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1920 United States presidential election
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{{Short description|none}} {{for|related races|1920 United States elections}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}} {{Infobox election | election_name = 1920 United States presidential election | country = United States | flag_year = 1912 | type = presidential | ongoing = no | previous_election = 1916 United States presidential election | previous_year = 1916 | election_date = November 2, 1920 | next_election = 1924 United States presidential election | next_year = 1924 | votes_for_election = 531 members of the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] | needed_votes = 266 electoral | turnout = 49.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present|title=National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present|work=United States Election Project|publisher=[[CQ Press]]}}</ref> {{decrease}} 12.6 [[percentage point|pp]] | image_size = x200px | image1 = File:Warren G Harding portrait as senator June 1920.jpg | nominee1 = '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' | party1 = Republican Party (United States) | home_state1 = [[Ohio]] | running_mate1 = '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' | electoral_vote1 = '''404''' | states_carried1 = '''37''' | popular_vote1 = '''16,166,126''' | percentage1 = '''60.4%''' | image2 = File:James M. Cox 1920.jpg | nominee2 = [[James M. Cox]] | party2 = Democratic Party (United States) | home_state2 = [[Ohio]] | running_mate2 = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | electoral_vote2 = 127 | states_carried2 = 11 | popular_vote2 = 9,140,256 | percentage2 = 34.1% | map_size = 350px | map = {{1920 United States presidential election imagemap}} | map_caption = Presidential election results map. <span style="color:red;">Red</span> denotes states won by Harding/Coolidge, <span style="color:blue;">blue</span> denotes those won by Cox/Roosevelt. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | title = President | before_election = [[Woodrow Wilson ]] | before_party = Democratic Party (United States) | after_election = [[Warren G Harding]] | after_party = Republican Party (United States) | image3 = | colour3 = | nominee3 = | party3 = | home_state3 = | running_mate3 = | popular_vote3 = | percentage3 = }} [[File:Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919 (cropped 3x4).jpg|thumb|200x200px|The [[incumbent]] in 1920, Woodrow Wilson. His second term expired at noon on March 4, 1921.]] [[United States presidential election|Presidential elections]] were held in the [[United States]] on November 2, 1920. [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] senator [[Warren G. Harding]] of Ohio defeated [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] governor [[James M. Cox]] of Ohio. It was the first election held after the end of the [[First World War]], and the first election after the ratification of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment]] gave nationwide suffrage to women. It was the first presidential election to have its results broadcast by radio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gunderman |first=Richard |date=2020-10-30 |title=100 years ago, the first commercial radio broadcast announced the results of the 1920 election β politics would never be the same |url=https://theconversation.com/100-years-ago-the-first-commercial-radio-broadcast-announced-the-results-of-the-1920-election-politics-would-never-be-the-same-148143 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> Incumbent president [[Woodrow Wilson]], a Democrat who had served since 1913, privately hoped for a third term despite severe physical and mental disabilities from a [[stroke]], but he had very little support. Former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] had been the frontrunner for the Republican nomination, but he died in 1919 without leaving an obvious heir to his [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] legacy. The major parties turned to little-known [[dark horse]] candidates from the state of Ohio, a populous [[swing state]] with many electoral votes. Cox won on the 44th ballot at the [[1920 Democratic National Convention]], defeating [[William Gibbs McAdoo]] (Wilson's son-in-law), [[A. Mitchell Palmer]], and several other candidates. Harding emerged as a compromise candidate between the [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] and progressive wings of the Republican party, and he clinched his nomination on the tenth ballot at the [[1920 Republican National Convention]]. The election was dominated by the American social and political environment in the [[aftermath of World War I]], which was marked by a hostile response to certain aspects of Wilson's foreign policy and a massive reaction against the reformist zeal of the [[Progressive Era]]. The wartime economic boom had collapsed and the country was deep in a [[Depression of 1920|recession]]. Wilson's advocacy for America's entry into the [[League of Nations]], in the face of a return to [[non-interventionist]] opinion, challenged his effectiveness as president, and there were wars and revolutions overseas. At home, the year 1919 was marked by major strikes in the meatpacking and steel industries and large-scale [[Red Summer|race riots in Chicago and other cities]]. Additionally, the September 16, 1920, [[Wall Street bombing]] aroused [[First