Editing 860

{{short description|Calendar year}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{About year|860}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Year nav|860}}
{{M1 year in topic}}
[[File:Æthelberht - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|King [[Æthelberht of Wessex]] (c. 836–865)]]
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Year '''860''' ('''[[Roman numerals|DCCCLX]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Siege of Constantinople (860)|Byzantine–Rus' War]]: A fleet of about 200 [[Rus' Khaganate|Rus']] vessels sails into the [[Bosphorus]], and starts [[Looting|pillaging]] the suburbs of [[Constantinople]]. The raiders set homes on fire, and drown and kill the citizens. Unable to do anything to repel the invaders, Patriarch [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photios I]] urges his flock to implore the ''[[Theotokos]]'' to save the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] capital.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=Donald F. |title=The Vikings in history |date=1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-08396-6 |edition=2nd |page=190}}</ref> Having devastated the suburbs, the [[Rus' people|Rus' Vikings]] pass into the [[Sea of Marmara]] and attack the [[Prince Islands|Isles of the Princes]], plundering the local monasteries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vasiliev |first1=Alexander |author-link1=Alexander Vasiliev (historian) |title=The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860 |date=1925 |publisher=Mediaeval Academy of America |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=188&ndash;189}}</ref>

==== Europe ====
* King [[Charles the Bald]] gives the order to build fortified bridges across the [[Seine]] and [[Loire]] Rivers, to protect Paris and the [[Francia|Frankish]] heartland against [[Vikings|Viking]] raids. He hires the services of [[Wayland the Smith|Weland]], a Viking chieftain based on the [[Somme (river)|Somme]], to attack the Seine Vikings at their base on the [[Oissel|Isle of Oissel]]. Weland besieges the Vikings—they offer him a huge [[Bribery|bribe]] (6,000 pounds of [[silver]]) to let them escape.<ref>John Haywood (1995). ''The Historical Atlas of the Vikings'', pp. 60–61. Penguin Books: {{ISBN|978-0-140-51328-8}}.</ref>
* Summer &ndash; The Viking chieftains [[Hastein]] and [[Björn Ironside]] ravage upstream and move to Italy, sacking [[Luna (Etruria)|Luna]] (believing it to be Rome). They sail up the [[Arno|River Arno]] to sack the cities of [[Pisa]] and [[Fiesole]] ([[Tuscany]]).<ref>John Haywood (1995). ''The Historical Atlas of the Vikings'', p. 59. Penguin Books: {{ISBN|978-0-140-51328-8}}.</ref>
* Summer &ndash; Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack [[Winchester]] (the capital of [[Wessex]]), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained.<ref>Paul Hill (2009). ''The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great'', p. 20. {{ISBN|978-1-59416-087-5}}.</ref>
* [[December 20]] &ndash; King [[Æthelbald of Wessex]] dies after a 2½-year reign.<ref name=Æthelbald>{{cite web|title=Aethelbald – king of Wessex|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aethelbald-king-of-Wessex|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=February 21, 2018|language=en}}</ref> He is succeeded by his brother, sub-king [[Æthelberht of Wessex|Æthelberht]] of [[Kingdom of Kent|Kent]], who becomes sole ruler of Wessex.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aethelberht – king of Wessex|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aethelberht|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=February 21, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==== Iberian Peninsula ====
* [[Muhammad I of Córdoba|Muhammad I]], [[Banu Umayya|Umayyad]] emir of [[Emirate of Córdoba|Córdoba]], invades [[Kingdom of Pamplona|Pamplona]] ([[Pyrenees]]), and captures Crown Prince [[Fortún Garcés of Pamplona|Fortún Garcés]] in [[Milagro, Navarre|Milagro]], along with his daughter [[Onneca Fortúnez]], and takes them as hostages to [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Martínez Diez|first=Gonzalo|title= Sancho III el Mayor Rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus|year= 2007|publisher=Marcial Pons Historia|location=Madrid|jstor=j.ctt6wpw4q|language=ES|isbn=978-84-96467-47-7|page=25}}</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Art ====
* [[Lusterware]] tiles, that decorated the [[mihrab]] of the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan|Mosque of Uqba]] at [[Kairouan]] (modern [[Tunisia]]), are made (approximate date).

==== Communication ====
* The [[Japanese writing system|Japanese alphabet]] [[Hiragana]] becomes more popular in Japan. The [[Phonetic transcription|phonetic alphabet]] will be further simplified, and reduced to 51 basic characters (approximate date).

==== Religion ====
* [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] missionaries [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril and Methodius]] arrive in [[Khazars|Khazaria]].
* [[Patriarch Michael I of Alexandria|Michael I]] succeeds [[Patriarch Sophronius I of Alexandria|Sophronius I]], as [[patriarch]] of [[Alexandria]].

== Births == 
* [[Bertila of Spoleto]], queen of [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] (approximate date)
* [[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]], king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (approximate date)
* [[Georgios I of Makuria|Georgios I]], king of [[Makuria]] (approximate date)
* [[Ibn Abd Rabbih]], Moorish writer and [[Arabic poetry|poet]] (d. [[940]])
* [[Pope John X|John X]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (d. [[928]])
* [[Ludmila of Bohemia|Ludmila]], Bohemian duchess regent and saint (approximate date)
* [[Odo of France|Odo I]], king of the [[West Francia|West Frankish Kingdom]] (or [[859]])
* [[Robert I of France|Robert I]], king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or [[866]])
* [[Sancho I of Pamplona|Sancho Garcés I]], king of [[Kingdom of Pamplona|Pamplona]] (approximate date)
* [[Pope Sergius III|Sergius III]], pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
* [[Tudwal Gloff]], Welsh prince (approximate date)
* [[Vasugupta]], Indian writer and [[Philosophy|philosopher]] (d. [[925]])

== Deaths ==
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Abbo of Auxerre|Abbo]], bishop of [[Ancient Diocese of Auxerre|Auxerre]]
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[Æthelbald of Wessex|Æthelbald]], king of [[Wessex]]<ref name=Æthelbald />
* [[Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī]], Muslim [[mathematician]] 
* [['Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi]], Muslim governor
* [[Athanasia of Aegina]], Byzantine noblewoman 
* [[Constantine Kontomytes]], Byzantine general
* [[Govindasvāmi]], Indian [[astronomer]] (approximate date)
* [[Guy I of Spoleto|Guy I]], duke of [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] (approximate date)
* [[Halfdan the Black]], Norwegian [[Nobility|nobleman]]
* [[Sedulius Scottus]], Irish grammarian
* [[Tunberht]], bishop of [[Lichfield]] (approximate date)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:860| ]]