Editing 440

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[[File:Southern and Northern Dynasties 440 CE.png|thumb|Territories of the [[Northern Wei]] (blue) and [[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]] (Red) states (440)]] 

Year '''440''' ('''[[Roman numerals|CDXL]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]]. At the time, it was known as the '''Year of the Consulship of [[Valentinian III|Valentinianus]] and [[Anatolius (consul)|Anatolius]]''' (or, less frequently, '''year 1193 ''[[Ab urbe condita]]'''''). The denomination 440 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the [[Anno Domini]] [[calendar era]] became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[Flavius Aetius]], Roman general (''[[magister militum]]''), returns as ''[[Roman triumph|triumphator]]'' back to [[Rome]], after several years' fighting the [[Burgundians]] and [[Visigoths]] in [[Gaul]]. He is honoured by a [[statue]] erected by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]], and by order of Emperor [[Valentinian III]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* The [[Huns]] under [[Attila]] reappear in force, along the frontier of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. They attack [[merchant]]s on the north bank of the [[Danube]] and cities in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]], including (according to [[Priscus]]) [[Viminacium]], city of [[Moesia]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==== Africa ====
* A [[Vandals|Vandal]] fleet and their allies ([[Alans]], [[Goths]] and [[Moors]]) set out from [[Carthage]] for [[Sicily]], the principal supplier of [[Olive oil|oil]] and [[Cereal|grain]] to [[Italy]] after the loss of [[Africa (Roman province)|North Africa]]. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege [[Palermo]]. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King [[Genseric]].

==== Asia ====
* [[Northern and Southern dynasties]]: [[History of China#Imperial China|Northern China]] is unified by the [[Northern Wei|Northern Wei dynasty]]. The South is still under the control of the Song (or [[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]]) dynasty.
* A [[Ancient higher-learning institutions|center of Buddhist studies]] is established at [[Nalanda]] in [[Bihar]] on the plains of the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] ([[India]]).

==== Persia ====
* The [[Hephthalites]] (White Huns) move south from the [[Altai Mountains]] region into [[Transoxiana]], [[Bactria]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and eastern [[Sassanid Empire|Persia]].

=== By topic ===

==== Art ====
* ''[[The Parting of Lot and Abraham]]'', mosaic in the nave arcade, [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore|Church of Santa Maria Maggiore]] (Rome), is made.

==== Ancient Games ====
* [[Chaturanga]], Indian war game and an ancestor of [[chess]] through the Persian game of [[Shatranj]] (or ''Chatrang''), evolves in the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] on the Indian subcontinent (approximate date).

==== Religion ====
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Sixtus III]] dies after an 8-year reign in which he has resisted [[heresy]] and sponsored major construction programs in Rome. He is succeeded by [[Pope Leo I|Leo I]] as the 45th [[pope]].
* [[September 29]] &ndash; Leo I begins to formulate [[Orthodoxy]] and condemns [[Eutychianism]], an extreme form of [[monophysitism]] which holds that the human nature of [[Jesus|Christ]] is absorbed by His divine nature.
* Winter &ndash; Leo I sends a letter to Valentinian III stating, "by the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit's]] inspiration the emperor needs no human instruction and is incapable of [[Doctrine|doctrinal]] error".
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== Births ==
* [[Bodhidharma]], semi-legendary [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Bhikkhu|monk]] (approximate date)
* [[Euric]], [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] king and son of [[Theodoric I]] (d. [[484]])
* [[Gaudentius (son of Aëtius)|Gaudentius]], son of [[Flavius Aetius]] (approximate date)
* [[Emperor Wu of Southern Qi|Qi Wudi]], Chinese emperor of the [[Southern Qi dynasty]] (d. [[493]])
* [[Tonantius Ferreolus (senator)|Tonantius Ferreolus]], [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] senator and [[Praetorian prefecture of Gaul|prefect of Gaul]]
* [[Vakhtang I of Iberia|Vakhtang I]], king of [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Iberia]] (modern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) (approximate date)
* [[Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei|Wen Cheng Di]], emperor of the [[Northern Wei dynasty]] (d. [[465]])

== Deaths ==
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Mesrop Mashtots|Mesrob]], [[Armenians|Armenian]] [[monk]] and [[Linguistics|linguist]] (b. [[362]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Sixtus III]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Philip |title=History of the Church: Volume 2: The Church In The World The Church Created: Augustine To Aquinas |date=1 January 1979 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-7220-7982-9 |page=447 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiTUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA447 |language=en}}</ref> (b. [[390]])
* [[Amalgaid mac Fiachrae]], king of [[Connacht]] ([[Ireland]])
* [[Yuan Qigui]], empress and wife of [[Emperor Wen of Liu Song|Wen of Liu Song]] (b. [[405]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Lily Xiao Hong |last2=Stefanowska |first2=A. D. |last3=Wiles |first3=Sue |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E |date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47591-0 |page=377 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oCsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also ==
* [[4-4-0]], a steam locomotive, known by its wheel arrangement & for opening up North America in 1800-1850

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:440| ]]