Editing 756

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[[File:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars (741-775).png|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Byzantine–Bulgarian wars#Constantine V's wars|Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars]] (741–775)]]
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Year '''756''' ('''[[Roman numerals|DCCLVI]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]], the 756th year of the [[Common Era]] (CE) and [[Anno Domini]] (AD) designations, the 756th year of the [[1st millennium]], the 56th year of the [[8th century]], and the 7th year of the [[750s]] decade. The denomination 756 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the [[Anno Domini]] [[calendar era]] became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[Byzantine–Bulgarian wars#Constantine V's wars|Byzantine–Bulgarian War]]: Emperor [[Constantine V]] builds a series of [[fortification]]s along the Byzantine frontier on the [[Danube]], and starts settling Christian [[Armenians]] and [[Syria]]ns in the [[Thracesian Theme]]. In response, [[Kormisosh]], ruler (''[[khagan]]'') of the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]], demands the payment of [[tribute]]. Constantine refuses, and the [[Bulgars]] raid into Thrace, reaching the [[Anastasian Wall]] stretching between the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Marmara]] (near the [[Rural–urban fringe|outskirt]]s of [[Constantinople]]). 
* [[Battle of Marcellae (756)|Battle of Marcellae]]: Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (500 ships and 6,000 [[cavalry]]) to [[Thrace]], and defeats the Bulgars around the [[Danube Delta]] and near the fortress city of [[Markeli]] (modern [[Bulgaria]]). Kormisosh is forced to accept a [[peace treaty]], and confirms the existing frontier.<ref>Runciman S., ''A History of the First Bulgarian Empire'', London G.Bell & Sons, 1930, pp. 37, 289.</ref> Due to the constant political crisis, the Bulgarian Empire is on the verge of destruction. Kormisosh is deposed during a palace [[coup d'état|coup]] and succeeded by [[Vinekh]], a member of the [[Vokil]] clan.

==== Europe ====
* King [[Aistulf]] of the [[Lombards]] again threatens Rome with a view to making it his capital, but the [[Francia|Franks]] under [[Pepin the Short|Pepin III]] ("the Short") arrives with his sons [[Charlemagne|Charles]] and [[Carloman I|Carloman]], defeats Aistulf, and confers the [[Donation of Pepin]], which establishes the [[Papal States]] (including the lands of [[Ravenna]] and the [[Pentapolis]]). Pepin has taken territory that legally belongs to the [[Byzantine Empire]]; he gives it to [[Pope Stephen II]].
* Aistulf dies in a hunting accident, and is succeeded by [[Desiderius]] as king of the Lombards.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lawler|first=Jennifer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&q=king+aistulf+death&pg=PA238|title=Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire|date=2015-05-20|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0929-4|language=en}}</ref> Ex-king [[Ratchis]] attempts unsuccessfully to seize the throne, but is opposed by Stephen II.
* [[Galla Gaulo]] is deposed, blinded and exiled. He is succeeded by [[Domenico Monegario]] as the sixth [[doge of Venice]]. During his reign Venetian maritime traders become increasingly active. 
* May &ndash; Prince [[Abd al-Rahman I]] and his followers capture the city of [[Seville]] without violence. He defeats [[Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri]] in a battle for control of the Muslim-ruled parts of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] ([[al-Andalus]]). Abd al-Rahman establishes the [[Emirate of Córdoba]]. During his reign trade and [[Islamic culture|culture]] flourish, along with the construction of [[Islamic architecture]] (including the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|Great Mosque of Córdoba]]).

==== Britain ====
* Battle of Newanbirig: Kings [[Óengus I]] of the [[Picts]] and [[Eadberht of Northumbria]] attack King [[Dumnagual III of Alt Clut|Dumnagual III]] of [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]], at [[Dumbarton Castle]] (modern [[Scotland]]). However, Eadberht's entire force is subsequently wiped out, probably by the [[Celtic Britons|Britons]]. 
* King [[Cuthred of Wessex]] dies after a 16-year reign. He is succeeded by his distant kinsman [[Sigeberht of Wessex|Sigeberht]].

==== Abbasid Caliphate ====
* [[Ibn al-Muqaffa']], Muslim writer and thinker, is tortured at [[Basra]] (modern [[Iraq]]), on orders from Caliph [[al-Mansur]]. His limbs are severed and he is thrown, still alive, into a burning oven (approximate date).

