Editing 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

{{Short description|African-American Union Army unit of the Civil War (1863–65)}}

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name                     = 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment
| image                         = The Storming of Ft Wagner-lithograph by Kurz and Allison 1890.jpg
| image_size                    = 290px
| caption                       = The 54th Massachusetts at the [[Second Battle of Fort Wagner]], July 18, 1863
| dates                         ={{plainlist|
* March 13, 1863 – August 4, 1865
* November 21, 2008 – present}}
| country                       = {{flagu|United States|1865}}
| branch                        = [[Union Army]]
| type                          = [[Infantry]]
| size                          = 1,000 (as of May 1863)
| garrison                      =
| garrison_label                =
| nickname                      =
| patron                        =
| motto                         =
| colors                        =
| colors_label                  =
| march                         =
| mascot                        =
| equipment                     =
| equipment_label               =
| battles                       ={{plainlist|
* [[Battle of Grimball's Landing]]
* [[Second Battle of Fort Wagner]]
* [[Battle of Olustee]]
* [[Battle of Honey Hill]]
* [[Battle of Boykin's Mill]]
}}
| anniversaries                 =
| decorations                   =
| battle_honours                = <!-- Commanders -->
| commander1                    = [[Robert Gould Shaw]]
| commander1_label              = Colonel
| commander2                    = [[Edward Needles Hallowell]]
| commander2_label              = Colonel
| commander3                    =
| commander3_label              =
| notable_commanders            = <!-- Insignia -->
| identification_symbol         =
| identification_symbol_label   =
| identification_symbol_2       =
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| identification_symbol_3       =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| final battle                  =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar
 | title = Massachusetts U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861–1865
 | previous =[[53rd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]]
 | next =[[55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]]
}}

The '''54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment''' is an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] that saw extensive service in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. The unit was the second [[African-American]] regiment, following the [[1st Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry Regiment]], organized in the Northern states during the Civil War.{{sfnmp|1a1=Bowen|1y=1889|1p=672|2a1=Headley|2y=1866|2p=450}} Authorized by the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], the regiment consisted of African-American [[enlisted rank|enlisted men]] commanded by white officers.{{sfnp|Massachusetts Historical Society, ''To Colored Men. 54th Regiment!'' (16 February 1863)}} The 54th Massachusetts was a major force in the pioneering of African American civil war regiments, with 150 all-black regiments being raised after the raising of the 54th Massachusetts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yacovone |first=Donald |year=1998 |title=A Voice of Thunder: A Black Soldier's Civil War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOoszYFfaxgC |location=Urbana and Chicago |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-06790-7 |language=EN}}</ref>

The unit began recruiting in February 1863 and trained at [[Camp Meigs]] on the outskirts of [[Boston, Massachusetts]].{{sfnp|Bowen|1889|p=672}} Prominent [[abolitionism|abolitionists]] were active in recruitment efforts, including [[Frederick Douglass]], whose two sons were among the first to enlist.{{sfnmp|1a1=Bielakowski|1y=2013|1pp=202–203|2a1=Johnson|2y=1906a|2pp=315–316|3a1=Washington|3y=1907|3p=136}} Massachusetts Governor [[John Albion Andrew]], who had long pressured the [[United States Department of War|U.S. Department of War]] to begin recruiting African-Americans, placed a high priority on the formation of the 54th Massachusetts.{{sfnp|Berlin|1992|p=195}} Andrew appointed [[Robert Gould Shaw]], the son of Boston abolitionists, to command the regiment as [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]. The free black community in Boston was also instrumental in recruiting efforts, utilizing networks reaching beyond Massachusetts and even into the Southern states to attract soldiers and fill out the ranks.{{sfnp|Powell|2001|pp=232–233}} After it departed from Massachusetts on May 28, 1863, the 54th Massachusetts was shipped to [[Beaufort, South Carolina]] and became part of the [[X Corps (Union Army)|X Corps]] commanded by Major General [[David Hunter]].{{sfnp|Dyer|1908|p=1266}}

During its service with the X Corps, the 54th Massachusetts took part in operations against [[Charleston, South Carolina]], including the [[Battle of Grimball's Landing]] on July 16, 1863, and the more famous [[Second Battle of Fort Wagner]] on July 18, 1863. During the latter engagement, the 54th Massachusetts, with other Union regiments, executed a [[frontal assault]] against [[Fort Wagner]] and suffered casualties of 20 killed, 125 wounded, and 102 missing (primarily presumed dead)—roughly 40 percent of the unit's numbers at that time.{{sfnmp|Bowen|1889|1p=676|Headley|1866|2p=451}} Col. Robert G. Shaw was killed on the [[parapet]] of Fort Wagner.{{sfnmp|1a1=Bowen|1y=1889|1p=676|2a1=Johnson|2y=1906b|2pp=345–346}} In 1864, as part of the Union Army's [[Department of Florida]], the 54th Massachusetts took part in the [[Battle of Olustee]].{{sfnp|Dyer|1908|p=1266}}

The service of the 54th Massachusetts, particularly their charge at Fort Wagner, soon became one of the most famous episodes of the war, interpreted through artwork, poetry, and song.{{sfnp|Powell|2001|p=1}} More recently, the 54th Massachusetts gained prominence in popular culture through the 1989 [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning film [[Glory (1989 film)|''Glory'']].{{sfnp|Powell|2001|p=3}}

