, {{ISBN|978-8-1895-7422-2}}
|''Srila Prabhupada Uvaca'' by Srutakirti Dasa
|''Swami in a Strange Land'' by Joshua M. Greene (Yogeshvara Dasa) (2018), {{ISBN|978-9-3879-4409-1}}
|''TKG's Diary: Prabhupãda's Final Days'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (1999), {{ISBN|978-8-1872-1612-4}}
|''A Transcendental Diary'' by Hari Sauri Dasa (2021), in 5 volumes, {{ISBN|978-1-8804-0437-9}} |''Vrindaban Days: Memories of an Indian Holy Town'' by Howard Wheeler (Hayagriva Swami) (1990) {{ISBN|978-0-9322-1520-8}}
|''With Srila Prabhupada in the Early Days (1966‒1969): A Memoir'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1997), {{ISBN|978-0-9112-3384-1}}
|''"You Cannot Leave Boston"'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]], in 2 volumes (1998) {{ASIN|B09HKSY9L7}}
}}

=== Film, and filmed memoir collections ===

In 1996 Gaurav Seth produced the fifty-five-minute biographical film ''Prabhupada: A Lifetime in Preparation''.{{Sfn|IMDb|1996}} In 2017 John Griesser, a Prabhupada disciple, produced an uncritical 91-minute film: ''Hare Krishna! The Mantra, the Movement, and the Swami who started it All''.{{Sfn|Jenkins|2017}}

Disciples have also undertaken two video projects collecting memories of Srila Prabhupada, one entitled ''Remembering Srila Prabhupada'',{{Sfn|PrabhupadaMemories}} the other ''Following Srila Prabhupada''.{{Sfn|TheTVDB}}

The Bhaktivedanta Archives, in North Carolina, serves as a repository for Srila Prabhupada's manuscripts and letters, for photographs of Srila Prabhupada, and for audio recordings.{{Efn|1=https://www.prabhupada.com/About/AAbout.html. Claire C. Robison describes the Archives, though not by name, in "ISKCON–Christian Encounters," Chapter 16 in The Routledge Handbook of Hindu-Christian Relations. p=194}}
{{Multiple image
| width             = 140
| footer            = 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin released by [[Narendra Modi]] on Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary.
| image1            = Front side of Rs 125 commemorative coin for Prabhupada's 125th birth.jpg
| image2            = Back side of Rs 125 commemorative coin for Prabhupada's 125th birth.jpg
}}

=== Stamps, coin, and plaque ===

In 1996, the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp in Prabhupada's honor and in 2021 a 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin.<ref>Times of India, September 13, 2021</ref>

In 2001, the City of New York installed a plaque in [[Tompkins Square Park]] to mark the "Hare Krishna tree", the [[elm]] under which Prabhupada and his early followers first began chanting the ''Hare Krishna mantra'' in 1966.{{Sfn|Tompkins Square Park |1966}}
[[File:TompkinsHareKrishnaTree.JPG|left|thumb|280x280px|The plaque near the Hare Krishna Tree in [[Tompkins Square Park]], New York.]]

=== Schools ===

Various ISKCON-related schools and other institutions have been named after Srila Prabhupada, including the Bhaktivedanta Research Centre in Kolkata, which holds a full collection of the works of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati as well as publications from the first twenty years of the Gaudiya Math.{{Sfn|Sardella|2019|pp=85–86}}

In 2023, [[Scottish Church College]] and the Bhaktivedanta Research Center jointly established the "A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award" to commemorate Prabhupada's student years at the college, meant to recognize both the most meritorious student for outstanding academic achievements and a faculty member for exceptional community service.{{Sfn|Scottish Church College|2023}}{{Sfn|Basan|2023}}

=== Roads ===

In 1978, a prominent entrance road into Vrindavan was named Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg after Prabhupada.{{Sfn|Pandey|2019}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Translations with commentary ===

* Bhagavad-gītā As It Is, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3134-1}}
* Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) (multiple volumes) {{ISBN|978-9-1776-9300-0}} (completed by disciples)
* Śrī Īśopaniṣad, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3138-9}}
* Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta (multiple volumes), {{ISBN|978-0-9472-5906-8}}
* The Nectar of Instruction, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7685-9}}

=== Summary studies ===

* Teachings of Lord Caitanya, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7608-8}}
* Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead (multiple volumes), {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3333-8}}
* The Nectar of Devotion, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7605-7}}

