Editing 998

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|998}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Year nav|998}}
{{M1 year in topic}}
[[File:Pope Gregory V.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Pope Gregory V]] (c. 972–999)]]
Year '''998''' ('''[[Roman numerals|CMXCVIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] retakes [[Rome]] and restores power in the papal city. [[Crescentius the Younger|Crescentius II]] ('''the Younger''') and his followers barricade themselves in [[Castel Sant'Angelo]]. Otto's former tutor John Philagathos (Antipope [[Antipope John XVI|John XVI]]), who tries to escape into [[Campania]], is pursued by German troops and captured. He is horribly mutilated – his ears, nose and tongue cut off and his eyes are gouged out. Crescentius surrenders at his stronghold and is beheaded. Otto reinstates his cousin, [[Pope Gregory V|Gregory V]], as pope of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>John Norwich (1991). ''Byzantium: The Apogee'', pp. 255–256. {{ISBN|0-394-53779-3}}.</ref>
* [[Croatian–Bulgarian wars#Third war|Croatian–Bulgarian War]]: Emperor [[Samuel of Bulgaria|Samuel]] launches a military campaign against the [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]] to prevent an [[alliance]] between the [[Duklja|Serbian principality]] and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]]. He seizes Dyrrachium (modern-day [[Durrës]] in [[Albania]]) and advances along the [[Dalmatia (theme)|Dalmatian]] coast. The Bulgarian army is forced to withdraw into Croatian hinterlands (now part of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]), after the [[Siege of Zadar (998)|Siege of Zadar]].<ref>John Norwich (1991). '' Byzantium: The Apogee'', p. 257. {{ISBN|0-394-53779-3}}.</ref>
* Fall &ndash; Otto III makes Rome the administrative capital of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and begins the construction of his imperial palace on the [[Palatine Hill]]. He restores the ancient [[Roman Senate]] to its position of prominence and adopts the title of "Emperor of the Romans". To this Otto adds the apostolic devotion formula ''servus Jesu Christi'' ('Servant of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]').<ref>Reuter, Timothy (1992). ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III'', p. 258. {{ISBN|978-0-521-36447-8}}.</ref>
* Winter &ndash; King [[Robert II of France|Robert II]] ('''the Pious''') is [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by Gregory V. For reasons of [[consanguinity]], his second marriage to [[Bertha of Burgundy]] is not accepted by the Catholic Church.<ref>James Palmer (2014). ''The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages'', p. 215. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

==== Persia ====
* [[Battle of Ghazni (998)|Battle of Ghazni]]: The Afghan prince [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] defeats his younger brother [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]] (the ruling [[emir]] of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Dynasty]]) in battle. He places Ismail in comfortable captivity for the rest of his life and expands the realm of his late father, [[Sebuktigin]], into the [[Punjab]] in northwestern [[India]]. 
==== Arabian Empire ====
* Summer &ndash; [[Revolt of Tyre (996–998)|Revolt of Tyre]]: The city of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] (modern [[Lebanon]]) is stormed by forces of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. A Byzantine squadron attempts to reinforce but is repulsed by the Fatimid navy. The defenders are massacred or taken captive to [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]]. The Byzantine captives are executed.<ref>Gil, Moshe (1997). ''A History of Palestine, 634–1099'', pp. 369–370. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-59984-9}}.</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Battle of Apamea]]: Byzantine forces under governor (''[[Dux|doux]]'') [[Damian Dalassenos]] besiege the fortress city of [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]] for control over northern [[Syria]]. The Fatimids send a relief army from [[Damascus]] – and defeat the Byzantines, Dalassenos is killed by a [[Kurdistan|Kurdish]] officer in battle.

==== Japan ====
* [[Byōdō-in]] Temple (located in [[Yamashiro Province]]) is built during the [[Heian period|Heian Period]] on orders of [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]], who uses the [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] temple as a countryside retreat villa (modern-day [[Kyoto Prefecture]]).<ref>Uji Travel: Byodoin Temple - Japan Guide (Retrieved August 4, 2017).</ref>

=== By topic ===
==== Religion ====
* Winter &ndash; Otto III makes a [[pilgrimage]] through middle [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] from [[Gargano]] to [[Benevento]]. Stopping by [[Monte Cassino]], where he meets the [[hermit]] monk [[Romuald]].
* Bishop [[Wulfsige III]] establishes a [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] abbey at [[Sherborne Abbey|Sherborne]] ([[Dorset]]shire).
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[Ibn Abi Hasina]], Arab [[Arabic poetry|poet]] and [[Panegyric|panegyrist]] (d. [[1065]])
* [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]], sultan of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] (d. [[1040]])
* [[Muhammad of Ghazni|Muhammad]], sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (d. [[1041]])
* [[Song Qi]], Chinese statesman and [[historian]] (d. [[1061]])
* [[Zeng Gongliang]], Chinese scholar and writer (d. [[1078]])

== Deaths ==
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani]], Persian [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|mathematician]] (b. [[940]])
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Damian Dalassenos]], Byzantine governor (''[[Dux|doux]]'')
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Sŏ Hŭi]], Korean politician and [[diplomat]] (b. [[942]]) 
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[Fujiwara no Sukemasa]], Japanese statesman (b. [[944]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Sisinnius II of Constantinople|Sisinnius II]], patriarch of [[Constantinople]]
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes|Sigfried]], count of the [[Ardennes]] ([[Luxembourg]])
* [[Æthelweard (historian)|Æthelweard]], English [[ealdorman]] and historian (approximate date)
* [[Koppány]] (or '''Cupan'''), Hungarian [[Nobility|nobleman]] (approximate date)
* [[Landulf of Carcano]], Lombard chronicler and [[archbishop]] 
* [[Nikon the Metanoeite]], Byzantine [[monk]] and [[preacher]]
* [[Samsam al-Dawla]], emir of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid Dynasty]] (b. [[963]])
* [[Yelü Xiuge]], general and politician of the [[Liao dynasty|Liao Dynasty]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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