==Organization and early service==
[[File:JohnAAndrew byJWBlack.jpg|thumb|right|Massachusetts Gov. [[John A. Andrew]] ordered the formation of the 54th Massachusetts after receiving authorization from Secretary of War [[Edwin Stanton|Stanton]]]]
General recruitment of African Americans for service in the Union Army was authorized by the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863. [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Edwin M. Stanton]] accordingly instructed the [[Governor of Massachusetts]], [[John A. Andrew]], to begin raising regiments including "persons of African descent" on January 26, 1863.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|p=2}} Andrew selected [[Robert Gould Shaw]] to be the regiment's colonel and [[Norwood Penrose Hallowell|Norwood Penrose "Pen" Hallowell]] to be its lieutenant colonel.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=1–5}} Like many officers of regiments of African-American troops, both Robert Gould Shaw and Hallowell, captains at the time, were promoted several grades.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=1–5}} The rest of the officers were evaluated by Shaw and Hallowell:  these officers included Luis Emilio,{{sfnp|Cox| 1991| p=90}} and Garth Wilkinson "[[Gordon, Florida|Wilkie]]" James, brother of [[Henry James]] and [[William James]]. Many of these officers were of [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] families, and Governor Andrew himself chose several. Lt. Col. Norwood Hallowell was joined by his younger brother [[Edward Needles Hallowell]], who commanded the 54th as a full colonel for the rest of the war after Shaw's death. Twenty-four of the 29 officers were veterans, but only six had been previously commissioned.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891| p=6}}

The soldiers were recruited by black abolitionists like [[Frederick Douglass]] and [[Martin Delany|Major Martin Robison Delany, M.D.]], and white abolitionists, including Shaw's parents. Lieutenant J. Appleton,{{sfnp|Burchard|1965|pp=77–78}} the first white man commissioned in the regiment, posted a notice in the ''Boston Journal''.{{sfnp|Massachusetts Historical Society, ''To Colored Men. 54th Regiment!'' (16 February 1863)}} [[Wendell Phillips]] and [[Edward L. Pierce]] spoke at a [[African Meeting House|Joy Street Church]] recruiting rally, encouraging free blacks to enlist.{{sfnp|Berenson|2014|p=202}} About 100 people were actively involved in recruitment, including those from Joy Street Church and a group of individuals appointed by Governor Andrew to enlist black men for the 54th.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891| p=11}} Among those appointed was [[George E. Stephens]], African-American military correspondent to the ''Weekly Anglo-African'' who recruited over 200 men in Philadelphia and would go on to serve as a First Sergeant in the 54th.{{sfnp|Shepard|2017|pp=37–39}}

The 54th trained at [[Camp Meigs]] in [[Readville, Massachusetts|Readville]] near [[Boston]]. While there, they received considerable moral support from abolitionists in Massachusetts, including [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]].{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=15–16}} Material support included warm clothing items, battle flags, and $500 contributed for the equipping and training of a regimental band. As it became evident that many more recruits were coming forward than were needed, the medical exam for the 54th was described as "rigid and thorough" by the Massachusetts Surgeon-General. This resulted in what he described as "a more robust, strong and healthy set of men were never mustered into the service of the United States."{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=19–20}} Despite this, as was common in the Civil War, a few men died of disease before the 54th departed from Camp Meigs.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=339–388}}

By most accounts, the 54th left Boston with very high morale.{{sfnp|Schouler|1868|pp=409–410}} This was despite the fact that [[Jefferson Davis]]'s proclamation of December 23, 1862, effectively put both African-American enlisted men and white officers under a death sentence if captured on the grounds that they were inciting servile insurrection.{{sfnp|Davis|1862|p=1}}

After muster into federal service on May 13, 1863,{{sfnp|NPS 54th  Massachusetts}} the 54th left Boston with fanfare on May 28, and arrived to more celebrations in [[Beaufort, South Carolina]]. They were greeted by local blacks and by Northern abolitionists, some of whom had deployed from Boston a year earlier as missionaries to the [[Port Royal Experiment]].{{sfnp|Rose|1964|pp=248–249}} In Beaufort, they joined with the [[2nd Regiment South Carolina Volunteer Infantry (African Descent)|2nd South Carolina Volunteers]], a unit of South Carolina freedmen led by [[James Montgomery (colonel)|James Montgomery]].{{sfnp|Rose|1964|pp=249–250}} After the 2nd Volunteers' successful [[Raid at Combahee Ferry]], Montgomery led both units in a raid on the town of [[Darien, Georgia|Darien]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].{{sfnp|Rose|1964|pp=251–252}} The population had fled, and Montgomery ordered the soldiers to loot and burn the empty town.{{sfnp|Rose|1964| p=252}} Shaw objected to this activity and complained over Montgomery's head that burning and looting were not suitable activities for his model regiment.{{sfnp|Rose|1964|pp=252–253}}

