Editing 403 BC

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Year '''403 BC''' was a year of the [[Roman calendar|pre-Julian Roman calendar]]. At the time, it was known as the '''Year of the Tribunate of Mamercinus, Varus, Potitus, Iullus, Crassus and Fusus''' (or, less frequently, '''year 351 ''[[Ab urbe condita]]'''''). The denomination 403 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the [[Anno Domini]] [[calendar era]] became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Greece ====
* [[Thrasybulus]] leads the [[Democracy|democratic]] resistance to the new [[Oligarchy|oligarchic]] government, known as the [[Thirty Tyrants]], that the victorious [[Sparta]]ns have imposed on [[Athens]]. He commands a small force of exiles that invades [[Attica]] and, in successive battles, defeats first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government (which includes the Spartan general, [[Lysander]]) in the [[Battle of Munychia]]. The leader of the Thirty Tyrants, [[Critias]], is killed in the battle.
* The [[Battle of Piraeus (403 BC)|Battle of Piraeus]] is fought between Athenian exiles, who have defeated the government of the Thirty Tyrants and occupied [[Piraeus]], and a Spartan force sent to combat them. In the battle, the Spartans narrowly defeat the exiles, with both sides suffering large numbers of casualties. After the battle, the [[Agiad]] King of Sparta, [[Pausanias of Sparta|Pausanias]] arranges a settlement between the two parties which allows the reunification of Athens and Piraeus, and the re-establishment of democratic government in Athens. The remaining oligarchic Thirty Tyrants are allowed to flee to [[Eleusis]].
* Thrasybulus restores democratic institutions to Athens and grants amnesties to all except the oligarchic extremists. He is helped by [[Lysias]], the Athenian orator, in arguing the case against the oligarchy.
* [[Andocides]], Athenian orator and politician, who has been implicated in the mutilation of the [[Herma|Herms]] on the eve of the departure of the Athenian expedition against [[Sicily]] in [[415 BC]], returns from exile under the general amnesty.

==== China ====
* The states of [[State of Han|Han]], [[State of Zhao|Zhao]] and [[State of Wei|Wei]] receive official recognition as Marquesses from the [[Eastern Zhou]] dynasty, confirming the [[Partition of Jin]]. This is one of the traditional starting points of the [[Warring States period]].
* [[Marquis Wen of Wei]] ascends to power in Wei. He sponsors [[Confucianism]] and employs able political advisors such as [[Li Kui (legalist)|Li Kui]], [[Wu Qi]], and [[Ximen Bao]].
* [[Marquis Lie of Zhao]] becomes the ruler of the state of Zhao.
* [[Marquis Jing of Han]] ascends to power in Han.

==== Rome ====
* Rome elects eight [[military tribunes with consular power]]; Manlius Aemilius Mamercus, Lucius Valerius Potitus, Appius Claudius Crassus, Marcus Quinctilius Varus, Lucius Julius Julus, Marcus Postumius, Marcus Furius Camillus, and Marcus Postumius <ref>{{cite book |last1=Livius |first1=Titus |title=The Early History of Rome |publisher=the Penguin Group |isbn=978-0-140-44809-2 |pages=367}}</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* Under [[Eponymous archon|archon]] [[Eucleides]], the [[Athens|Athenians]] accept a spelling reform, adopting the Ionian [[alphabet]], which includes [[eta]] and [[omega]]. The new alphabet came to be known as the ''[[Euclidean alphabet]]''.
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== Births ==
*

== Deaths ==
* [[Critias]], leading member of the [[Athens|Athenian]] [[Thirty Tyrants]] [[oligarchy]] (b. [[460 BC]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:403 BC| ]]