Editing 859

{{short description|Calendar year}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{About year|859}}
{{Year nav|859}}
{{M1 year in topic}}
[[File:Wikinger.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Vikings]] begin an expedition in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] (between 859 and 862)]]
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Year '''859''' ('''[[Roman numerals|DCCCLIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[January 15]] &ndash; Battle of St. Quentin: Frankish forces, led by [[Humfrid]], defeat King [[Louis the German]] at [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]] (Northern [[France]]). Humfrid is [[Feoffment|enfeoffed]] with the [[Autun|County of Autun]], and appointed [[Duke of Burgundy|Margrave of Burgundy]], by King [[Charles the Bald]].
* Summer &ndash; The [[Vikings|Viking]] chieftains [[Hastein]] and [[Björn Ironside]] (a son of [[Ragnar Lodbrok]]) begin an expedition, and sail from the [[Loire|Loire River]] with a fleet of 62 ships, to raid cities and [[Monastery|monasteries]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>Haywood, John (1995). ''The Historical Atlas of the Vikings'', pp. 58–59. Penguin Books: {{ISBN|0-14-051328-0}}</ref>
* Viking raiders invade the [[Kingdom of Pamplona]] (Western [[Pyrenees]]), and capture King [[García Íñiguez of Pamplona|García Íñiguez I]], somewhere in the [[Andalusia]]n heartland. They extort a [[ransom]], rising to around 70,000 [[gold dinar]]s.{{sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=25}}
* The Russian city of [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] is first mentioned in the [[Sofia First Chronicle|Sofia Chronicles]].
* Winter – The weather is so severe that the [[Adriatic Sea]] freezes, and [[Italy]] is covered in snow for 100 days.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Black Sea Flood Question|last=Yanko-Hombach|first=Valentina|publisher=Springer|year=2006|isbn=1402047746|pages=638}}</ref>

==== Iberian Peninsula ====
* [[Battle of Monte Laturce|Battle of Albelda]]: King [[Ordoño I of Asturias]], and his ally García Íñiguez I, defeat the Muslims under [[Musa ibn Musa ibn Qasi|Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi]] at [[Albelda]]. 
* Viking raiders burn the mosques of [[Seville]] and [[Algeciras]] in [[al-Andalus]] (modern [[Spain]]).<ref name=rucquoi1993>{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|page=85}}</ref>

==== Africa ====
* The [[University of Al Quaraouiyine|University of Al Karaouine]] is founded in [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] (modern [[Morocco]]), by [[Fatima al-Fihri]] (recognized by the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] as the oldest still-operating university in the world).

==== China ====
* [[September 7]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Xuānzong of Tang|Xuān Zong]] ('''Li Yi''') dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son [[Emperor Yizong of Tang|Yi Zong]], as ruler of the [[Tang dynasty]].

==== Syria ====
*[[859 Syrian coast earthquake]]. It affected the Mediterranean coast of [[Syria (region)|Syria]]<ref name="Antonopoulos">{{cite journal | last1=Antonopoulos | first1= J.  | title=''Data from investigation of seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 500 to 1000 A.D.'' | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | year=1980 | journal=Annals of Geophysics | url =https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/viewFile/4702/4786|doi=10.4401/ag-4701| doi-access=free }}</ref> It caused almost the complete destruction of [[Latakia]] and [[Jableh]], major damage at [[Antioch]] and led to many deaths.<ref name=Ambraseys>{{cite book |last=Ambraseys|first=N.|author-link=Nicholas Ambraseys|date=2009|title=Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzXSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT955|edition=First|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=243–244|isbn=978-1-316-34785-0}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya]], first [[Zaydi]] [[Imam of Yemen]] (d. [[AD 911|911]])<ref>{{EI2|volume=12|last=Madelung|first=W.|authorlink=Wilferd Madelung|title=al-Ḥādī Ila 'l-Ḥaḳḳ|pages=334–335|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8582}}</ref>
* [[Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah]], [[vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)|vizier]] of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (d. [[946]])
* [[Odo of France|Odo I]], king of the [[West Francia|West Frankish Kingdom]] (or [[860]])
* [[Rudolph I of Burgundy|Rudolph I]], king of [[Kingdom of Burgundy|Burgundy]] (d. [[912]])
* [[Tannet of Pagan]], king of [[Myanmar|Burma]] (d. [[904]])

== Deaths ==
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Emperor Xuānzong of Tang|Xuān Zong]], emperor of the [[Tang dynasty]] (b. [[810]])
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Angilbert II]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Milan]]
* [[Dhul-Nun al-Misri]], Egyptian scholar and [[Sufism|Sufi]] (b. [[796]])
* [[Immo (bishop of Noyon)|Immo]], bishop of [[Ancient Diocese of Noyon|Noyon]] (approximate date)
* [[Lu Shang]], [[chancellor of the Tang dynasty]] (b. [[789]])
* [[Máel Gualae]], king of [[Munster]] ([[Ireland]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book| last = Martínez Díez | first = Gonzalo|title = Sancho III el Mayor Rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus| year = 2007| publisher = Marcial Pons Historia| location = Madrid|language=ES| isbn =  978-84-96467-47-7}}


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