Red Scare|fears of radicals and terrorists]]. The Irish Catholic and German communities were outraged at Wilson's perceived support of their traditional enemy, Great Britain, and his political position was critically weakened after he suffered a stroke in 1919 that left him severely disabled. Harding all but ignored Cox in the race, and essentially campaigned against Wilson by calling for a "[[return to normalcy]]". Harding won a [[List of landslide victories#United States|landslide victory]], sweeping every state outside of the [[Southern United States|South]] and becoming the first Republican since the end of [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]] to win a former state of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]: [[Tennessee]]. Harding's victory margin of 26.2 percent in the popular vote remains the largest [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|popular-vote percentage margin]] ever since widespread popular elections began in the 1820s. (However, subsequent winning candidates in [[1936 United States presidential election|1936]], [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] and [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]] exceeded his share of the popular vote.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?type=national&year=2020&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections - Compare Data}}</ref> Cox won just 34.1 percent of the popular vote, and [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]] [[Eugene V. Debs]] won 3.4 percent, despite being in prison at the time. It was the first election in which [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women had the right to vote]] in all 48 states, which caused the total popular vote to increase dramatically, from 18.5 million in 1916 to 26.8 million in 1920.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leip |first=David |title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ |website=Uselectionatlas.org |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref> It was the third presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state (the others have been in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], [[1904 United States presidential election|1904]], [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]], [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]], and [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]). Coincidentally, the election was held on Harding's 55th birthday. Both major-party vice-presidential nominees would later succeed to the presidency: [[Calvin Coolidge]] (Republican) upon Harding's death in 1923 and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (Democratic) after defeating Republican president [[Herbert Hoover]] in 1932. Notably, Harding won all the counties in 20 states. Almost 21, with the county results map later in this page is showing Michigan's Manistee county incorrectly. == Nominations == === Republican Party nomination === {{main|1920 Republican National Convention}} {{see also|Endorsements in the 1920 Republican Party presidential primaries}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- | style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|[[File:Republican Disc.svg|65px|center|link=Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party (United States)]]<big>'''1920 Republican Party ticket'''</big> |- ! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"| [[Warren G. Harding|{{color|white|Warren G. Harding}}]] ! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"| [[Calvin Coolidge|{{color|white|Calvin Coolidge}}]] |- style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#FFD0D7;" | style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for President''''' | style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President''''' |- | [[File:Warren G Harding portrait as senator June 1920.jpg|center|200x200px]] | [[File:Calvin Coolidge cph.3g10777 crop.jpg|center|200x200px]] |- | [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Ohio]]<br /><small>(1915β1921)</small> | [[List of governors of Massachusetts|48th]]<br />[[Governor of Massachusetts]]<br /><small>(1919β1921)</small> |- |colspan=2|'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 39 votes</small><ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates">{{cite news |title=Status Of Republican Delegates |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/687478475 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |publisher=The Chicago Tribune |date=May 23, 1920}}</ref>''<br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 692.2 votes</small>''<br /><small>144,762 votes</small> |- |} ==== Other candidates ==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- <sup>β </sup> | colspan="7" style="text-align:center; width:1200px; font-size:120%; color:white; background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|''Candidates in this section are sorted by their highest vote count on the nominating ballots'' |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Leonard Wood]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Frank Orren Lowden]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Hiram Johnson]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[William Cameron Sproul]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Nicholas Murray Butler]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Calvin Coolidge]] |- |[[File:Famous leaders of character in America, from the latter half of nineteenth century; the life stories of boys who have impressed their personalities on the life and history of the United States (1922) (14802115243).