==Battle of Grimball's Landing==
The regiment's first engagement took place during the [[Battle of Grimball's Landing]] on [[James Island (South Carolina)|James Island]], just outside of Charleston, South Carolina, on July 16, 1863. The Union attack on James Island was intended to draw Confederate troops away from [[Fort Wagner]] in anticipation of an upcoming Union assault on the fort. During the Battle of Grimball's Landing, the 54th Massachusetts stopped a Confederate advance, taking 45 casualties in the process.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|p=63}}

In an account of the engagement, which was later published, First Sergeant [[Robert John Simmons]] of the 54th Massachusetts (a [[British Army]] veteran from [[Bermuda]]) described a "desperate battle" in which about 250 [[picket (military)|pickets]] of the regiment were attacked by about 900 Confederates. He estimated that a reserve of 3,000 men supported the Confederates in their front. The 54th Massachusetts stopped the Confederate advance then, as he described, "had to fire and retreat toward our own encampment."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://54th-mass.org/tag/bcf/|title=BCF "Written in Glory|archive-date=2014-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816193808/http://54th-mass.org/tag/bcf/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}

After the engagement, their division commander, Brig. Gen. [[Alfred H. Terry]], complimented "steadiness and soldierly conduct" of 54th Massachusetts by courier to Col. Shaw and in his official report of the action. This recognition raised the morale of the regiment.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=62–63}}

==Battle of Fort Wagner==
[[File:William Harvey Carney c1864.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[William Harvey Carney]] circa 1864]]The regiment gained widespread acclaim on July 18, 1863, when it spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner, a key position overlooking the water approach to [[Charleston Harbor]].{{sfnp|National Archives, ''54th Mass Casualty List''}} The 54th Massachusetts had only recently returned from James Island after a difficult withdrawal during which they spent two days without food. They returned to the main Union force late on the afternoon of July 18 and the tired and hungry men were immediately placed in the vanguard of the assault force of 4,000 men. The assault was launched at 7:45 pm along a narrow spit of land. The distance to the Confederate line was some {{convert|1600|yd|ft}}, and the spit and treacherous marshland's narrow confines disorganized the attackers. The approach required them to pass beyond some of the Confederate fortifications before turning to make their assault. The men crossed a water-filled ditch and took the fort's outer wall. Because of the strength of the defending force, the position could only be held for an hour before the two Union brigades were withdrawn at around 9:00 pm.{{sfnp|Dobak|2011|p=4952}}

The 54th Massachusetts numbered 600 men at the time of the assault. Of these, 270 were killed, wounded, or captured during the engagement. Col. Shaw was killed, along with 29 of his men; 24 more later died of wounds, 15 were captured, 52 were missing in action and never accounted for, and 149 were wounded.{{sfnp|U.S. War Dept., ''Official Records'', Vol. 28/1|pp=210-l–211| ps='' –  Return of Casualties in the Union Forces July 10–September 7, 1863, pp. 210–212''}} These casualties represented the highest in the history of the regiment during a single engagement.{{sfnp|National Archives, ''54th Mass Casualty List''}}  Two company commanders were killed during the attack.{{sfnmp|Dobak|2011|1p=52|Higginson|1896|2p=451}}

Although Union forces were not able to take and hold the fort, the 54th was widely acclaimed for its valor during the battle, and the event helped encourage the further enlistment and mobilization of African-American troops, a critical development that President [[Abraham Lincoln]] once noted as helping to secure the final victory. Decades later, Sergeant [[William Harvey Carney]]{{sfnp|Stevens|1931|p=670}} was awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for grabbing the U.S. flag as the flag bearer fell, carrying the flag to the enemy ramparts and back, and saying "[[Boys the Old Flag Never Touched the Ground|Boys, the old flag never touched the ground]]!" which would be turned into a song in his honor in 1900. While other African Americans had since been granted the award by the time it was presented to Carney, Carney's is the earliest action for which the Medal of Honor was awarded to an African American.{{sfnp|Henig|2009|pp=36–39}}

After the battle of Fort Wagner many officers had been killed leading to vacancies in leadership. Non-commissioned officers exercised de-facto control of their companies due to these vacancies. Rather than promote black soldiers to these open roles, inexperienced whites were brought from other regiments to lead the 54th Massachusetts, many of whom lacked the same anti-slavery convictions as the previous white officers.<ref name=":0" />

