Editing 965

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{About year|965}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Year nav|965}}
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[[File:Pope John XIII.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Pope John XIII]] (r. 965–972)]]
Year '''965''' ('''[[Roman numerals|CMLXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[Arab–Byzantine wars#Byzantine resurgence, 863–11th century|Arab–Byzantine War]]: Emperor [[Nikephoros II Phokas|Nikephoros II]] conquers the fortress cities of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] and [[Mopsuestia]]. The Muslim residents abandon the defense and flee into [[Syria]]. Nikephoros completes the conquest of [[Cilicia]]; Muslim raids into [[Anatolia]] (modern [[Turkey]]) permanently cease. [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] troops under General [[Niketas Chalkoutzes]] occupy [[Cyprus]], liberating the [[Greeks|Greek]] population from Muslim domination.<ref>W. Treadgold. ''A History of the Byzantine state and Society'', p. 948.</ref>
* [[Battle of the Straits]]: The Byzantine attempt to recover [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicily]] fails, when the [[Byzantine navy|Byzantine fleet]] is annihilated by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]]. The last Byzantine stronghold on the island, [[Rometta]], surrenders. The population is massacred, and the survivors are sold into [[Muslim slave trade|slavery]].  Caliph [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah]] completes the conquest of Sicily, and establishes naval superiority in the Western [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; King [[Lothair of France|Lothair III]] exploits the succession crisis in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and captures many cities, but is eventually repulsed by the supporters of [[Arnulf II, Count of Flanders|Arnulf II]] – the son of [[Baldwin III, Count of Flanders|Baldwin III]] and former co-ruler of Flanders. Lothair attempts to increase his influence in [[Lotharingia]], once held by the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Emperor [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] ('''the Great''') encourages resistance to Lothair's overtures.<ref>Jim Bradbury (2007). ''The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328'', p. 43 (London: Hambledon Continuum).</ref>
* [[Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus I]] ('''the Cruel'''), duke of [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]], expands his territory into the Polish territories of [[Upper Silesia]] and [[Lesser Poland]]. By occupying the city of [[Kraków]], he controls important [[trade route]]s from [[Prague]] to [[Kyiv]] and [[Lviv]]. Prince [[Mieszko I of Poland]] makes an [[Military alliance|alliance]] with Boleslaus and marries his daughter [[Doubravka of Bohemia|Dobrawa]].<ref>Richard Brzezinski (1998). History of Poland: ''Old Poland, King Mieszko I'', p. 15. {{ISBN|83-7212-019-6}}.</ref>
* The [[Khazar]] fortress city of [[Sarkel]], located on the Lower [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]], is captured by [[Kievan Rus']] under Grand Prince [[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav I]]. The city is renamed '''Belaya Vezha''' (''White Fortress'') and settled by [[Slavs]].

==== China ====
* [[July 12]] &ndash; Emperor [[Meng Chang]] of [[Later Shu]] dies after a 30-year reign. His kingdom is invaded and incorporated into the expanding [[Song dynasty]].

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Al-Mutanabbi]], an [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] poet, returns from 5 years in [[Mesopotamia]]. He has lived at [[Shiraz]] under the protection of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid]] emir [['Adud al-Dawla]], but bandits kill him near [[An Numaniyah]] (modern [[Iran]]).

==== Religion ====
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo VIII]] dies after a 13-month reign. He is succeeded by [[Pope John XIII|John XIII]] as the 133rd [[pope]] of the [[Catholic Church]].
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[Dudo of Saint-Quentin]], Norman [[historian]] (approximate date)
* [[Frederick of Luxembourg]], count of [[Moselle|Moselgau]] (d. [[1019]])
* [[Gerberga of Burgundy]], duchess consort of [[Duchy of Swabia|Swabia]] (or [[966]])
* [[Godfrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine|Godfrey II]], count and duke of [[Lower Lorraine]] (d. [[1023]])
* [[Hárek of Tjøtta]], Norwegian chieftain (approximate date)
* [[Hugh I, Count of Empúries|Hugh I]], count of [[County of Empúries|Empúries]] and [[Peralada]] (approximate date)
* [[Ibn al-Haytham]], Arab [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomer]] and [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|physicist]] (d. [[1040]])
* [[Leo of Vercelli]], German bishop (approximate date)
* [[Sharif al-Murtaza]], Buyid [[Shia Islam|Shia]] scholar (d. [[1044]])
* [[Theodoric I, Duke of Upper Lorraine|Theodoric I]], duke of [[Duchy of Lorraine|Upper Lorraine]] (approximate date)

== Deaths ==
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Otto, Duke of Burgundy|Otto]], duke of [[Burgundy]] (b. [[944]])
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo VIII|Leo VIII]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]]
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Arnulf I, Count of Flanders|Arnulf I]], count of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] 
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Gero]] ('''the Great'''), Frankish [[Nobility|nobleman]]
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Guy of Ivrea|Guy]], margrave of [[March of Ivrea|Ivrea]] (b. [[940]]) 
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Pope Benedict V|Benedict V]], pope of the Catholic Church
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Meng Chang]], emperor of [[Later Shu]] (b. [[919]])
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Al-Mutanabbi]], Abbasid poet (b. [[915]])
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Bruno the Great|Bruno I]], [[archbishop of Cologne]] (b. [[925]])
* [[Al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi]], Abbasid statesman
* [[Guo Chong]], Chinese general (approximate date)
* [[Hedwig of Saxony]], Frankish duchess and regent
* [[Empress Dowager Li (Later Shu)|Li]], empress dowager of [[Later Shu]] ([[Ten Kingdoms]])
* [[Li Hao (Later Shu)|Li Hao]], Chinese [[Chancellor of the Tang dynasty|chancellor]] (approximate date)
* [[Moses ben Hanoch]], Jewish [[rabbi]] (approximate date)
* [[Joseph Bringas]], Byzantine [[eunuch]] and official
* [[Wu Cheng (Wuyue)|Wu Cheng]], Chinese chancellor (b. [[893]])
* [[Empress Zhong|Zhong]], empress consort of [[Southern Tang]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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