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Frank O Lowden portrait (1).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Hiram Warren Johnson.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:SPROUL, WILLIAM C. GOVERNOR (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Nicholas Murray Butler 1924.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Calvin Coolidge (3x4 cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |- style="text-align:center" |[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]]<br />from [[New Hampshire]]<br /><small>(1910β1914)</small> |[[Governor of Illinois|Governor]]<br />of [[Illinois]]<br /><small>(1917β1921)</small> |U.S. Senator<br />from [[California]]<br /><small>(1917β1945)</small> |[[Governor of Pennsylvania|Governor]]<br />of [[Pennsylvania]]<br /><small>(1919β1923)</small> |[[Columbia University]] President<br />from [[New York (state)|New York]]<br /><small>(1902β1945)</small> |[[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]]<br />of [[Massachusetts]]<br /><small>(1919β1921)</small> |- style="text-align:center" |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 145 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 314.5 votes</small>''<br /><small>710,863 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 78 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 311.5 votes</small>''<br /><small>389,127 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 110 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 148 votes</small>''<br /><small>965,651 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 84 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 69.5 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 34 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Robert M. La Follette]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Jeter Connelly Pritchard|Jeter Pritchard]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Miles Poindexter]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Howard Sutherland]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Herbert Hoover]] |- |[[File:Robert La Follette Sr crop.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Jeter Connelly Pritchard.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:POINDEXTER, MILES. SENATOR LCCN2016857260 (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:HowardSutherland.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:HHoover (retouched).jpg|center|120x120px]] |- style="text-align:center" |U.S. Senator<br />from [[Wisconsin]]<br /><small>(1906β1925)</small> |[[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|Court of Appeals Judge]]<br />from [[North Carolina]]<br /><small>(1904β1921)</small> |U.S. Senator<br />from [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br /><small>(1911β1923)</small> |U.S. Senator<br />from [[West Virginia]]<br /><small>(1917β1923)</small> |Director of the [[United States Food Administration|U.S. Food Administration]]<br />from [[California]]<br /><small>(1917β1918)</small> |- style="text-align:center" |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|NFN|Not Formally Nominated}}'''<br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 24 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 17 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 21 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 14 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 20 votes</small>''<br /><small>3,806 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 17 votes</small>''<br /><small>33,849 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Status Of Republican Delegates"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 10.5 votes</small>''<br /><small>303,815 votes</small> |- |} Following the return of former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] to the Republican Party after the previous election, speculation quickly grew as to whether he would make another run for the presidency. Roosevelt's health declined seriously in 1918, however, and he died on January 6, 1919. Attention then turned to the party's unsuccessful 1916 candidate, [[Charles Evans Hughes]], who had run Wilson close that year, but Hughes remained aloof as to the prospect of another run, and ultimately ruled himself out following the death of his daughter early in 1920. On June 8, the [[1920 Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention]] met in [[Chicago]]. The race was wide open, and soon the convention deadlocked between Major General [[Leonard Wood]] and Governor [[Frank Orren Lowden]] of Illinois. Other names placed in nomination included Senators [[Warren G. Harding]] from Ohio, [[Hiram Johnson]] from California, and [[Miles Poindexter]] from Washington, Governor [[Calvin Coolidge]] of Massachusetts, philanthropist [[Herbert Hoover]] from California, and [[Columbia University]] President [[Nicholas Murray Butler|Nicholas M. Butler]]. Senator [[Robert M. La Follette, Sr.|Robert M. La Follette]] from Wisconsin was not formally placed in nomination, but received the votes of his state delegation nonetheless. Harding was nominated for president on the tenth ballot, after some delegates shifted their allegiances. The results of the ten ballots were as follows: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |- ! colspan="12" | Presidential Balloting, Republican National Convention 1920 |- ! Ballot!!1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !!5 !! 