Editing 491 BC

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{{Year nav|-491}}
{{BC year in topic|491}}
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Year '''491 BC''' was a year of the [[Roman calendar|pre-Julian Roman calendar]]. At the time, it was known as the '''Year of the Consulship of Augurinus and Atratinus''' (or, less frequently, '''year 263 ''[[Ab urbe condita]]'''''). The denomination 491 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the [[Anno Domini]] [[calendar era]] became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

== Events ==
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=== By place ===
==== Greece ====
* [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]] sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding "earth and water for vassalage" which [[Athens]] and [[Sparta]] refuse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Greeks - Themistocles |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/characters/themistocles_p4.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>
* The Greek city of [[Aegina]], fearing the loss of trade, submits to [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]]. The [[Sparta]]n king, [[Cleomenes I]] tries to punish Aegina for its submission to the Persians, but the other Spartan king, [[Demaratus]], thwarts him.
* [[Cleomenes I]] engineers the deposing of Spartan co-ruler Demaratus (and his replacement by Cleomenes’ cousin [[Leotychidas]]) by bribing the [[oracle]] at [[Delphi]] to announce that this action was divine will. The two Spartan kings successfully capture the Persian collaborators in Aegina.

==== Sicily ====
* [[Hippocrates of Gela|Hippocrates]], [[tyrant]] of [[Gela]], loses his life in a battle against the [[Sicels|Siculi]], the native Sicilian people. He is succeeded as Tyrant of Gela by [[Gelo]], who had been his commander of cavalry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippocrates, Tyrant of Gela, fl.498-491 |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_hippocrates_of_gela.html#:~:text=Hippocrates%20was%20killed%20during%20an,attempt%20to%20overthrown%20the%20tyranny. |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.historyofwar.org}}</ref>

==== Roman Republic ====
* During this year there was a [[famine]] in Rome. General [[Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus|Gais Marcius Coriolanus]] suggested that people should not receive grains unless they agree to abolish the Office of [[Tribune]]. Because of this, the Tribunes had him exiled. In response, Coriolanus takes refuge with the leader of the [[Volsci]], eventually leading the Volscian army in a war against Rome. It was only due to entreaties from his mother and wife that he abandoned his war against Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus {{!}} Roman legendary figure {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gnaeus-Marcius-Coriolanus |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* On the [[Via Latina]], a main road leading out of Rome, the [[Temple of Fortuna Muliebris|Temple of Fortuna Muliebras]] was finished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roman Timeline of the 5th Century BC {{!}} UNRV |url=https://www.unrv.com/empire/roman-timeline-5th-century.php |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.unrv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortuna Muliebris, Roman Goddess of the Luck of Women |url=http://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/muliebris.php |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.thaliatook.com}}</ref>

=== By topic ===
==== Art ====
* The construction of a [[relief]] begins in the [[Apadana]], a ceremonial complex at [[Persepolis]]. The relief pictures [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]] and [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]] receiving [[tribute]] and is now displayed in the [[Oriental Institute, Chicago|Oriental Institute]] of the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art: Procession of Tribute Bearers |url=https://www.learner.org/series/art-through-time-a-global-view/ceremony-and-society/procession-of-tribute-bearers/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Annenberg Learner |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dr. Norman Solhkhah Family Assyrian Empire Gallery {{!}} The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/assyrian-empire-gallery |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=oi.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
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== Deaths ==
* [[Hippocrates of Gela|Hippocrates]], [[tyrant]] of [[Gela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gelon {{!}} tyrant of Gela and Syracuse {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gelon |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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