==== Chinese Empire ====
* [[January 18]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ju-n̂eng Yao, Robert baron Des Rotours|title=Histoire de Ngan Lou-chan|year=1962|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0vRAAAAMAAJ&q=janvier}}</ref> – [[An Lushan Rebellion]]: The eastern capital of [[Luoyang]] falls to the 200,000-strong army of the rebel general [[An Lushan]], who defeats loyalist forces under [[Feng Changqing]]. The rebels cross the [[Yellow River]], and march on to capture the cities [[Chenliu]] and Yingyang (modern [[Zhengzhou]], [[Henan]]).
* [[Battle of Yongqiu]]: A [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] garrison (2,000 men), under [[Zhang Xun (Tang dynasty)|Zhang Xun]], successfully defend their fortress against the rebel army at [[Qi County, Kaifeng|Yongqiu]]. Zhang achieves a victory after a 4-month [[siege]], and prevents the rebels from capturing the fertile Tang territory south of the [[Huai River]].
* [[February 5]] – An Lushan declares himself emperor at Luoyang, establishing a new empire, called the [[Yan (An–Shi)|Great Yan]]. He pushes on towards the primary Tang capital at [[Chang'an]] (now [[Xi'an]]). An decides to seize southern China, to cut off loyalist reinforcements. Meanwhile, numerous soldiers join the rebellion. 
* May &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Xuan Zong]] hires 4,000 Muslim [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] to help defend Chang'an against the rebels. Loyalist forces take defensible positions in the mountain passes, but chancellor [[Yang Guozhong]] gives orders for them to leave their posts. 
* [[July 7]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graff|first1=David|title= Fang Guan's Chariots: Scholarship, War, and Character Assassination in the MiddleTang|page=1|url=https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1387vhenQek.pdf}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Others date it on July 9<ref>Charles D. Benn [https://books.google.com/books?id=emPuDu97qbkC&pg=PA10 ''Daily life in traditional China : the Tang dynasty''] Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 {{ISBN|978-0-313-30955-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ju-n̂eng Yao, Robert baron Des Rotours|title=Histoire de Ngan Lou-chan|year=1962|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0vRAAAAMAAJ&q=9+juillet}}</ref>}}– An Lushan crushes the Tang troops at the [[Tong Pass]], leaving the road to the capital wide open.
* [[July 14]] &ndash; Xuan Zong flees the capital of Chang'an (along with the [[Court (royal)|imperial court]]) for [[Sichuan]], as rebel forces advance through the [[Tongguan County|Tongguan]] Pass toward the city. Meanwhile, An Lushan is ailing, perhaps with [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]. He is nearly blind and suffers from extreme [[Irritation|irascibility]].
* [[July 15]] &ndash; Xuan Zong is ordered by his [[Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)|Imperial Guards]] to execute Yang Guozhong, by forcing him to commit suicide or face a mutiny. He permits his consort [[Yang Guifei]] to be strangled by his chief [[eunuch]]. An Lushan also has other members of the emperor's family killed.
* [[August 12]] &ndash; Xuan Zong abdicates the throne after a 44-year reign. He is succeeded by his son [[Emperor Suzong of Tang|Su Zong]], as emperor of the [[Tang dynasty|Tang Dynasty]]. He hires 22,000 Muslim mercenaries to reinforce his decimated army at [[Lingwu|Lingzhou]].
* [[November 19]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graff|first1=David|title= Fang Guan's Chariots: Scholarship, War, and Character Assassination in the MiddleTang|page=2|url=https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1387vhenQek.pdf}}</ref> &ndash; Tang General [[Fang Guan]] is defeated at [[Xianyang]]. The imperial forces consisted of two thousand oxcarts with cavalry and foot soldiers on two fronts, but the rebels took advantage of their upwind position and attacked with fire. Imperial forces killed or wounded numbered more than 40,000 men.

==== Japan ====
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Emperor Shōmu]] (retired since [[749]]) dies at [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. His wife [[Empress Kōmyō|Kōmyō]] dedicates over 600 items to the [[Daibutsu|Great Buddha]], and donates large sums of money to the [[Shōsōin|Shōsō-in treasure]] ([[Warehouse|storehouse]]) in [[Tōdai-ji]].
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== Births ==
* [[Abo of Tiflis]], Christian [[martyr]] (approximate date) 
* [[Abu Nuwas]], Muslim poet (d. [[814]])
* [[Fujiwara no Uchimaro]], Japanese nobleman (d. [[812]])
* [[Hisham I of Córdoba|Hisham I]], Muslim [[emir]] of [[Emirate of Córdoba|Córdoba]] (d. [[796]])
* [[Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab|Ibrahim I]], Muslim emir of the [[Aghlabids]] (d. 812)
* [[Ismail ibn Ibrahim]], Muslim scholar (d. [[810]])
* [[Li Yijian]], [[Chancellor of the Tang dynasty|chancellor of the Tang Dynasty]] (d. [[822]])
* [[Nikephoros (Caesar)|Nikephoros]], son of [[Constantine V]] (or [[758]])

== Deaths ==
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Emperor Shōmu|Shōmu]], emperor of [[Japan]] (b. [[701]])
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Yang Guifei]], consort of [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Xuan Zong]] (b. [[719]])
* [[Aistulf]], duke of [[Friuli]] and king of the [[Lombards]]
* [[Cuthred of Wessex|Cuthred]], king of [[Wessex]] (approximate date)
* [[Dantidurga]], founder of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta Empire]] (b. [[735]])
* [[Feng Changqing]], general of the Tang Dynasty
* [[Forggus mac Cellaig]], king of [[Connacht]] ([[Ireland]])
* [[Gao Xianzhi]], general of the Tang Dynasty
* [[Ibn al-Muqaffa']], Muslim writer (approximate date)
* [[Isaac I of Antioch]], Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Palmer|first1 =Andrew|date=1990|title=Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/PalmerMonkAndMasonOnTheTigrisFrontier|access-date=15 July 2020|page=192}}</ref>
* [[Wang Changling]], Chinese poet and official (b. [[698]])
* [[Yang Guozhong]], chancellor of the Tang Dynasty

== Notes ==
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== References ==
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