=== Other books ===

* Easy Journey to Other Planets (1990), {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7610-1}}
* The Perfection of Yoga, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7636-1}}
* Beyond Birth and Death, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7641-5}}
* On the Way to Kṛṣṇa, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7639-2}}
* Rāja-vidyā: The King of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-1-6029-3009-4}}
* Elevation to Kṛṣṇa Consciousness, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7643-9}}
* Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Matchless Gift, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7661-3}}
* Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Topmost Yoga System, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7611-8}}
* Perfect Questions, Perfect Answers, {{ISBN|978-0-9127-7662-0}}
* Teachings of Lord Kapila, the Son of Devahūti, {{ISBN|978-9-3830-9598-8}}
* The Science of Self-Realization, {{ISBN|978-1-8459-9039-8}}

=== Posthumously published ===

* Mukunda-mālā-stotra: The Prayers of King Kulaśekhara, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3275-1}} (completed by disciples)
* Nārada-bhakti-sūtra, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3273-7}} (completed by disciples)
* Light of the Bhāgavata, {{ISBN|978-9-1714-9267-8}}
* Message of Godhead, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3299-7}}
* Renunciation Through Wisdom, {{ISBN|978-0-9472-5904-4}}
* Beyond Illusion and Doubt, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3336-9}}
* Teachings of Queen Kuntī, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3102-0}}
* Civilization And Transcendence, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3298-0}}
* Dharma, The Way Of Transcendence, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3326-0}}
* Kṛṣṇa, the Reservoir of Pleasure, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3149-5}}
* The Path of Perfection, {{ISBN|978-9-3821-7651-0}}
* The Quest for Enlightenment, {{ISBN|978-0-8921-3292-8}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Sources ==
<!--Only references that are actually used and cited in the article should be placed here. Put them under appropriate categories in the alphabetic order by the last name of the first author/editor or its publisher/source. Try maintaining a standard formatting style and add ISBN numbers if possible ( {{ISBN|13}} are preferred, per https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN#Types). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources for further details.-->

=== Academic and documentary ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Anderson |first = John
 |title = The Hare Krishna Movement in the USSR
 |journal = Religion in Communist Lands
 |volume = 14
 |issue = 3
 |date = 1986
 |publisher = Puebla Institute
 |pages = 316–317
 |isbn = 978-0-9451-0203-8
 |doi = 10.1080/09637498608431277
}}

*{{Citation
 |editor-last = Asher |editor-first = Catherine
 |title = Reference Encyclopaedia India 2001
 |volume = 1
 |date = 1995
 |publisher = South Asia Publications
 |place = Columbia, MO
 |isbn = 978-0-9459-2142-4
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Baird |first = Robert D.
 |editor-last = Neville |editor-first = Robert C.
 |title = Swami Bhaktivedanta and the Bhagavadgita As It is
 |work = Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavadgita
 |series = SUNY Series in Religious Studies
 |pages = 200–221
 |publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]
 |publication-date= 15 October 1986
 |place = Albany, NY
 |url = https://archive.org/details/modernindianinte0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up
 |isbn = 978-0-8870-6297-1
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Baird |first = Robert D.
 |title = The Response of Swami Bhaktivedanta
 |work = Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism
 |editor-last = Coward |editor-first = Harold G.
 |publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]
 |place = Albany, NY
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 |last = Syman |first = Stefanie
 |title = The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |title-link = The Subtle Body
 |publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]
 |place = New York
 |date = 2011
 |isbn = 978-0-3745-3284-0
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Tamal Krishna Goswami |author-link = Tamal Krishna Goswami
 |title = The Perils of Succession: Heresies of Authority and Continuity In the Hare Krishna Movement
 |journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]]
 |volume = 5
 |number = 1
 |date = 1997
 |url = https://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1perils.html
}}