6!!7 !!8 !!9 || '''10''' <br />Before <br />shifts || '''10'''<br /> After<br /> shifts |- | align=left|''' [[Warren G. Harding]]'''|| 65.5 || 59.0 || 58.5 || 61.5 || 78.0 || 89.0 || style="background:#fee;"| 105.0 || style="background:#fee;"| 133.0 || style="background:#fbb;"| 374.5 || style="background:#fbb;"| 644.7 || style="background:#faa;"| 692.2 |- | align=left|''' [[Leonard Wood]]''' || style="background:#fbb;"| 287.5 || style="background:#fbb;"| 289.5 || style="background:#fbb;"| 303.0 || style="background:#fbb;"| 314.5 || style="background:#fdd;"| 299.0 || style="background:#fdd;"| 311.5 || style="background:#fbb;"| 312.0 || style="background:#fdd;"| 299.0 || style="background:#fdd;"| 249.0 || style="background:#fdd;"| 181.5 || style="background:#fdd;"| 156.0 |- | align=left|''' [[Frank Orren Lowden]]'''|| style="background:#fdd;"| 211.5 || style="background:#fdd;"| 259.5 || style="background:#fdd;"| 282.5|| style="background:#fdd;"| 289.0 || style="background:#fbb;"| 303.0 || style="background:#fdd;"| 311.5 || style="background:#fdd;"| 311.5 || style="background:#fbb;"| 307.0 || style="background:#fee;"| 121.5 || 28.0 || 11.0 |- | align=left|''' [[Hiram Johnson]]'''|| style="background:#fee;"| 133.5 || style="background:#fee;"| 146.0 || style="background:#fee;"| 148.0 || style="background:#fee;"| 140.5 || style="background:#fee;"| 133.5 || style="background:#fee;"| 110.0 || 99.5 || 87.0 || 82.0 || style="background:#fee;"| 80.8 || style="background:#fee;"| 80.8 |- | align=left|''' [[William Cameron Sproul]]'''|| 84.0 || 78.5 || 79.5 || 79.5 || 82.5 || 77.0 || 76.0 || 76.0 ||78.0 || 0 || 0 |- | align=left|''' [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]'''||69.5 || 41.0 || 25.0 || 20.0||4.0|| 4.0||2.0 ||2.0 ||2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 |- |align=left|''' [[Calvin Coolidge]]'''||34.0 || 32.0 || 27.0 || 25.0 ||29.0 || 28.0||28.0 ||30.0 ||28.0 || 5.0 || 5.0 |- | align=left|''' [[Robert M. La Follette, Sr.|Robert M. La Follette]]'''||24.0 || 24.0 || 24.0 || 22.0||24.0 || 24.0||24.0||24.0||24.0 || 24.0 || 24.0 |- | align=left|''' [[Jeter Connelly Pritchard]]''' ||21.0||10.0 || 0|| 0|| 0|| 0||0||0 ||0 ||0 || 0 |- | align=left|''' [[Miles Poindexter]]''' || 20.0|| 15.0||15.0 ||15.0 || 15.0||15.0||15.0 ||15.0 ||14.0 || 2.0 || 0 |- |align=left| '''[[Howard Sutherland]]''' ||17.0|| 15.0|| 9.0||3.0 ||1.0||0 ||0 ||0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | align=left|''' [[Herbert Hoover]]''' || 5.5|| 5.5||5.5 ||5.0 || 6.0||5.0||4.0 ||5.0 ||6.0 || 10.5 || 9.5 |- | align=left|''' Scattering''' || 11.0|| 9.0||7.0 ||9.0 || 9.0||9.0||6.0 ||6.0 ||5.0 || 5.5 || 3.5 |} <gallery perrow="6"> File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteFirstBallot1920.svg|'''First Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteSecondBallot1920.svg|'''Second Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteThirdBallot1920.svg|'''Third Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteFourthBallot1920.svg|'''Fourth Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteFifthBallot1920.svg|'''Fifth Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteSixthBallot1920.svg|'''Sixth Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteSeventhBallot1920.svg|'''Seventh Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteEighthBallot1920.svg|'''Eighth Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteNinthBallot1920.svg|'''Ninth Presidential Ballot''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteTenthBallotBeforeShifts1920.svg|'''Tenth Presidential Ballot<br />Before Shifts''' File:RepublicanPresidentialConventionVoteTenthBallotAfterShifts1920.svg|'''Tenth Presidential Ballot<br />After Shifts''' </gallery> Harding's nomination, said to have been secured in negotiations among party bosses in a "[[smoke-filled room]]," was engineered by [[Harry M. Daugherty]], Harding's political manager, who became [[United States Attorney General]] after his election. Before the convention, Daugherty was quoted as saying, "I don't expect Senator Harding to be nominated on the first, second, or third ballots, but I think we can afford to take chances that about 11 minutes after two, Friday morning of the convention, when 15 or 12 weary men are sitting around a table, someone will say: 'Who will we nominate?' At that decisive time, the friends of Harding will suggest him and we can well afford to abide by the result." Daugherty's prediction described essentially what occurred, but historians Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris argue that Daugherty's prediction has been given too much weight in narratives of the convention. Once the presidential nomination was finally settled, the party bosses and Sen. Harding recommended Wisconsin Sen. [[Irvine Lenroot]] to the delegates for the second spot, but the delegates revolted and nominated Coolidge, who was very popular over his handling of the [[Boston Police Strike]] from the year before. The tally: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! colspan="2" | Vice Presidential Balloting,<br />Republican Nat'l Convention 1920 |- ![[Calvin Coolidge]] !!674.5 |- ![[Irvine Lenroot]] !!146.5 |- ![[Henry Justin Allen]] !!68.5 |- ![[Henry W. Anderson]] !!28 |- ![[Asle Gronna]] !!24 |- ![[Hiram Johnson]] !!22.5 |- ![[Jeter Connelly Pritchard]] !!11 |- ! Abstaining !!9 |} Source for convention coverage: Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, ''Convention Decisions and Voting Records'' (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1973), pp. 200β208. === Democratic Party nomination === {{Main|1920 Democratic National Convention}} {{See also|Endorsements in the 1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- | colspan="30" style="background:#f1f1f1;" |[[File:Democratic Disc.svg|65px|center|link=Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party (United States)]]<big>'''1920 Democratic Party ticket '''</big> |- ! