Editing 7th century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from 601 to 700}}
{{Centurybox|7}}
[[File:East-Hem 600ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century.]]
[[File:East-Hem 700ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century.]]

The '''7th century''' is the period from [[601]] through [[700]] in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]] in the [[Christian Era]].

The [[spread of Islam]] and the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] began with the unification of Arabia by the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the [[Arabian Peninsula]] under the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (632–661) and the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750). The [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the 7th century led to the downfall of the [[Sasanian Empire]]. Also conquered during the 7th century were [[Muslim conquest of Syria|Syria]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Muslim conquest of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Egypt]], and [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|North Africa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ostrogorsky |first=George |date=1959 |title=The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291126 |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |volume=13 |pages=3 |doi=10.2307/1291126 |jstor=1291126 |issn=0070-7546}}</ref>

The [[Byzantine Empire]] suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the [[Caliphate]] and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the [[Siege of Constantinople (674–678)|Siege of Constantinople]] in the 670s led the empire to retain [[Asia-Minor|Asia Minor]], which ensured the existence of the empire.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[Iberian Peninsula]], the 7th century was known as the ''Siglo de Concilios'' (century of councils) referring to the [[Councils of Toledo]]. [[Northumbria]] established dominance in the [[British Isles]] from [[Mercia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Introduction to Early Medieval England |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/early-medieval/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> while the [[Kingdom of the Lombards|Lombards]] maintained its hold in most of Italy.

In China, the [[Sui dynasty]] was replaced by the [[Tang dynasty]], which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia. China began to reach its height. [[Silla]] allied itself with the Tang dynasty, subjugating [[Baekje]] and defeating Goguryeo to unite the [[Korean Peninsula]] under one ruler. The [[Asuka period]] persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century.

[[Harsha]] united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the [[Gupta Empire]] in the 6th century.