*{{Citation
 |last1 = Goswami |first1 = Tamal Krishna |author-link = Tamal Krishna Goswami
 |last2 = Gupta |first2 = Ravi M.
 |author2-link = Ravi M. Gupta
 |chapter = Krishna and Culture: What Happens When the Lord of Vrindavana Moves to New York City
 |title = Gurus in America
 |editor-last = Forsthoefel |editor-first = Thomas A.
 |editor-last2 = Humes |editor-first2 = Cynthia A.
 |place = Albany, NY
 |publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]
 |date = 2005
 |series = SUNY Series in Hindu Studies
 |isbn = 978-0-7914-6574-5
 |url = https://archive.org/details/gurusinamerica0000unse
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Goswami |first = Tamal Krishna |author-link = Tamal Krishna Goswami
 |title = A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
 |place = United Kingdom
 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
 |date = 2012
 |isbn = 978-0-1997-9663-2
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Urban |first = Hugh B. |author-link = Hugh Urban
 |title = New Age, Neopagan, and New Religious Movements: Alternative Spirituality in Contemporary America
 |publisher = [[University of California Press]]
 |place = Oakland, CA
 |date = 2015
 |isbn = 978-0-5202-8117-2
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Urban |first = Hugh |author-link = Hugh Urban
 |title = Review of Caitanya Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja: A Translation and Commentary by Edward C. Dimock
 |journal = [[History of Religions (journal)|History of Religions]]
 |volume = 42
 |number = 3
 |date = 2003
 |publisher = [[University of Chicago Press|The University of Chicago Press]]
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Valpey |first = Kenneth
 |title = Krishna in Mleccha Desh: ISKCON Temple Worship in Historical Perspective
 |pages = 45–60
 |date = 2004
}} in {{Harvnb|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Valpey |first = Kenneth
 |title = Attending Krsna's Image: Caitanya Vaisnava murti-seva as Devotional Truth
 |publisher = [[Routledge]]
 |place = New York, NY
 |date = 2006
 |isbn = 978-0-4153-8394-3
 |url = https://archive.org/details/attendingkrsnasi0000valp
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = White |first = Charles S. J.
 |title = A Catalogue of Vaishnava Literature on Microfilms in the Adyar Library
 |publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]]
 |place = Delhi
 |date = 2004
 |isbn = 978-8-1208-2067-8
 |url = https://archive.org/details/catalogueofvaisn0000unse
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Wolf |first = David
 |title = Child Abuse and the Hare Krishnas: History and Response
 |pages = 321–344
 |date = 2004
}} in {{Harvnb|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Zeller |first = Benjamin E.
 |title = Prophets and Protons: New Religious Movements and Science in Late Twentieth-Century America
 |publisher = [[New York University Press]]
 |place = New York; London
 |date = 2010
 |series = The New and Alternative Religions Series
 |isbn = 978-0-8147-9721-1
 |url = https://archive.org/details/prophetsprotonsn0000zell
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Zeller |first = Benjamin E.
 |chapter = Food Practices, Culture, and Social Dynamics in the Hare Krishna Movement
 |editor-last = Cusack | editor-first = Carole M.
 |editor2-last = Norman |editor2-first = Alex
 |title = Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production
 |publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]]
 |pages = 681–702
 |date = 2012
 |doi = 10.1163/9789004226487_028
 |isbn = 978-9-0042-2187-1
 |url = https://www.academia.edu/3050354
}}
{{Refend}}

=== Media ===
==== News ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Banerjee |first = Sudeshna
 |title = Birthplace of Gaudiya Mission and Iskcon reopens as a temple-cum-museum: The single-storeyed stucture spread over eight cottahs at Gauribari Lane off Raja Dinendra Street
 |newspaper = [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]
 |date = 25 February 2022
 |url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/birthplace-of-gaudiya-mission-and-iskcon-reopens-as-a-temple-cum-museum/cid/1853393
}}