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;" | [[James M. Cox|{{color|white|James M. Cox}}]] ! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;" | [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|{{color|white|Franklin D. Roosevelt}}]] |- | style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;" |'''''for President''''' | style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;" |'''''for Vice President''''' |- | [[File:Portrait of James M. Cox.jpg|center|197x197px]] | [[File:Roosevelt20 (3x4).jpg|center|200x200px]] |- | [[List of governors of Ohio|46th & 48th]]<br />[[Governor of Ohio]]<br /><small>(1913β1915 & 1917β1921)</small> | [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]]<br /><small>(1913β1920)</small> |- | colspan="2" |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 74 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation">{{cite news |title=Democratic Convention Situation |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/687478475 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |publisher=The Chicago Tribune |date=May 23, 1920}}</ref><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 699.5 votes</small>''<br /><small>86,194 votes</small> |} ==== Other candidates ==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- <sup>β </sup> | colspan="7" style="text-align:center; width:1200px; font-size:120%; color:white; background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|''Candidates in this section are sorted by their highest vote count on the nominating ballots'' |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[William Gibbs McAdoo]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[A. Mitchell Palmer|Mitchell Palmer]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Al Smith]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[John W. Davis]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Edward I. Edwards|Edward Edwards]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Robert Latham Owen]] |- |[[File:W.G. McAdoo LCCN2014716646 (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Alexander Mitchell Palmer (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Portrait of Al Smith (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:John William Davis.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Edward Irving Edwards.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Thinks Europe can pay debts LCCN00652554 (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |- style="text-align:center" |U.S. [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]<br />from [[California]]<br /><small>(1913β1918)</small> |U.S. [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]]<br />from [[Pennsylvania]]<br /><small>(1919β1921)</small> |[[Governor of New York|Governor]]<br />of [[New York (state)|New York]]<br /><small>(1919β1920)</small> |[[List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom|Ambassador to Britain]]<br />from [[West Virginia]]<br /><small>(1918β1921)</small> |[[Governor of New Jersey|Governor]]<br />of [[New Jersey]]<br /><small>(1920β1923)</small> |U.S. Senator<br />from [[Oklahoma]]<br /><small>(1907β1925)</small> |- style="text-align:center" |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 467 votes</small>''<br /><small>74,987 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 104 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 267 votes</small>''<br /><small>140,010 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 109 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 71.5 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 28 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 42 votes</small>''<br /><small>28,470 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 20 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 41 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Thomas R. Marshall|Thomas Marshall]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Edwin T. Meredith]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Carter Glass]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Homer Stille Cummings|Homer Cummings]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Furnifold McLendel Simmons|Furnifold Simmons]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[James W. Gerard|James Gerard]] |- |[[File:Thomas Riley Marshall headshot.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:E.T. Meredith, ggbain.16011u (1).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Picture of Carter Glass.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Homer Cummings, Harris & Ewing photo portrait, 1920.