==Events==
[[File:Unknown, Arabia, late 7th Century - Pages from a Qur'an in Hijazi - Google Art Project (809575).jpg|thumb|Pages of a late 7th century Quran]]
[[File:Sutton Hoo helmet 2016.png|thumb|An [[Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion and takeover of Britain|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Sutton Hoo helmet|helmet]] found at [[Sutton Hoo]], probably belonging to [[Rædwald of East Anglia]] circa 625.]]
[[File:Horyu-ji silk.tiff|thumb|Silk cloth with four horsemen hunting lions, 7th century. [[Horyu-ji]] temple, Japan.]]
*The [[world population|world's population]] shrinks to about 208 million people. (from 257 million in 200 AD)<ref>Jonathan V. Last, Philadelphia Inquirer, The good and bad of a population drop, November 29, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20121006203612/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html</ref>
* The [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Heptarchy]] emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England.<ref name=autogenerated1>Roberts,  J: ''History of the World''.. Penguin, 1994.</ref>
* [[Sutton Hoo]] [[ship burial]], [[Kingdom of East Anglia|East Anglia]], England.
* Earliest attested [[English poetry]].
* The first known Croatian archon [[Porga of Croatia|Porga]] establishes the [[Duchy of Croatia]].
* The [[Bulgars]] arrive in the [[Balkans]]; establishment of the powerful [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]].
* [[Xuanzang]] traveled from China to India, before returning to [[Chang'an]] in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.
* [[Guangzhou]], China, becomes a major international seaport, hosting maritime travelers from the Middle East, East Africa, India, and South East Asia.
* The main compound of [[Hōryū-ji]] temple in [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]] is built during the [[Asuka period]].
* [[Timgad]], [[Algeria]], is destroyed by [[Berbers]].
* Islam begins in [[Arabia]]; the Quran is documented.
* [[Nobatia]] annexed by its southern neighbor [[Makuria]] sometime before the Arab-Nubian wars.
* Arab traders penetrate the area of [[Lake Chad]].
* End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the [[Sindh]].
* [[Teotihuacan]] is sacked. The political and religious buildings are burned.
* The religion of [[Shugendō]] evolves from [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Shinto]] and other influences in the mountains of Japan.
* Early 7th century: [[Croats]] enter their present territory, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations.
* 7th and 9th century: Mosaics and side panels above the apse of [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe]] are made.
* [[600]]: [[Smallpox]] spreads from India into Europe.
* [[602]]: The [[Third Chinese domination of Vietnam]] starts following the collapse of the [[Early Lý dynasty]].
* [[603]]: Last mention of the [[Roman Senate]] in [[Gregorian Register]]. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor [[Phocas]] and empress [[Leontia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246|title=The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752|first=Jeffrey|last=Richards|date=January 1, 1979|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|isbn=9780710000989 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[606]]: [[Pope Boniface III]] elected to the papacy on the death of [[Pope Sabinian]].  He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor [[Phocas]] which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the [[Bishop of Rome]].
*[[607]]: [[Hōryū-ji]] temple believed to have been completed in [[Ikaruga, Nara|Ikaruga]], Japan.
* [[610]]: A great number of [[Slavs]] [[Slavic migration to the Balkans|enter the Roman lands of the Balkans]]. Later forming tribal confederacies.
* 610: [[Heraclius]] arrives by ship from [[Roman Carthage]] at [[Constantinople]], overthrows [[Eastern Roman Emperor]] [[Phocas]] and becomes Emperor.  His first major act is to change the official language of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] from [[Latin]] to [[Medieval Greek|Greek]] (already the language of the vast majority of the population).
* [[615]]: The [[Sasanian Empire]] under [[Shah]] [[Khosrow II]] sacks [[Jerusalem]], taking away the relic of the [[True Cross]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
* 615: [[K'inich Janaab' Pakal|Pacal the Great]] becomes king of the Mayan city-state of [[Palenque]].
* [[616]]: Shah [[Khosrow II]] invades [[Egypt]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
* 616: [[Æthelfrith]] of [[Northumbria]] defeats the [[Welsh people|Welsh]] in a [[Battle of Chester|battle at Chester]] in England.
* [[618]]: [[Tang dynasty]] of China do initiated by [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Li Yuan]].
* 618: The [[Chenla]] kingdom completely absorbed [[Funan]].
* [[622]]: Year one of the [[Islamic calendar]] begins, during which the [[Hijrah]] occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] in September.
* [[623]]: The Frankish merchant [[Samo]], supporting the [[Slavs]] fighting their [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.
* [[626]]: The [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], the [[Early Slavs|Slavs]] and the [[Sasanian Empire|Persians]] jointly besiege but [[Siege of Constantinople (626)|fail to capture Constantinople]].
* [[627]]: Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats the Persians, ending the [[Roman–Persian Wars]].
* [[629]]: The [[Arab–Byzantine wars]] begin. Much of the [[Byzantine Empire|Roman Empire]] is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]].
* [[629]]–[[630]]: [[Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks]], Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] forces under commanders [[Li Jing (Tang dynasty)|Li Jing]] and [[Li Shiji]] destroy the [[Göktürk]] Khanate.
* [[632]]: The [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] begin.
* [[635]]–[[649]]: [[Alopen]], a Persian Christian priest, introduces [[Nestorian Christianity]] into China.
* [[636]]: Around this time the [[Battle of al-Qadisiyyah]] resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], the [[Sasanian Empire|Persian Empire]] is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]].
* [[638]]: Emperor [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Taizong]] (627–649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions; [[Nestorian Christian]]s build a church in [[Chang'an]].
* 638: Muslim conquest of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
* [[639]]: [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]] and [[Muslim conquest of Armenia|Armenia]].
* 639: Unsuccessful revolt of [[Ashina Jiesheshuai]] of the Turkic people against Tang China.  
* [[641]]: The [[Coptic period]], in its more specific definition, ends when [[Islam]] is introduced into [[Egypt]].
* [[642]]: Arab armies face first Defeat in The [[First Battle of Dongola]] against Christian Nubians
* [[649]]–[[683]]: Chinese Emperor [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Gaozong]] permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.
* [[650]]: The [[Arab–Khazar wars]] begin.
[[File:Wild goose pagoda xian china.jpg|thumb|The [[Tang dynasty]] [[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]] of [[Chang'an]], built in [[652]], in modern-day [[Xi'an]], China.]]
* Mid-7th century: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, [[Mamallapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, [[University of Michigan]], [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]].
* Mid-7th century: Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb, [[Temple of the Inscriptions]], [[Palenque]], Mexico, is made. [[Maya culture]]. It is now kept at [[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]], Mexico City.
* Mid-7th century: Dharmaraja Ratha, [[Mamallapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, is built. Pallava period.
* [[651]]: Emperor [[Yazdegerd III]] is murdered in [[Merv]], ending the rule of [[Sassanid]] dynasty in [[Persia]].
* [[652]]: Arab armies defeated again in the [[Second Battle of Dongola]] resulting in the [[baqt]] possibly the longest treaty in history.
* [[656]]–[[661]]: The [[First Fitna]] occurs.
* [[657]]: The Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] under [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]] defeats [[Western Turkic Kaganate]].
* [[658]]: Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century [[south-pointing chariot]] mechanical [[compass]]-vehicle for [[Emperor Tenji]] of Japan.
* [[661]]: Caliph [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] is assassinated. His successor [[Hasan ibn Ali]] abdicated the [[Caliphate]] to [[Muawiyah I]], marking the beginning of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
* [[663]]: The [[Tang dynasty]] of China and Korean [[Silla]] Kingdom gain victory against the Korean [[Baekje]] Kingdom and their [[Yamato Province|Yamato]] Japanese allies in the naval [[Battle of Baekgang]].
* [[664]]: Conquest of [[Kabul]] by Muslims.
* 664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by  [[I Ching (monk)|I-tsing]], mentioned about Holing ([[Kalingga]]) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.<ref name="Soekmono">{{cite book | author= Drs. R. Soekmono| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | orig-year= 1973 |year=1988 |edition=5th reprint | location =Yogyakarta| page =37 }}</ref>
* [[668]]: The end of the [[Goguryeo–Tang War]], as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and [[Unified Silla]] of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
* [[670]]: In 670 an Arab Muslim army under [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] entered the region of [[Ifriqiya]]. In the late 670s [[Muslim conquest of North Africa|conquest of North Africa]] was completed.
* [[671]]: [[Yijing (monk)|I-tsing]] visited [[Srivijaya]] and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.<ref name="Takakusu">Junjiro Takakusu, (1896), ''A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695, by I-tsing'', Oxford, London.</ref>
* [[674]]: The [[Siege of Constantinople (674–678)|first Arab siege]] of [[Constantinople]] begins.
* [[677]]: Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by [[Greek fire]]; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court.
* [[680]]: Decisive victory of the [[Bulgars]] over the Byzantines in the [[Battle of Ongal]].[[File:The Prophet at the battle of Karbala, Qajar Persia, second half 19th century.jpg|thumb|[[Qajar Iran|Qajar]] era painting of [[Muhammad]] at the Battle of Karbala in 680]]
* 680: [[Battle of Karbala]] took place near [[Kufa]], which resulted in the death of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and the division of Muslim community.
* [[681]]: [[Bulgaria]] is recognized as independent country by the Byzantine Empire. 
* [[682]]: Revival of the [[Second Turkic Khaganate|Turkic Khaganate]] by the efforts of  [[Ilterish Qaghan]] and [[Tonyukuk]] 
* [[683]]: [[Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]] performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event mentioned in several inscriptions such as [[Telaga Batu inscription]], [[Talang Tuo inscription]] and [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]]. The beginning of [[Srivijaya]] hegemony over the maritime region around [[Malacca Strait]] and [[Sunda Strait]].<ref>Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.38</ref>
* [[683]]–[[685]]: The [[Second Fitna]].
* [[686]]: Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned in [[Kota Kapur inscription]].  This likely contributed to the end of [[Tarumanagara]] kingdom.<ref>Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.39</ref>
* [[687]]: I-tsing returned to [[Srivijaya]] in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the [[Melayu Kingdom|Kingdom of Malayu]] was captured by Srivijaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T510007c.htm |title=Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231024421/http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T510007c.htm |archive-date=2008-12-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[688]]: Emperor [[Justinian II]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] defeats the [[Bulgarians]].
* [[690]]: Pro-Buddhist imperial consort [[Wu Zetian]] seizes power and rules as Empress of China.
* [[691]]: Buddhism is made the state religion of China.
* [[698]]: The Arabs capture [[Carthage]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]].
* [[698]]: Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China
* 698: [[North–South States Period]] begins in Korea.
* [[700]]: The [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] erupts in northern [[British Columbia]], Canada.
* 700: The [[Sumatra]]-based [[Srivijaya]] naval kingdom flourishes and declines.<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), p. 3.</ref>
* 700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 8–9, 15–18</ref>
* c. late 7th century: The [[Sojomerto inscription]] (discovered in Batang, Central Java) is dated around this time, it mentions Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of the [[Sailendra dynasty]]. The inscription was written in [[Old Malay]], suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family.<ref name="Boechari">{{cite journal
 |last=Boechari|author-link=Boechari|title=Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto |journal =MISI|year=1966|volume=III|pages=241–251}}</ref>