*{{Cite news
 |last = Basan |first = Khusboo
 |title = Bhaktivedanta Research Center Gives An Endowment To Scottish Church College
 |date = 12 March 2023
 |publisher = ISKCON News
 |url = https://iskconnews.org/bhaktivedanta-research-center-gives-an-endowment-to-scottish-church-college/
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = BBC
 |title = BBC News – Americas – Krishnas to file for bankruptcy
 |work = [[BBC|BBC UK]]
 |date = 8 February 2002
 |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/americas/18082852
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Berkeley
 |title = Hare Krishna! A San Francisco Śrīla Prabhupāda Pilgrimage
 |website = Berkeley Art and Interreligious Pilgrimage Project
 |date = 5 January 2023
 |url = https://pilgrimage.gtu.edu/pilgrimage/hare-krishna-a-san-francisco-srila-prabhupada-pilgrimage-2/
 |access-date = 20 October 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Bratersky |first = Alexander
 |date = 28 November 2011
 |title = Krishna Holy Book Faces Ban in Tomsk
 |work = [[The Moscow Times|Moscow Times]]
 |url = https://themoscowtimes.com/news/krishna-holy-book-faces-ban-in-tomsk-11391
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111226060418/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/krishna-holy-book-faces-ban-in-tomsk-11391
 |archive-date = 26 December 2011
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Corley |first = Felix
 |date = 5 January 2012
 |title = RUSSIA: Has "madness" of banning religious publications been stopped?
 |work = [[Forum 18]]
 |url = https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1656
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324084058/https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1656
 |archive-date = 24 March 2012
 |access-date = 21 March 2012
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Goodstein |first = Laurie
 |title = Hare Krishna Movement Details Past Abuse at Its Boarding Schools
 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
 |date = 9 October 1998
 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/09/us/hare-krishna-movement-details-past-abuse-at-its-boarding-schools.html
 |access-date = 6 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Hanz |first = Joyce
 |title = Daycation: Palace of Gold in West Virginia on National Register of Historic Places
 |publisher = TribLIVE
 |date = 8 January 2023
 |url = https://triblive.com/local/valley-news-dispatch/daycation-palace-of-gold-in-west-virginia-on-national-register-of-historic-places/
 |access-date = 27 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = IANS |author-link = Indo-Asian News Service
 |title = Facing 'ban Gita' case, Hindus build Krishna temple in Moscow
 |newspaper = [[Deccan Herald]]
 |date = 4 May 2018
 |url = https://www.deccanherald.com/world/facing-ban-gita-case-hindus-2464409
 |access-date = 1 April 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Jaisinghani |first = Bella
 |title = Iskcon founder's journey to west completes 50 years
 |newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
 |place = Mumbai
 |date = 13 August 2015
 |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/iskcon-founders-journey-to-west-completes-50-years/articleshow/48460372.cms
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Jenkins  |first = Mark
 |title = 'Hare Krishna!' takes an uncritical look at a controversial spiritual movement and its leader
 |date = 13 July 2017
 |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]
 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/hare-krishna-takes-an-uncritical-look-at-a-controversial-spiritual-movement-and-its-leader/2017/07/13/1b80eb62-6324-11e7-8adc-fea80e32bf47_story.html
 |access-date = 9 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Kazmin |first = Amy Louise
 |title = The Hare Krishnas caught up with me in New Delhi
 |date = 25 April 1998
 |newspaper = [[Financial Times]]
 |url = https://archive.org/stream/FinancialTimes1998UKEnglish/Apr%2025%201998%2C%20Financial%20Times%2C%20%2325%2C%20UK%20%28en%29_djvu.txt
 |quote = At the ceremony, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] praised devotees for their work towards 'the globalisation of the Gita'. He cited the rapid spread of the movement as proof of 'the disillusionment of leading western minds' with 'materialist ideologies that are incapable of satisfying the real needs of man'. For the Hare Krishnas, long dismissed as fringe weirdos, it was the ultimate stamp of legitimacy.
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Kenigsberg |first = Ben
 |title = Summer Movie Release Schedule 2017 (English)
 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
 |date = 5 May 2017
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = L.A. Times
 |newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
 |title = Hare Krishnas Say Suit Spurs Bankruptcy Filing
 |date = 6 March 2016
 |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-09-me-chbrief9.2-story.html
 |access-date = 7 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Maurya |first = Abhai
 |date = 22 December 2011
 |title = Russians kick up an unholy row over holy book
 |newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
 |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Russians-kick-up-an-unholy-row-over-holy-book/articleshow/11231943.cms
 |access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = McCarthy |first = Ellen
 |title = Can Hare Krishnas at Palace of Gold in W.Va. rebuild its tarnished community?
 |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]
 |date = 11 January 2013
 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/can-hare-krishnas-at-palace-of-gold-in-wva-rebuild-its-tarnished-community/2013/01/04/38dbf6a8-ebc8-11e1-a80b-9f898562d010_story.html
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Mehta |first = Mona
 |title = Moscow courts had dismissed Gita cases
 |newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
 |date = 28 December 2011
 |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/moscow-courts-had-dismissed-gita-casesltbr-/ampnbsp/articleshow/11273929.cms
 |access-date = 6 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Newsweek
 |title = Beliefwatch: Krishnas' New Look
 |magazine = [[Newsweek]]
 |date = 23 July 2006
 |url = https://www.newsweek.com/beliefwatch-krishnas-new-look-112457
 |quote =  [Hare Krishnas] are now part of the culture in ways that the average person couldn't have imagined some 20 or 25 years ago. ... ISKCON communities offer premarital counseling, interfaith activities, social-service programs and baby-sitting—just the kind of institutional structure that many early converts were fleeing.
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = New York Times
 |title = Swami Prabhupada, 'Hare Krishna', Dead
 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
 |page = 2
 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/16/archives/swami-prabhupada-hare-krishna-head-founder-of-movement-81-came-to.html
 |date = 16 November 1977
 |access-date = 12 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Nordheimer |first = Jon
 |title = Young Ascetics Honor Lord Krishna
 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
 |date = 6 September 1972
 |page = 47
 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/06/archives/young-ascetics-honor-lord-krishna-young-members-of-ascetic-sect.html
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Pandey |first = Jhimli Mukherjee
 |title = Iskcon complaint gets UP to revoke road name rejig
 |newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
 |place = Kolkata, India
 |date = 11 July 2019
 |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iskcon-complaint-gets-up-to-revoke-road-name-rejig/articleshow/70166126.cms
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Pandey |first = Jhimli Mukherjee
 |title = Iskcon acquires founder's birthplace in Tollygunge, West Bengal CM unveils 'spiritual park'
 |newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
 |place = Kolkata, India
 |date = 2 September 2021
 |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iskcon-acquires-founders-birthplace-in-tollygunge-cm-unveils-spiritual-park/articleshow/85846413.cms
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Pandey |first = Kirti
 |title = AC Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada Swami birth anniversary: Krishna devotee who founded the million-strong ISKCON
 |work = [[Times Now]]
 |date = 1 September 2020
 |url = https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/ac-bhaktivedanta-prabhupada-swami-birth-anniversary-krishna-devotee-who-founded-the-million-strong-iskcon/645946
 |quote = "If today the Bhagavad Gita is printed in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON. ... For this one accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada's followers. The voyage of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada to the United States in 1965 and the spectacular popularity his movement gained in a very short spell of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century."
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Popham |first = Peter |author-link = Peter Popham
 |title = India's PM takes to robots for Krishna
 |newspaper = [[The Independent]]
 |date = 12 April 1998
 |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/india-s-pm-takes-to-robots-for-krishna-1156126.html
 |quote = "Some people say my government is opposed to globalisation. But let me say I am all in favour of the globalisation of the message of the Bhagavad Gita. ... What we need today is the application on a national scale of the work-related ideology of the Bhagavad Gita. This will create a new work culture, and a new work culture will create a new India."
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Press Trust of India
 |title = Devotees from 106 countries practice yoga to mark ISKCON
 |newspaper = [[Business Standard]]
 |place = Kolkata
 |date = 13 August 2015
 |url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/devotees-from-106-countries-practice-yoga-to-mark-iskcon-50th-115081302009_1.html
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = PTI
 |title = PM Modi releases special commemorative coin on ISKCON founder's 125th birth anniversary
 |newspaper = [[Times of India]]
 |date = 1 September 2021
 |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms
 |access-date =  13 September 2021
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210913032001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms
 |archive-date = 13 September 2021
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Ritts |first = Penny
 |title = Devotee of Hindu Cult Explains Commission to Visit the West
 |newspaper = [[Butler Eagle]]
 |place = Butler, PA
 |date = 22 September 1965
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Samhita |first = Garga
 |title = Verse 1.2.28 [Garga Samhita]
 |website = Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc...
 |date = 16 July 2022
 |url = https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/garga-samhita-english/d/doc1122607.html
 |access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Schumach |first = Murray
 |title = Judge Rejects Charges of 'Brainwashing' Against Hare Krishna Aides
 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
 |date = 18 March 1977
 |page = 24
 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/18/archives/judge-rejects-charges-of-brainwashing-against-hare-krishna-aides.html
 |access-date = 9 February 2024
}}