==Battle of Olustee==
Under the command of now-Colonel Edward Hallowell, the 54th fought a rear-guard action covering the Union retreat to Jacksonville Florida after their defeat at the [[Battle of Olustee]]. During the retreat they, along with the 35th United States Colored Troops, were able to repulse the Confederate advance and secure the Union withdrawal to Jacksonville.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/54th-massachusetts-infantry-regiment#:~:text=In%20February%20of%201864%2C%20the%2054th%20fought%20at,States%20Colored%20Troops%2C%20repulsed%20the%20Confederate%20advance%20successfully. |website=American Battlefield Trust |date=14 July 2020 |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916040754/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/54th-massachusetts-infantry-regiment#:~:text=In%20February%20of%201864%2C%20the%2054th%20fought%20at,States%20Colored%20Troops%2C%20repulsed%20the%20Confederate%20advance%20successfully. |url-status=live }}</ref> The 54th Massachusetts was sent up from the reserves into the fight as the seventh New Hampshire and Eighth Colored Troops broke into retreat. It was here that their delaying action covered the withdrawal of the Union forces, with the 54th Massachusetts expending over 20,000 rounds of ammunition.<ref name=":0" /> After the Battle there was a large number of wounded soldiers and abandoned equipment from the 54th Massachusetts, as well as the Federal Cavalry, and part of the 7th Connecticut. Fortunately for the Union forces, the Confederate pursuit of their massive retreat was poorly executed, and the Union soldiers were able to retreat to safety. While retreating, the unit was suddenly ordered to counter-march back to Ten Mile station. The locomotive of a train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down, and the wounded were in danger of capture. When the 54th arrived, the men attached ropes to the engine and cars and manually pulled the train approximately {{convert|3|mi|km|spell=in}} to Camp Finegan, where horses were secured to help pull the train. After that, the train was pulled by both men and horses to Jacksonville for a total distance of {{convert| 10 |mi|km|spell=in}}. It took forty-two hours to pull the train that distance.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=1–5}} The Union army successfully retreated to Jacksonville two days after the battle on February 22. By the end of the ordeal, from the arrival of the 54th Massachusetts to Olustee, the fighting of the battle, and then the retreat back to Jacksonville, the troops had marched roughly 120 miles in a span of four and a half days, causing exhaustion within the regiment.<ref name=":0" />

This defeat at Olustee, along with the Union retreat after the battle, was not without consequences; there were 1,861 total casualties for the Union: 203 deaths, 1,152 wounded, and 506 missing in action. Of that total, 87 casualties came from the 54th Massachusetts during their rearguard action with 3 officers and 84 enlisted men either being killed, wounded or missing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry Regiment March 30, 1863–August 20, 1865 |url=https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/54th-massachusetts-colored-infantry-regiment/ |website=American History Central |access-date=April 29, 2024 |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429012700/https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/54th-massachusetts-colored-infantry-regiment/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast to the Confederate forces, this total was greatly imbalanced; with 946 casualties for the Confederates, a 5,400 strong force, roughly equal to what the Union had brought to the battle.

In the aftermath of the war, discrepancies appeared surrounding the battle of Olustee, which revolved around the involvement of the 7th Connecticut and the 54th Massachusetts. Brevet Major General Joseph Hawley, commanding the second brigade of Seymour's army, containing the 7th Connecticut, 7th New Hampshire and Eighth United States Colored Troops,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Joseph Roswell Hawley |url=https://battleofolustee.org/hawley.html#:~:text=Rising%20to%20the%20colonelcy%20of%20the%20Seventh%2C%20Hawley,that%20threw%20part%20of%20his%20troops%20into%20confusion. |access-date=April 28, 2024 |website=Battle of Olustee |archive-date=September 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916040755/https://battleofolustee.org/hawley.html#:~:text=Rising%20to%20the%20colonelcy%20of%20the%20Seventh%2C%20Hawley,that%20threw%20part%20of%20his%20troops%20into%20confusion. |url-status=live }}</ref> was frustrated by what he considered inaccuracy in newspaper reports. He stated, "The papers are so full of lies that I know that no true history of any event was ever or ever will be written". Hawley wrote to Charles Dudley saying, "Don't publish the damned lie that anybody on foot but the 7th Conn. covered the entire retreat from Olustee. The 'officer' who wrote the lie that the 54th Mass. and the 1st Nor. Car. 'Saved the day' and 'covered the retreat' deserves to be shot.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Sarah Whitmore and John T. Foster |date=2008 |title=In the Aftermath of the Battle of Olustee: A Beecher's Surprise Visit to Florida. |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25594629. |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=380–389 |jstor=25594629 }}</ref>

Later in the Florida campaign, as part of an all-black brigade under Col. [[Alfred S. Hartwell]], the 54th Massachusetts unsuccessfully attacked entrenched Confederate [[militia]] at the November 1864 [[Battle of Honey Hill]]. In mid-April 1865, they fought at the [[Battle of Boykin's Mill]], a small affair in South Carolina that proved to be one of the last engagements of the war.{{sfnp|Egerton|2016|p=358}}

==Pay controversy==
The enlisted men of the 54th were recruited on the promise of pay and allowances equal to their white counterparts. This was supposed to amount to subsistence and $13 a month.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=viii–ix, 8–9}} Instead, they were informed upon arriving in South Carolina that the [[Department of the South]] would pay them only $7 per month ($10 with $3 withheld for clothing, while white soldiers did not pay for clothing at all.){{sfnp|Rose|1964|p=261}} Colonel Shaw and many others immediately began protesting the measure.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=47–48, 109}} [[Joseph Barquet#The Civil War|Joseph Barquet]], another member of the regiment, also protested the quality of the food which the soldiers were given, which led to him being court-martialed.{{sfnp|Rehn|2013|p=231}}  Although Massachusetts offered to make up the difference in pay, on principle, a regiment-wide boycott of the pay tables on paydays became the norm.{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=130–131, 136–138}}

After Shaw's death at Fort Wagner, Colonel [[Edward Needles Hallowell]] took up the fight to get full pay for the troops.{{sfnp|McPherson| 1964|pp= 217–218}} Lt. Col. Hooper took command of the regiment starting June 18, 1864. After nearly a month, Colonel Hallowell returned on July 16.{{sfnp|FDPEP-Olustee Citizens Support, ''Lt. Col. Henry N. Hooper''}}

