Editing 49 BC

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Year '''49 BC''' was a year of the [[Roman calendar|pre-Julian Roman calendar]]. At the time, it was known as the '''Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Marcellus''' (or, less frequently, '''year 705 ''[[Ab urbe condita]]'''''). The denomination 49 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the [[Anno Domini]] [[calendar era]] became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

== Events ==
=== By place and Date===

==== Roman Republic ====
* [[Consul]]s: [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus]], [[Gaius Claudius Marcellus (consul 49 BC)|Gaius Claudius Marcellus]].
* [[Caesar's Civil War]] commences:
** [[January 1]] &ndash; The [[Roman Senate]] receives a proposal from [[Julius Caesar]] that he and [[Pompey]] should lay down their [[Command (military formation)|commands]] simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command.
** [[January]] &ndash; Caesar leads his army across the [[Rubicon]], which separates his jurisdiction in [[Cisalpine Gaul]] from that of the Senate in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and thus initiates a civil war.<ref name=leglay>{{cite book | title=A History of Rome | edition=Second | first1=Marcel | last1=LeGlay | first2=Jean-Louis | last2=Voisin | first3=Yann | last3=Le Bohec | page=129 | publisher=Blackwell | place=Malden, Massachusetts | year=2001 | isbn=0-631-21858-0}}</ref>
** February &ndash; Pompey's flight to [[Epirus]] (in [[Western Greece]]) with most of the Senate.
** [[March 9]] &ndash; Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in [[Spain]].
** [[April 19]] &ndash; [[Siege of Massilia]]: Caesar commences a siege at Massilia against the Pompeian [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)|Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus]]. He leaves the newly raised legions XVII, XVIII and XIX to conduct the siege. [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus|Decimus Brutus]] – victor over the [[Veneti (Gaul)|Veneti]] (see [[56 BC]]) – is in charge of the fleet to [[blockade]] the harbor.
** June &ndash; Caesar arrives in [[Spain]]; seizes the [[Pyrenees]] passes against the Pompeians [[Lucius Afranius (consul)|L. Afranius]] and [[Marcus Petreius]].
** [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Cicero]] slips out of [[Italy]] and goes to [[Thessaloniki]].
** [[July 30]] &ndash; Caesar surrounds [[Lucius Afranius (consul)|Afranius]] and Petreius's army in [[Battle of Ilerda|Ilerda]].
** [[August 2]] &ndash; Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar and are granted pardon.
** [[August 24]] &ndash; Caesar's general [[Gaius Scribonius Curio (tribune 50 BC)|Gaius Scribonius Curio]] is defeated in [[North Africa]] by the Pompeians under [[Publius Attius Varus|Attius Varus]] and King [[Juba I of Numidia]] (whom he defeated earlier in the [[Battle of Utica (49 BC)|Battle of Utica]]) in the [[Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC)|Battle of the Bagradas]], after which he commits suicide.
** September &ndash; Brutus defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces of the siege of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the [[Adriatic Sea]] is defeated near Curicta ([[Krk]]).
** [[September 6]] &ndash; Massilia surrenders to Caesar, as he is coming back from Spain.
** October &ndash; Caesar is appointed [[Roman dictator|Dictator]] in Rome.

== Births ==
* [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)|Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus]], Roman consul (d. [[25 AD]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Emperor Xuan of Han|Xuan of Han]], emperor of the [[Han dynasty]] (b. [[91 BC]])
* [[Aristobulus II]], king and high priest of [[Judea]]
* [[Gaius Memmius (praetor 58 BC)|Gaius Memmius]], Roman [[orator]] and poet (presumed).
* [[Gaius Scribonius Curio (tribune 50 BC)|Gaius Scribonius Curio]], Roman politician
* [[Princess Jieyou|Jieyou]], princess of the Han dynasty (b. [[121 BC]])
* [[Marcus Perperna (censor)|Marcus Perperna]], Roman politician
* [[Zheng Ji (general)|Zheng Ji]], general of the Han dynasty

== References ==
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