Editing 931

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|931}}
{{Year nav|931}}
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[[File:Pope John XI.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Pope John XI]] (910 - 935)]]
Year '''931''' ('''[[Roman numerals|CMXXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== North Africa ====

* The [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Ummayad Caliphate of Córdoba]] invades and conquers the city of [[Ceuta]], which was ruled by the [[Berbers|Berber]] dynasty [[Banu Isam]].

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Hugh of Italy|Hugh of Provence]], king of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]], cedes [[Lower Burgundy]] to [[Rudolph II of Burgundy|Rudolph II]], in return for Rudolf's renunciation of all claims to the Italian crown. He receives the [[Holy Roman Emperor|imperial crown]], and induces the Italian [[nobility]] to recognize his son [[Lothair II of Italy|Lothair II]] as the co-ruler of [[Italy|Lombardia]] (''Regnum Italiae'').<ref>[http://lombardleagues.proboards.com/thread/68/italian-history]. Italian History - Timeline Lombard Leagues Board, p. 11.</ref>
* King [[Harald Fairhair]] of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] dies after a 59-year reign as the [[Scandinavia]]n nation's first ruler. He divides the kingdom among his many sons (about 25 years ago) to bring peace. Unable to travel through the country - and perform his royal duties, Harald hands over power to his favorite son [[Eric Bloodaxe]], who allegedly kills at least two of his brothers to gain the Norwegian throne that he will hold (approximate date).
* [[Rollo]], duke of [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]], dies at [[Rouen]] after an 11-year reign. He is the first leader of the [[Vikings|Viking]] settlers to establish an independent dukedom (a [[vassal]] of the [[West Francia|West Frankish Kingdom]]). His eldest son, [[William I Longsword]], becomes the second ruler of Normandy (approximate date). 
* [[Ramiro II of León|Ramiro II]] forces the abdication of his brother [[Alfonso IV of León|Alfonso IV]] and becomes king of [[Kingdom of León|León]] (Northern [[Spain]]). He has Alfonso and [[Fruela II of Asturias|Fruela]]'s three sons blinded in order to make them incapable of ruling.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger | year = 1983 | title = Early Medieval Spain | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | isbn= 0-312-22464-8 | page = 241}}</ref>
* Ramiro II expands the border eastwards (nearly to the [[Pyrenees]]) and captures [[Burgos]] and the surrounding land. This land would soon be known as the [[County of Castile]] (approximate date).

==== England ====
* King [[Morgan Hen ab Owain|Morgan Hen]] of [[Glywysing]] and [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] ([[Wales]]) submits to the overlordship of King [[Æthelstan]], and attends his court with Kings [[Hywel Dda]] of [[Deheubarth]] and [[Idwal Foel]] of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]].

==== Asia ====
* Emir [[Mardavij|Mardavij ibn Ziyar]] defeats and kills his rival [[Asfar ibn Shiruya]]. He conquers in rapid succession the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] cities of [[Hamadan]], [[Dinavar]], and [[Kashan]], and finally the entire region of [[Isfahan Province|Isfahan]], which becomes his capital. Mardavij appoints his brother [[Vushmgir]] as the governor of [[Amol]] (modern [[Iran]]).

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* [[Nómina Leonesa]], an account of the kings of [[Asturias]] and León, is published (approximate date).

==== Religion ====
* March &ndash; [[Pope Stephen VII]] dies after a three-year reign. He is succeeded by [[Pope John XI|John XI]] (at the age of 20) as the 125th [[pope]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. His mother [[Marozia]] is the powerful [[Roman Senate|senatrix]] and ''patricia'' of [[Rome]].
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Liu Chengyou]], emperor of [[Later Han (Five Dynasties)|Later Han]] (d. [[951]])
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Emperor Muzong of Liao|Mu Zong]], emperor of the [[Liao dynasty]] (d. [[969]])
* [[Adelaide of Italy|Adelaide]], empress regent of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (d. [[AD 999|999]])
* [[Boris II of Bulgaria|Boris II]], ruler (''[[tsar]]'') of the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]] (d. [[977]])
* [[Cao Bin]], general of the [[Song dynasty]] (d. [[AD 999|999]])
* [[Empress Fu the Elder|Fu]] ('''the Elder'''), empress consort of [[Later Zhou]] (d. [[956]])
* [[Li Congyi]] ('''Prince of Xu'''), prince of [[Later Tang]] (d. [[947]])
* [[Liutgard of Saxony (died 953)|Liutgard of Saxony]], duchess consort of [[Lorraine]] (d. [[953]])
* [[Taksony of Hungary|Taksony]], [[Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Grand Prince]] of [[Principality of Hungary|Hungary]] (approximate date)
* [[Yang Guangmei]], Chinese general (approximate date)

== Deaths ==
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Ruotger of Trier|Ruotger]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier|Trier]]
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Kong Xun]], Chinese governor (b. [[884]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona|Jimeno Garcés]], king of [[Kingdom of Navarra|Pamplona]]
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[An Chonghui]], general of Later Tang
[[File:Emperor Uda large.jpg|thumb|right|187px|[[Emperor Uda]]]]
* [[Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani]], Persian religious leader
* [[Asfar ibn Shiruya]], Iranian military leader
* [[Bard Boinne]], Irish [[Irish poetry|poet]] and [[Ollamh Érenn|Chief Ollam]]
* [[Béatrice of Vermandois]], Frankish queen 
* [[Gausbert]], count of [[County of Empúries|Empúries]] and [[County of Roussillon|Roussillon]]
* [[Gu Quanwu]], general of the [[Tang dynasty]] (b. [[864]])
* [[Harald Fairhair|Harald I]], king of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] (approximate date)
* [[Hrotheweard]] (or '''Lodeward'''), archbishop of [[Diocese of York|York]] 
* [[Ibn Masarra]], Muslim [[Asceticism|ascetic]] and scholar (b. [[883]])
* [[Christopher Lekapenos]], Byzantine co-emperor
* [[Robert II (bishop of Tours)|Robert II]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tours|Tours]] (approximate date)
* [[Rollo]], Viking leader and count (approximate date) 
* [[Pope Stephen VII|Stephen VII]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]]
* [[Wang Yanbing]], prince of [[Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min]] ([[Ten Kingdoms]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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