*{{Cite web
 |last = Scottish Church College |author-link = Scottish Church College
 |title = The institution of the "A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award
 |date = 28 February 2023
 |url = https://www.scottishchurch.ac.in/photo_gallery_A_C_Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada_Memorial_Award_28022023.php
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Sikes |first = James R.
 |title = Swami's Flock Chants in Park to Find Ecstasy
 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
 |date = 10 October 1966
 |page = 24
 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/10/archives/swamis-flock-chants-in-park-to-find-ecstasy-50-followers-clap-and.html
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Surrealist
 |title = Children of ISKCON vs.ISKCON Timeline
 |url = https://surrealist.org/gurukula/timeline/lawsuit.html
 |access-date = 22 July 2018
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180209234239/http://surrealist.org/gurukula/timeline/lawsuit.html
 |archive-date = 9 February 2018
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Taylor |first = Robert
 |title = The Search for the Godhead in Boston
 |newspaper = [[The Boston Globe|Boston Sunday Globe]]
 |date = 27 April 1969
 |url = https://bostonglobe.newspapers.com/image/434626807/
 |url-access = subscription
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = The Wall
 |title = AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award Has Been Launched
 |website = The Wall
 |date = 28 February 2023
 |url = https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched/tid/96550
 |access-date = 20 October 2023
 |language = Bengali
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165943/https://www.thewall.in/news/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched
 |archive-date = 22 April 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Tompkins Square Park
 |title = Tompkins Square Park Highlights
 |website = Hare Krishna Tree : NYC Parks
 |date = 9 October 1966
 |url = https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/tompkins-square-park/highlights/10823
 |access-date = 20 October 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Uncut
 |title = George Harrison Memorial Garden opens to the public
 |website = Uncut
 |url = https://www.uncut.co.uk/news/george-harrison-memorial-garden-opens-to-the-public-22326/
 |date = 29 May 2013
 |access-date = 18 March 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Vallely |first = Paul
 |title = Spirit of the Age: Rebirth of an ancient religion
 |newspaper = [[The Independent]]
 |date = 21 November 1998
 |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/spirit-of-the-age-rebirth-of-an-ancient-religion-1186213.html
 |quote = [T]here is a growing sense that the Hare Krishnas are forming a useful bridge to Britain's Indian community - and at the same time becoming reasonable and articulate exponents to the English of the Vedic way. Perhaps the Hare Krishnas are coming of age.
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Vanina |first = Elena
 |title = Dangers of putting Gita on trial
 |newspaper = Russia & India Report
 |date = 23 December 2011
 |url = https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/23/dangers_of_putting_gita_on_trial_14075
 |access-date = 6 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Попова |first = Анна
 |title = На поле дхармы
 |newspaper = Lenta.ru
 |language = Russian
 |date = 28 December 2011
 |url = https://lenta.ru/articles/2011/12/28/iskcon/
 |access-date = 28 December 2011
}}
{{Refend}}