Refusing their reduced pay became a point of honor for the men of the 54th. In fact, at the [[Battle of Olustee]], when ordered forward to protect the retreat of the Union forces, the men moved forward shouting, "Massachusetts and Seven Dollars a Month!"{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|pp=1–5}}

The Congressional bill, enacted on June 16, 1864, authorized equal and full pay to those enlisted troops who had been free men as of April 19, 1861. Of course, not all the troops qualified. Colonel Hallowell, a Quaker, rationalized that because he did not believe in slavery, he could have all the troops swear that they were free men on April 19, 1861. Before being given their back pay, the entire regiment was administered what became known as "the Quaker oath".{{sfnp|McPherson| 1964|pp=217–218}} Colonel Hallowell skillfully crafted the oath to say: "You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited labor on or before the 19th day of April 1861. So help you God".{{Sfnmp|1a1=Fuller|1y=2001|1p=40|2a1=McPherson|2y=1964|2pp=217–218}}

On September 28, 1864, the U.S. Congress took action to pay the men of the 54th. Most of the men had served 18 months.{{sfnp|FDPEP-Olustee Citizens Support, ''Lt. Col. Henry N. Hooper''}}

==Legacy==
{{Multiple image
|total_width=500
|direction=horizontal
|image1=RGShawGARPost146.jpg
|caption1=[[Grand Army of the Republic]] uniform hat badge from Post No. 146, "RG Shaw Post", established by surviving members of the 54th Massachusetts in 1871
|image2=Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (36053).jpg
|caption2=[[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]]' 1884 memorial to Col. Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts
}}

A [[Robert Gould Shaw Memorial|monument to Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts regiment]], constructed 1884–1898 by [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]] on the [[Boston Common (park)|Boston Common]], is part of the Boston [[Black Heritage Trail (Boston)|Black Heritage Trail]].<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/54th-massachusetts-regiment.htm National Park Service]</ref>{{sfnp|Laplante|2006|p=1}} A plaster of this monument was also displayed in the entryway to the U.S. paintings galleries at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900.{{sfnp|Fischer|1999|p=14}}

Governor John A. Andrew said of the regiment, "I know not where, in all of human history, to any given thousand men in arms there has been committed a work at once so proud, so precious, so full of hope and glory."{{sfnp|Emilio|1891|p=2}}

A famous composition by [[Charles Ives]], "Col. Shaw and his Colored Regiment", the opening movement of ''[[Three Places in New England]]'', is based both on the monument and the regiment.{{sfnp|Laplante|2006|p=1}}

Sergeant Stephen A. Swails of the 54th Massachusetts regiment became the first African American to receive commission as an officer of a combat regiment of the regular Union army.<ref name=":0" />

Colonel Shaw and his men feature prominently in [[Robert Lowell]]'s Civil War centennial poem "[[For the Union Dead#"For the Union Dead" (poem)|For the Union Dead]]." It was originally titled "Colonel Shaw and the Massachusetts' 54th" and published in ''[[Life Studies]]'' (1959). In the poem, Lowell uses the Robert Gould Shaw memorial as a symbolic device to comment on broader societal change, including racism and segregation, as well as his more personal struggle to cope with a rapidly changing Boston.{{sfnp|Garvin|1977|p=165}}

A Union officer had asked the Confederates at Battery Wagner for the return of Shaw's body but was informed by the Confederate commander, Brigadier General [[Johnson Hagood (governor)|Johnson Hagood]], "We buried him with his niggers."{{sfnp|Burchard| 1965| p=143}} Shaw's father wrote in response that he was proud that Robert, a fierce fighter for equality, had been buried in that manner.{{sfnp|Buescher|2008|ps=Teachinghistory.org, ''Ask a Historian''}} "We hold that a soldier's most appropriate burial-place is on the field where he has fallen."{{sfnp|Brown| 1867| p=380}} As a recognition and honor, at the end of the Civil War, the [[1st South Carolina Volunteers (Union)|1st South Carolina Volunteers]], and the 33rd Colored Regiment were mustered out at the [[Battery Wagner]] site of the mass burial of the 54th Massachusetts.{{sfnp|Egerton|2016|p=358}}

More recently, the story of the unit was depicted in the 1989 [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning [[film]] ''[[Glory (1989 film)|Glory]]'', starring [[Matthew Broderick]] as Shaw, [[Denzel Washington]] as Private Trip, [[Morgan Freeman]], [[Cary Elwes]], Jihmi Kennedy and [[Andre Braugher]]{{sfnp|IMDb ''Glory''|1989}} The film re-established the now-popular image of the combat role African Americans played in the Civil War, and the unit, often represented in historical battle [[American Civil War reenactment|reenactments]], now has the [[nickname]] the "Glory" regiment.{{sfnp|Laplante|2006|p=1}}

==2008 reactivation==
The unit was reactivated on November 21, 2008, to serve as the [[Massachusetts Army National Guard]] ceremonial unit to render military honors at funerals and state functions. The new unit is known as the [[54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment]].{{sfnp|McAfee|2009}}