==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
*Earliest known record of the game [[Chaturanga]], a predecessor to [[Chess]].
*The Indian Mathematician [[Brahmagupta]] presented the first instance of finite difference interpolation.
* 636: The [[Xumi Pagoda]] in [[Zhengding]], China is built.
* [[650]]: The first Chinese [[paper money]] is issued.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
* [[650s]]: After sailing from [[Ethiopia]], [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] allegedly introduced [[Islam]] to China, and established the first Islamic [[mosque]] of China in [[Guangzhou]].<ref name="Abi Waqqas Mosque">{{cite web |last1=Kamouch |first1=Mohammed |date=2006 |title=Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage |url=https://muslimheritage.com/jewels-of-the-muslim-chinese-heritage/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Muslim Heritage }}</ref>
* [[670s]]: [[Greek fire]] invented in [[Constantinople]].
* Late 7th century: The [[stirrup]] introduced to [[Iran|Persia]] from China.
* In the 7th century the cookie was invented in Persia.

=== Inventions ===
{{excerpt|Timeline of historic inventions|7th century}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation
 | first1 = John H.
 | last1 = Pryor
 | last2= Jeffreys
 | first2 = Elizabeth M.
 | title = The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204
 | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
 | year = 2006
 |isbn = 978-9004151970
}}
* {{citation
 | last=Roland
 | first=Alex
 | title = Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium
 | jstor=3106585
 | journal = Technology and Culture
 | volume=33
 | issue=4
 | year=1992
 | pages = 655–679
 | doi = 10.2307/3106585
| s2cid=113017993
 }}
* {{citation
 | last1 = Theophanes
 | author1-link = Theophanes the Confessor
 | last2= Turtledove
 | first2 = Harry (Transl.)
 | author2-link = Harry Turtledove
 | title = The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of ''anni mundi'' 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813)
 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press
 | year = 1982
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lK5wIPb4Vi4C
 |isbn = 978-0812211283
}}

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