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:SIMMONS, F.M. SENATOR LCCN2016857186 (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Picture of James W. Gerard.jpg|center|120x120px]] |- style="text-align:center" |U.S. [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]<br />from [[Indiana]]<br /><small>(1913β1921)</small> |U.S. [[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]]<br />from [[Iowa]]<br /><small>(1920β1921)</small> |U.S. Senator<br />from [[Virginia]]<br /><small>(1920β1946)</small> |Chair of the [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]]<br />from [[Connecticut]]<br /><small>(1919β1920)</small> |U.S. Senator<br />from [[North Carolina]]<br /><small>(1901β1931)</small> |[[List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany|Ambassador to Germany]]<br />from [[New York (state)|New York]]<br /><small>(1913β1917)</small> |- style="text-align:center" |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|NFN|Not Formally Nominated}}'''<br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 37 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 28 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 24 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 27 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 27 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 25 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 10 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 21 votes</small>''<br /><small>4,706 votes</small> |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[John Sharp Williams]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Gilbert Hitchcock]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Francis Burton Harrison|Francis Harrison]] |- |[[File:John Sharp Williams 1923.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:HITCHCOCK, G.M. HONORABLE LCCN2016857525 (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Portrait of Francis Burton Harrison.jpg|center|120x120px]] |- style="text-align:center" |U.S. Senator<br />from [[Mississippi]]<br /><small>(1911β1923)</small> |U.S. Senator<br />from [[Nebraska]]<br /><small>(1911β1923)</small> |[[Governor-General of the Philippines|Philippine Governor-General]]<br />from [[New York (state)|New York]]<br /><small>(1913β1921)</small> |- style="text-align:center" |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|NFN|Not Formally Nominated}}'''<br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 20 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 18 votes</small>''<br /><small>37,452 votes</small> |'''{{abbr|ID|Instructed Delegates}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>''<ref name="Democratic Convention Situation"/><br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 6 votes</small>''<br /><small>0 votes</small> |- |} [[File:GuestPassDemNatlConvSanFran06281920.jpg|thumb|A ticket purchased by a guest of the Democratic National Convention in [[San Francisco]].]] It was widely accepted prior to the election that President Woodrow Wilson would not run for a third term, and certainly would not be nominated if he did so. While Vice President [[Thomas R. Marshall]] long had desired to succeed Wilson, his indecisive handling of the situation around Wilson's illness and incapacity destroyed any credibility he had as a candidate, and in the end he did not formally put himself forward for the nomination. Although [[William Gibbs McAdoo]] (Wilson's son-in-law and former Treasury Secretary) was the strongest candidate, Wilson blocked his nomination in hopes a deadlocked convention would demand that he run for a third term, even though he was seriously ill, physically immobile, and in seclusion at the time. The Democrats, meeting in [[San Francisco]] between June 28 and July 6 (the first time a major party held its [[United States presidential nominating convention|nominating convention]] in an urban center on the Pacific coast), nominated another newspaper editor from Ohio, Governor [[James M. Cox]], as their presidential candidate, and 38-year-old Assistant Secretary of the Navy [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], a fifth cousin and nephew by marriage of the late president Theodore Roosevelt, for vice-president. Early favorites for the nomination had included McAdoo and Attorney General [[Alexander Mitchell Palmer]]. Others placed in nomination included New York governor [[Al Smith]], United Kingdom ambassador [[John W. Davis]], New Jersey governor [[Edward I. Edwards]], and Oklahoma senator [[Robert Latham Owen]]. (The party would nominate Davis and Smith, in that order, as its next two presidential candidates.) {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" !(23β44) | style="text-align:center" colspan="25" |'''Presidential Ballot''' |- !!!23rd !! 24th !! 25th !! 26th !! 27th !! 28th !! 29th !! 30th !! 31st !! 32nd !! 33rd !! 34th !! 35th !! 36th !! 37th !! 38th !! 39th !! 40th !! 41st !! 42nd !! 43rd !! 44th |- ![[James M. Cox]] !!425!!429!!424!!424.5!!423.5!!423!!404.5!!400.5!!391.5!!391!!380.5!!379.5!!376.5!!377!!386!!383.5!!468.5!!490!!497.5!!540.5!!568!!699.5 |- ![[William Gibbs McAdoo]] !!364.5!!364.5!!364.5!!371!!371.5!!368.5!!394.5!!403.5!!415.5!!421!!421!!420.5!!409!!399!!405!!405.5!!440!!467!!460!!427!!412!!270 |- ![[A. Mitchell Palmer]]!!181.5!!177!!169!!167!!166.5!!165.5!!166!!165!!174!!176!!180!!184!!222!!241!!202.5!!211!!74!!19!!12!!8!!7!!1 |- ![[John W. Davis]] !!50.5!!54.5!!58.5!!55.5!!60.5!!62.5!!63!!58!!57.5!!55.5!!56!!54!!33!! 28!!50.5!!50!!71.5!!76!!55.5!!49.5!!57.5!!52 |- ![[Robert Latham Owen|Robert L. Owen]] !!34!!33!!34!! 33!!34!! 35.5!!33!!33!!34!!34!! 34!! 37!!38.5!!36!!33!!33!!32!!33!!35!!34!!34!! 34 |- ![[Carter Glass]] !!25!!25!!25!! 25!! 25!! 24!! 24!! 24!! 12.5!!9.5!!13!!7.5!! 5!! 4!!1!! 