==== Officials ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Gabbard |first = Tulsi |author-link = Tulsi Gabbard
 |title = Tulsi Gabbard Message for Srila Prabhupada's Journey to USA_ISKCON 50th Anniversary
 |date = 2015
 |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIKFItEm0Hg
 |access-date = 12 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = India Government Mint
 |title = PM Modi Released Rs 125 Commemorative Coin To Honour ISKCON Founder
 |date = 2021
 |url = https://www.indiagovtmint.in/pm-modi-to-release-rs-125-commemorative-coin-to-honour-iskcon-founder-today/#
 |ref = {{SfnRef|India Govt Mint|2021}}
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Modi |first = Narendra  |author-link = Narendra Modi
 |title = PM releases a special commemorative coin on the occasion of 125th Birth Anniversary of Srila Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Ji
 |date = 2021a
 |url = https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-releases-commemorative-coin-on-125th-birth-anniversary-of-srila-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-ji-557050
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Modi |first = Narendra |author-link = Narendra Modi
 |title = PM's speech at release of commemorative coin on 125th Jayanti of Swami Prabhupada Ji -With Subtitles
 |date = 1 September 2021b
 |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWyILkAnNJk
 |language = Hindi
 |access-date = 12 February 2024
 |quote = It is as if millions of minds are bound by one emotion and millions of bodies are connected by one common consciousness! This is the Krishna consciousness which has been spread by Prabhupada Swami ji to the entire world. (...) Prabhupada Swami was not only a supernatural devotee of Krishna, but he was also a great devotee of Bharat. (...) Srila Prabhupada Swami always used to say that he is traveling in the countries because he wants to give India's most priceless treasure to the world. (...) Swami ji's revered Guruji [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] ji saw that potential in him and instructed him to take the thought and philosophy of India to the world. Srila Prabhupada ji made this command of his Guru his mission, and the result of his efforts is visible in every corner of the world today. (...)  When we visit any country and when people greet us with 'Hare Krishna', we feel so much warmth and pride. (...) Srila Prabhupada and ISKCON took up this great responsibility of propounding Bhakti Yoga to the world. He worked to connect Bhakti Vedanta with the consciousness of the world. This was no ordinary task. He started a global mission like ISKCON at the age of about 70, when people become inactive. This is a huge inspiration for our society and for every person. (...) Prabhupada Swami remained active for his resolutions from his childhood till his whole life. When Prabhupada ji went to America by sea, he was almost empty-pocket; he had only Gita and Shrimad Bhagwat! During the journey, he suffered heart attacks twice. When he reached New York, he did not have any arrangements for food and no place to stay. But what the world saw in the next 11 years, in the words of revered Atal ji, it was nothing less than a miracle.
}}
{{Refend}}

==== Videos ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Das |first = Syamasundar
 |title = Hare Krishna! The Mantra, The Movement And The Swami Who Started It All
 |date = 2017
 |time = 1:04:45
 |url = https://archive.org/details/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all
 |access-date = 12 February 2024
 |ref={{SfnRef|S. Das|2017}}
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = IMDb
 |title = Following Srila Prabhupada (TV Series 1997– )
 |editor = Gaurav Seth
 |publisher = [[IMDb]]
 |date = 1996
 |url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192466/
 |access-date = 27 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Morarjee |first = Sumati |author-link = Sumati Morarjee
 |title = Hare Krishna! The Mantra, The Movement And The Swami Who Started It All
 |date = 2017
 |time = 34:45
 |url = https://archive.org/details/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all
 |access-date = 12 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Tripati |first = Keshari Nath |author-link = Keshari Nath Tripathi
 |title = Unveiling of Brass Srila Prabhupada Statue Jaladuta Journey to USA
 |date = 2015
 |time = 4:35
 |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40R3m4cF2Gk
 |access-date = 12 February 2024
}}
{{Refend}}

=== ISKCON-related ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation
 |last = A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
 |title = Light of the Bhagavata
 |publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
 |place = Los Angeles, CA
 |date = 1997
 |isbn = 978-9-1714-9267-8
}}