===Living history and Reenactment===
54th Mass Volunteer Infantry Company A is a living history and reenactment group based in Hyde Park, Massachusetts where the original regiment was formed. The company marches during key holidays, events and ceremonies. When invited, they also stage information booths, provide talks to educate the public about the 54th and participate in historical reenactments along the east coast.<ref>[http://www.mass54thcompany-a.com 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment Company A, Boston MA]</ref> The group is affiliated with the official Massachusetts National Guard 54th regiment and often do events together.<ref>[https://www.massnationalguard.org/index.php/history/54th-regiment.html Massachusetts National Guard]</ref>

[[File:Members_of_the_54th_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Regiment_color_guard_march_during_the_57th_presidential_inauguration_parade_130121-A-TT968-141.jpg|thumb|Company A marches at a Presidential Inauguration]]

Company A office is located at 55-59 Harvard Ave, in Hyde Park, and drill at historic Camp Meigs Playground.

== See also ==
{{Portal|American Civil War|United States}}
* [[55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]]
* [[Massasoit Guards]]

==References==
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===Citations===
{{Reflist|40em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{Cite book|last=Berenson|first=Barbara F.|title=Boston and the Civil War: Hub of the Second Revolution|year=2014|isbn=978-1-60949-949-5|location=Charleston, SC |publisher=The History Press |oclc=871672363}}
* {{cite book |last= Berlin |first= Ira|author-link=Ira Berlin |title= Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War |year= 1992 |place= Cambridge, MA |publisher= Cambridge University Press |doi= 10.1017/CBO9780511625978 |isbn= 978-0-521-43102-6 |oclc= 748551423 |url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/slaves-no-more/8CB46B294CD4A66B8C24A64D85A71BB9 |access-date= 2020-04-27 |archive-date= 2020-08-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200817154654/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/slaves-no-more/8CB46B294CD4A66B8C24A64D85A71BB9 |url-status= live }}
* {{cite book |last= Bielakowski |first= Alexander M. |title= Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: An Encyclopedia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5ufJEa6u3BcC |date= 2013 |place= Santa Barbara, CA |publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-1-59884-427-6 |access-date= 2015-11-28 |archive-date= 2024-09-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240916040707/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ufJEa6u3BcC |url-status= live }}
* {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=James L |title=Massachusetts in the War 1861–1865 |date=1889 |location=Springfield, MA |publisher=Clark W. Bryan & Co |pages=672–681 |oclc=1986476 |edition=1st |language=en |format=PDF |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_K0tLhkfW1wwC |access-date=August 8, 2015 |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |last= Brown |first= William Wells |author-link=William Wells Brown|title= The Negro in the American Rebellion: His Heroism and His Fidelity |publisher= Lee & Shepherd |location= Boston, MA |year= 1867 |asin= B082FF46Q6 |url= https://archive.org/details/thenegrointheame50130gut }}
* {{cite web |last1=Buescher |first1=John |url=http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24185 |title=Robert Gould Shaw |publisher=Teachinghistory.org |date=2008 |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803205312/https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24185 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last= Burchard |first= Peter |title= One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and his Brave Black Regiment |publisher= St. Martin's Press |location= New York |date= 1965 |isbn= 978-0-312-04643-9 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/onegallantrushro00burc }}
* {{cite book |first= Clinton |last= Cox |date= 1991 |title= Undying Glory: The Story of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment |url= https://archive.org/details/undyingglory00clin |url-access= registration |location= New York |publisher= Scholastic |isbn= 978-0-590-44171-1 }}
* {{cite web |last=Davis |first=Jefferson |author-link=Jefferson Davis|date=December 23, 1862 |url=http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/pow.htm |title=Jefferson Davis's Proclamation Regarding Captured Black Soldiers, December 23, 1862 |publisher=[[University of Maryland, College Park]] |access-date=2008-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133641/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/pow.htm |archive-date=2012-10-25 }}
* {{cite book|last=Dyer|first=Frederick Henry|author-link=Frederick H. Dyer|title=A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion|publisher=Dyer Pub. Co.|place=[[Des Moines, IA]]|year=1908|asin=B01BUFJ76Q|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OBkNAQAAMAAJ/page/1266/mode/2up|format=PDF|access-date=August 8, 2015|page=1266}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dobak |first1=William A. |title=Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867 |date=2011 |publisher=U.S. Army, Center of Military History |isbn=978-0-16-086695-1 |pages=49–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQwgXcr_m-QC |language=en |access-date=2020-09-21 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916040756/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQwgXcr_m-QC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book| last = Egerton| first = Douglas R.| url = https://www.amazon.com/Thunder-Gates-Regiments-Redeemed-America-ebook/dp/B01IMZ58AQ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Thunder+At+the+Gates&qid=1587789401&s=books&sr=1-1| title = Thunder at the Gates: The Black Civil War Regiments That Redeemed America| publisher = Basic Books| location = New York| date = 2016| isbn = 978-0-595-15826-3| access-date = 2020-04-27| archive-date = 2024-09-16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240916040713/https://www.amazon.com/Thunder-Gates-Regiments-Redeemed-America-ebook/dp/B01IMZ58AQ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Thunder+At+the+Gates&qid=1587789401&s=books&sr=1-1| url-status = live}}