1 !!0 !!0!!24!!24!!5.5!!1.5 |- ![[Homer Cummings]] !!5!!5!!4 !! 3!! 3!!4!!4!! 4!! 3!! 3!! 3!! 3!!3!! 3!! 3!! 4!! 2!! 2!! 2!! 3!! 2!! 0 |- ![[Champ Clark]] !!2!! 2 !! 2!! 3!! 2!!2!! 2!!2!! 2!! 2!! 2.5!! 2.5!!2!! 2!!2!! 3!! 2!! 2!! 2!! 2!! 2!! 0 |- ![[Annette Abbott Adams]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !!0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- !Eugene C. Bonniwell!!0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[William Jennings Bryan]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Laura Clay]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !!0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Irvin S. Cobb]] !!1.5 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Bainbridge Colby]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 1!! 1!! 1!! 1!! 1!! 1 |- ![[Josephus Daniels]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Walker Hines]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !!0!! 0!! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Andrieus A. Jones]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !!1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Ring Lardner]] !!0.5 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[James H. Lewis]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 6!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Thomas R. Marshall]] !!0!!0!!0!! 0!! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[John J. Pershing]] !!0!!0!!1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Joseph T. Robinson]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !!0!!1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Cora Wilson Stewart]] !!0 !! 0 !! 0 !!0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 1!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |- ![[Oscar Underwood]] !!0!! 1 !! 9 !! 9!! 4!!6!! 1!! 2!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0 |} == Other candidates == === Socialist Party === [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]] candidate [[Eugene V. Debs]] was incarcerated at the [[Atlanta]] federal penitentiary at the time for advocating non-compliance with the draft during World War I. He received the largest number of popular votes ever received by a Socialist Party candidate in the United States, although not the largest percentage of the popular vote. Debs received double this percentage in [[1912 United States presidential election|1912]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.presidentelect.org/e1912.html |title=1912 |publisher=President Elect |access-date=2016-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230191250/http://presidentelect.org/e1912.html |archive-date=December 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The 1920 election was Debs's fifth and last attempt to become president.<ref name="socialist" /> In 1919, members of the Socialist Party who had come from Russian language federation of the party and other more radical groups within the party started to create their own papers and membership dues and cards. These members supported a platform that was similar to the [[Communist International]] and elected twelve of their members to the fifteen-member National Executive Committee. However, there was accusations of election irregularities and an Emergency Convention held on August 30, 1919, suspended seven of the party's twelve language federations and expelled the party affiliates in Michigan, Massachusetts, and Ohio. The more radical members of the party held a convention in [[New York City]] in June 1919, which was attended by 94 delegates from twenty states. A vote to create a new party was defeated by a vote of 55 to 38, causing 31 delegates to withdraw from the convention. These 31 delegates held their own convention in Chicago on September 1, where they founded the [[Communist Party USA]].<ref name="communist">{{Cite book |last=Haynes |first=Fred |date=1924 |title=Social Politics in the United States |publisher=[[Riverside Insights|The Riverside Press Cambridge]]}}</ref> The [[Communist Party USA]] attempted to give its presidential nomination to Debs, but he declined the nomination.<ref name="socialist" /> The Socialist Party held its 1919 convention in Chicago with 140 delegates in attendance. Twenty-six delegates, who were members of the party's left wing, left the convention. These delegates attempted to unite with the Communist Party USA, but formed the [[Communist Labor Party of America]] on September 2, after those attempts failed.<ref name="communist" /> The Socialist Party had 100,000 members before the splits, but it fell to 55,000 members while the Communist Party had 35,000 members and the Communist Labor Party had 10,000 members. The Communist Party claimed to have 60,000 members while the Communist Labor Party claimed to have 30,000 members. The United Communist Party was formed in May 1920 between the Communist Labor Party and some members of the Communist Party. The United Communist Party and the Communist Party united in December 1921 to form the [[Workers Party of America]].<ref name="communist" /> Edward Henry, who was a friend of Debs, [[Lena Morrow Lewis]], and [[Oscar Ameringer]], nominated Debs for the party's nomination on May 13, 1920, and the 134 delegates to the national convention voted unanimously to give him the nomination. [[Kate Richards O'Hare]], who was also in prison, was considered for the vice-presidential nomination, but [[Seymour Stedman]] was selected by a vote of 106 to 26, which was later made unanimous, to have one of the candidates campaign. [[James H. Maurer]] was also considered for the vice-presidential nomination, but he declined due to his duties as head of the Pennsylvania Federation of Labor. Debs accepted the presidential nomination in an Atlanta prison on May 29, after being notified by Seymour, [[James Oneal]], and [[Julius Gerber]].