*{{Cite web |ref={{harvid|The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust}}
 |author = BBT
 |title = Languages
 |website = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
 |url = https://www.bbt.org/languages
 |access-date = 23 October 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Bhaktivedanta Hospital
 |title = History of Hospital
 |website = Bhaktivedanta Hospital & Research Institute
 |url = https://www.bhaktivedantahospital.com/about-us/about-hospital
 |access-date = 21 October 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Bhaktivedanta Research
 |title = Home
 |website = BRC Global
 |date = 1 March 2023
 |url = https://brcglobal.org/
 |access-date = 21 October 2023
}}

*{{Cite AV media
 |last = Dasa |first = Bhuta Bhavana
 |title = Prabhupada Memories
 |volume = 47
 |editor = Siddhanta Dasa
 |date = 2018
 |time = 18:18
 |url = https://youtube.com/uVFMcj2KFDw?t=1098
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Child Protection Office
 |title = ISKCON Child Protection Guidelines
 |url = https://www.iskconchildprotection.org/_files/ugd/8a61c5_3cba6c1074e7427d893be8af35c40a79.pdf
 |date = 2018
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Das |first = Daiva Rama
 |date = 29 February 2020
 |title = Major Street in Ahmedabad Renamed In Honor of Srila Prabhupada
 |work = ISKCON News
 |place = Gujarat, India
 |url = https://iskconnews.org/major-street-in-ahmedabad-renamed-in-honor-of-srila-prabhupada,7214/
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Samhita |first = Garga
 |title = Verse 1.2.28 [Garga Samhita]
 |website = Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc...
 |date = 16 July 2022
 |url = https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/garga-samhita-english/d/doc1122607.html
 |access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = GBC
 |title = List of Initiating Gurus in ISKCON
 |date = 2024
 |url = https://gbc.iskcon.org/list-of-initiating-gurus-in-iskcon/
}}

*{{Cite web
 |last = Haribol  |first = Thomas
 |title = NE-BBT Releases 2022 Stats Showing Growth in Distribution, Printing, eBooks, and More
 |website = ISKCON News
 |date = 16 August 2023
 |url = https://iskconnews.org/ne-bbt-releases-2022-stats-showing-growth-in-distribution-printing-ebooks-and-more/   |access-date = 23 October 2023
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = ISKCON
 |title = India
 |website = ISKCON Centers - World wide directory of official ISKCON Centres & Branches
 |date = 9 July 2011
 |url = https://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/india/
 |access-date = 23 October 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Prabhupada |first = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
 |title = The Jaladuta Diary
 |publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
 |date = 1965
 |url = http://www.prabhupada.de/Prabhupada_Jaladuta-Diary.pdf
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = PrabhupadaDotCom
 |title = About Srila Prabhupada
 |publisher = Prabhupada.com
 |url = https://www.prabhupada.com/About/AAbout.html
 |access-date = 27 February 2024
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = PrabhupadaMemories
 |title = Prabhupada Memories
 |url = https://www.prabhupadamemories.com/
 |access-date = 27 February 2024
}}

*{{Citation
 |author = Reviews
 |title = Scholarly Appreciations of Srila Prabhupada's Books
 |url = https://www.srilaprabhupada.co.in/scholarly-appreciations-of-srila-prabhupadas-books
 |access-date = 23 August 2013
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Smullen |first = Madhava
 |title = Srila Prabhupada and Jaladuta Sculpture Installed Outside ISKCON Boston
 |work = ISKCON News
 |date = 20 August 2018
 |url = https://iskconnews.org/srila-prabhupada-and-jaladuta-sculpture-installed-outside-iskcon-boston/
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = Vanipedia
 |title = Timeline of Srila Prabhupada's Life
 |url = https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Srila_Prabhupada%27s_Life
 |date = 2024
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = Vedabase
 |title = Room Conversation — Varṇāśrama System Must Be Introduced
 |website = Online Vedabase
 |date = 14 February 1977
 |url = https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/770214r2may/
 |access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = Vedabase
 |title = Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 3.1.10
 |website = Online Vedabase
 |date = 21 May 1973
 |url = https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/730521sbdal/
 |access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = Vedabase
 |title = Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 4.25.10
 |website = Online Vedabase
 |date = 28 July 2021
 |url = https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/4/25/10/
 |access-date = 22 October 2023
}}
{{Refend}}