* {{cite book |last= Emilio |first= Luis Fenollosa |author-link= Luis F. Emilio |title= History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863–1865 (2nd ed., Revised and Correct, with Appendix upon Treatment of Colored Prisoners of War) |url= https://archive.org/stream/historyoffiftyfo00emil |publisher= The Boston Book Company |location= Boston, MA |year= 1891 }}
* {{cite book |last=Fischer |first=Diane P. |title=Paris 1900: The "American School" at the Universal Exposition |publisher=Rutgers University Press |date=1999 |isbn=0-8135-2641-8 |page=14 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015048950672 |oclc=1986476 |edition= |language=en |format=PDF |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015048950672 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-12-18 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916040726/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015048950672 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last= Fuller |first= James |title= Men of Color, To Arms!: Vermont African-Americans in the Civil War |year= 2001 |publisher= iUniverse |location= Lincoln, NE |isbn= 978-0-595-15826-3 |oclc= 709527214 }}
* {{cite book |last= Garvin |first= Harry R. |title= Twentieth-century Poetry, Fiction, Theory |year= 1977 |publisher= Bucknell University Press |location= Lewisburg |isbn= 978-0-8387-1934-3 |oclc= 2597963 }}
* {{cite book| last = Headley| first = Phineas Camp| title = Massachusetts in the Rebellion: a Record of the Historical Position of the Commonwealth, and the Services of the Leading Statesmen, the Military, the Colleges, and the People, in the Civil War of 1861–65| publisher = Walker, Fuller & Co| place = Boston, MA| format = PDF| year = 1866| oclc = 8406829| url = https://archive.org/details/massachusettsin01headgoog}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Henig|first1=Gerald S.|title=Glory at Battery Wagner: William H. Carney became the First Black Soldier to earn the Medal of Honor|journal=Civil War Times|date=June 2009|url=https://www.historynet.com/glory-battery-wagner/|issn=1546-9980|pages=36–39|volume=48|issue=3|access-date=August 8, 2015|url-access=subscription|archive-date=December 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217232327/https://www.historynet.com/glory-battery-wagner/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last = Higginson|first = Thomas Wentworth, State Military and Naval Historian|author-link=Thomas Wentworth Higginson|title = Massachusetts in the Army and Navy During the War of 1861–1865, 8 Volumes|publisher = Wright and Potter Printing Co, State Printers|place = Boston, MA|year = 1896|pages = 449–455|oclc = 1049652105|url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006493163}}
* {{cite dictionary |editor-last = Johnson |editor-first = Rossiter |editor-link = Rossiter Johnson |entry = Douglas, Frederick |dictionary = [[The Biographical Dictionary of America]] |year = 1906a |volume = 3 |pages = 315–316 |location = Boston |publisher = American Biographical Society |entry-url = https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict03johnuoft/page/n315/mode/1up?view=theater |language = en }}
* {{cite dictionary |editor-last = Johnson |editor-first = Rossiter |editor-link = Rossiter Johnson |entry = Shaw, Robert Gould |dictionary = [[The Biographical Dictionary of America]] |year = 1906b |volume = 9 |pages = 345–346 |location = Boston |publisher = American Biographical Society |entry-url = https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict09johnuoft/page/n344/mode/1up?view=theater |language = en }}
* {{cite web |last1=Laplante |first1=Joseph R. |url=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=special44 |title=The 54th Regiment: Black soldiers remembered in bronze, prose and song |date=May 29, 2006 |access-date=April 30, 2013 |publisher=The New Bedford Standard-Times |issn=0745-3574 |oclc=22392728 |archive-date=April 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426113156/http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=special44 }}
* {{cite web| publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society| url=http://www.masshist.org/database/49/project15| title=To Colored Men. 54th Regiment! Massachusetts Volunteers, Of African Descent| date=16 February 1863| access-date=30 April 2013| archive-date=26 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126234000/http://www.masshist.org/database/49/project15| ref={{sfnref|Massachusetts Historical Society, ''To Colored Men. 54th Regiment!'' (16 February 1863)}}}}
* {{cite web| last1=McAfee| first1=Tierney| url=http://baystatebanner.com/news/2009/jan/14/54th-mass-regiment-to-march-in-inaugural-parade/| title=54th Mass. Regiment to march in inaugural parade.| publisher=The Bay State Banner| date=January 14, 2009| access-date=August 28, 2014| archive-date=January 14, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114221859/http://baystatebanner.com/news/2009/jan/14/54th-mass-regiment-to-march-in-inaugural-parade/| url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last= McPherson |first= James|author-link=James M. McPherson |title= The Struggle for Equality |url= https://archive.org/details/struggleforequal00mcph |url-access= registration |year= 1964 |publisher= Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, New Jersey }}
* {{cite book |last = Powell |first = Colin L. |section = Foreword |author-link = Colin Powell |editor1-last = Blatt |editor1-first = Martin Henry |editor2-last = Brown |editor2-first = Thomas J. |editor3-last = Yacovone |editor3-first = Donald |title = Hope & Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment |publisher = University of Massachusetts Press |location = Amherst, MA |edition =  |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-1-55849-277-6 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wzBiXWCbmzYC |access-date = April 6, 2015 |archive-date = September 16, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240916040708/https://books.google.com/books?id=wzBiXWCbmzYC |url-status = live }}