=== Works by Prabhupada's followers ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Das |first = Kaunteya
 |date = 2022
 |title = Tough Questions, Difficult Answers on Srila Prabhupada's Contentious Remarks
 |publisher = Eye of the Storm Press
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Dasa |first = Hayagriva
 |title = The Spiritual Master: Emissary of the Supreme Person
 |magazine = Back to Godhead
 |issue = 38
 |date = 1970
 |url = http://back2godhead.com/newpdf-17-36/067_1970_01-38.pdf
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Dasa |first = Hayagriva
 |title = The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966-1969
 |place = Moundsville, WV
 |publisher = Palace Press
 |date = 1985
 |ol = 8708465W
 |url = https://theharekrishnamovement.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/the-hare-krishna-explosion.pdf
 |ref={{SfnRef|H. Dasa|1985}}
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Dāsa |first = Kūrma
 |title = The Great Transcendental Adventure: Pastimes of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in Australia and New Zealand
 |place = Botany, Australia
 |publisher = Chakra Press
 |date = 1999
 |isbn = 978-0-9472-5922-8
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Dasa |first = Ravindra Svarupa |author-link = Ravindra Svarupa Dasa
 |title = Disease
 |journal = Back to Godhead Magazine
 |publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
 |volume = 27
 |number = 1
 |date = 1993
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Dasa |first = Satyaraja
 |title = A Spiritual Happening on the Lower East Side
 |journal = Back to Godhead
 |volume = 45
 |issue = 2
 |date = 2011
 |url = https://btg.krishna.com/a-spiritual-happening-on-the-lower-east-side/
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Goswami |first = Mukunda |author-link = Mukunda Goswami
 |title = Miracle on Second Avenue: Hare Krishna Arrives in the West: New York, San Francisco, and London, 1966-1969
 |publisher = Torchlight Publishing
 |place = Badger, CA
 |date = 2011
 |isbn = 978-0-9817-2734-9
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Goswami |first = Satsvarupa dasa |author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
 |title = Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta
 |publisher = Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
 |place = Los Angeles
 |date = 2002
 |isbn = 978-0-8921-3355-0
 |ol = OL11297276M
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Greene |first = Joshua
 |title = Here Comes the Sun. The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison
 |place = Los Angeles, CA
 |publisher = [[Turner Publishing Company|Turner Publishing]]
 |date = 2006
 |isbn = 978-0-4716-9021-4
 |ol = OL3412832M
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Greene |first = Joshua
 |title = Swami in a Strange Land
 |place = San Rafael
 |publisher = Mandala Publishing
 |date = 2016
 |isbn = 978-1-6088-7644-0
 |ol = OL27212292M
}}

*{{Citation
 |last1 = Griesser |first1 = John
 |last2 = Ross |first2 = Lauren
 |title = Hare Krishna: The Mantra, the Movement and the Swami Who Started It All
 |date = 15 December 2017
 |url = https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/28458/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all
 |place = India
 |publisher=Spirituality & Practice
 |access-date = 29 August 2023
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Rosen  |first = Steven J.
 |title = Black Lotus: The Spiritual Journey of an Urban Mystic
 |publisher = Hari-Nama Press
 |date = 2007b
 |isbn = 979-8-6405-5071-9
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Swami |first=Jayadvaita |author-link = Jayadvaita Swami
 |title = Vanity Karma: Ecclesiastes, the Bhagavad-gita, and the meaning of life
 |place = Los Angeles, CA
 |publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
 |date = 2015
 |isbn = 978-0-8921-3449-6
}}

*{{Cite web
 |author = TheTVDB
 |title = Following Srila Prabhupada
 |publisher = The TVDB
 |url = https://thetvdb.com/series/following-srila-prabhupada
 |access-date = 27 February 2024
}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==

*{{Citation
 |last = Zeller |first = Benjamin E.
 |chapter = The Hare Krishna Look: ISKCON Adornment as Religious Activism
 |editor-last = Zeller |editor-first = Benjamin E.
 |editor2-last = Dallam |editor2-first = Marie W.
 |title = Religion, Attire, and Adornment in North America
 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
 |pages = 295–319
 |year = 2023
 |isbn = 978-0-2315-5554-8
}}

*{{Citation
 |last = Sengupta |first = Hindol |author-link = Hindol Sengupta
 |title = Sing, Dance and Pray: The Inspirational Story of Srila Prabhupada Founder-Acharya of Iskcon
 |publisher = India Penguin Ananda
 |year = 2023
 |isbn = 978-0-1434-6244-6
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
<!--     {{No more links}}Please be cautious adding more external links. Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed.  See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page. -->

* {{URL|https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|Vanipedia}} — Online repository of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's legacy
* {{URL|https://vedabase.io/en/|Bhaktivedanta Vedabase}} – Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
* {{URL|http://prabhupada.com/|The Bhaktivedanta Archives}} — Archives of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
* {{IMDb name|nm4152034}}
* {{BNF|118918976}} – Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1896–1977)
* {{WorldCat|id=lccn-n79133133}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}}

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