* {{cite book |last=Rehn |first=John |date=2013 |title=Knox County, Illinois In the Civil War: A Collection of Essays |publisher=Galesburg Civil War Round Table |location=Galesburg, IL |chapter=Galesburg and the 54th Massachusetts |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/868029258 |isbn=978-0-615-80463-7 |page=253 |edition= |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last= Rose |first= Willie Lee |title= Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment |location= Indianapolis |publisher= Bobbs-Merrill |date= 1964 |url= https://archive.org/details/rehearsalforreco00rose }}
* {{cite book|last = Schouler|first = William|title = A History of Massachusetts in the Civil War|publisher = E.P. Dutton & Co|place = Boston, MA|year = 1868|isbn = 978-1-58218-001-4|oclc = 2662693|url = https://archive.org/details/ahistorymassach01schogoog}}
* {{cite book |last= Shepard |first= Ray Anthony |title= Now or Never! 54th Massachusetts Infantry's War to End Slavery |year= 2017 |publisher= Honesdale, PA: Calkins Creek |isbn= 978-1-62979-340-5}}
* {{cite book| last = Stevens| first = Jesse F.| title = Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines in the Civil War, in 8 Volumes| publisher = Norwood Press| place = Norwood, MA| year = 1931| asin = B000UH94DC| url = https://archive.org/details/massachusettssol11931mass/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book | author=[[U.S. War Department]] | title=Operations on the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia, and in Middle and East Florida. June 12–December 31, 1863. – Reports | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | place=Washington, DC | date=1890 | series=The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies | volume=XXVIII-XL-I | oclc=857196196 | hdl=2027/coo.31924077699779 | ref={{sfnref | U.S. War Dept., ''Official Records'', Vol. 28/1}} }}
* {{cite book |last= Washington |first= Booker T. |title= Frederick Douglass: A Biography |author-link= Booker T. Washington |year= 1907 |place= Philadelphia, PA |publisher= G.W. Jacobs |isbn= 978-0-7222-9066-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=deBJfVc2dp4C |access-date= 2023-03-18 |archive-date= 2023-07-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230716064429/https://books.google.com/books?id=deBJfVc2dp4C |url-status= live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://battleofolustee.org/pics/54th_9.htm |title=Lt. Col. Henry N. Hooper, 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry |publisher=Florida Department of Environmental Protection – Recreation and Parks and the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park Citizens Support Organization |date=2022 |access-date=April 30, 2022 |ref={{sfnref|FDPEP-Olustee Citizens Support, ''Lt. Col. Henry N. Hooper''}} |archive-date=March 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323233216/http://battleofolustee.org/pics/54th_9.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097441/ |title=Glory |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1989 |website=Internet Movie Database (IMDb) |publisher=Amazon |access-date=12 July 2011 |ref={{SfnRef|IMDb ''Glory''|1989}} |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718103128/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097441/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/54thmass.html|title=Exhibit: 54th Mass Casualty List|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|date=1996|access-date=2008-07-18|ref={{sfnref|National Archives, ''54th Mass Casualty List''}}|archive-date=2008-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918074436/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/54thmass.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units.htm#fq%5B%5D=State%3A%22Massachusetts%22&fq%5B%5D=Battle_Unit_Function%3A%22Infantry%22&fq%5B%5D=Battle_Unit_Type%3A%22Regiment%22 | title=54th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry (U.S. National Park Service) | website=nps.gov | date=January 19, 2007 | publisher=[[U.S. National Park Service]] | access-date=February 15, 2008 | ref={{sfnref|NPS 54th  Massachusetts}} | archive-date=March 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314212650/https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units.htm#fq%5B%5D=State%3A%22Massachusetts%22&fq%5B%5D=Battle_Unit_Function%3A%22Infantry%22&fq%5B%5D=Battle_Unit_Type%3A%22Regiment%22 | url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=54&subjectID=3|title=Louisiana and Massachusetts – Abraham Lincoln and Freedom|year=2008|publisher=The Lincoln Institute|access-date=2008-07-18|archive-date=2007-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025251/http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=54&subjectID=3}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/54thmass.html|title=Exhibit: 54th Mass Casualty List|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|year=1996|access-date=2008-07-18}}
* [http://54th-mass.org/ Written in Glory, Letters from the Soldiers and Officers of the 54th Massachusetts]
* [http://battleofolustee.org/54th_mass_inf.html 54th Massachusetts] at the [http://battleofolustee.org/ Battle of Olustee]
* [http://battleofolustee.org/douglass.html Photograph of Sgt. Major Lewis Douglass]
* [http://battleofolustee.org/pics/charles_douglass.html Photograph of Charles Douglass]
* {{Internet Archive|03229996.3556.emory.edu|History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863–1865 (1894)}}
* [http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/civilwarintheeast/p/American-Civil-War-Battles-Of-Fort-Wagner.htm American Civil War Battles of Fort Wagner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511082911/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/civilwarintheeast/p/American-Civil-War-Battles-Of-Fort-Wagner.htm |date=2016-05-11 }}

{{American Civil War |expanded=CTCBS}}

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union army from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:African-American military units and formations of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1863]]
[[Category:1863 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Military history of Boston]]