<ref name="socialist">{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=H. Wayne |date=1962 |title=Eugene V. Debs: Socialist for President |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |date=1920 |page=8 |title=A Political Guide for the Workers |publisher=[[Socialist Party of America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laidler |first=Henry W. |author-link=Harry W. Laidler |date=June 1, 1920 |title=The Socialist Convention. |publisher=The Socialist Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=McAlister |author-link=McAlister Coleman |date=1930 |title=Eugene V. Debs: A Man Unafraid |publisher=Greenberg Publisher}}</ref> During the campaign the Socialists had four airplanes drop socialist literature over [[Toledo, Ohio]]. The wife of [[Charles Edward Russell]] claimed that the ghost of [[Susan B. Anthony]] told her to vote for Debs. Over 60,000 people donated to the Socialist Party's campaign fund. Gerber predicted that Debs would receive three million votes and that five Socialists would be elected to Congress. Debs received 913,693 votes with his largest amount of support coming from [[1920 United States presidential election in New York|New York]]. His vote total was over 50 percent more than what [[Allan L. Benson]] had received in the 1916 election. Debs later chose to not run for president in the 1924 election and instead supported [[Robert M. La Follette]].<ref name="socialist" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=P. Orman |date=1924 |title=An Introduction to Political Parties and Practical Politics |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- | colspan="2" | '''Presidential Ballot''' |- ! [[Eugene V. Debs]] !!132 |} === Farmer-Labor Party === {|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- | style="background:#66FF99;" colspan="30"|<big>'''1920 Farmer-Labor Party ticket'''</big> |- ! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#009900; width:200px;"| [[Parley P. Christensen|{{color|white|Parley P. Christensen}}]] ! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#009900; width:200px;"| [[Max S. Hayes|{{color|white|Max S. Hayes}}]] |- style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#66FF99;" | style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for President''''' | style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President''''' |- | [[File:Parley Parker Christensen circa 1920 Crop Edit.jpg|center|200x200px]] | [[File:Hayes-Mas-S.jpg|center|200x200px]] |- | [[Utah House of Representatives|State Representative]]<br />from [[Utah]]<br /><small>(1915β1917)</small> | Editor of the ''Cleveland Citizen''<br />from [[Ohio]] |- |- |} ==== Other candidates ==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- <sup>β </sup> | colspan="7" style="text-align:center; width:800px; font-size:120%; color:white; background:{{party color|Farmer-Labor Party (United States)}};"|''Candidates in this section are sorted by their highest vote count on the nominating ballots'' |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Dudley Field Malone]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Eugene V. Debs]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Henry Ford]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Lynn Frazier]] |- |[[File:Dudley Field Malone.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Eugene Debs - 1921 - Harris & Ewing (1).jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Henry ford 1919.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:FRAZIER, LYNN J. SENATOR LCCN2016859715 (3x4a).jpg|center|120x120px]] |- style="text-align:center" |[[Collector of the Port of New York|Collector of the<br />Port of New York]]<br />from [[New York (state)|New York]]<br /><small>(1913β1913)</small> |[[Indiana House of Representatives|State Representative]]<br />from [[Indiana]]<br /><small>(1885β1887)</small> |President of the<br />[[Ford Motor Company]]<br />from [[Michigan]]<br /><small>(1906β1919)</small> |[[Governor of North Dakota|Governor]]<br />of [[North Dakota]]<br /><small>(1917β1921)</small> |- style="text-align:center" |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 174.6 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 68 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 12.3 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|DN|Declined Nomination}}'''<br />'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 9 votes</small>'' |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Herbert S. Bigelow]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Louis F. Post]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Jane Addams]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Robert M. La Follette]] |- |[[File:Herbert S. Bigelow 1913.png|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Louis Freeland Post.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Jane Addams - Bain News Service.png|center|120x120px]] |[[File:Robert La Follette Sr crop.jpg|center|120x120px]] |- style="text-align:center" |Clergyman<br />from [[Ohio]] |Asst [[United States Secretary of Labor|U. S. Secretary of Labor]]<br />from [[New York (state)|New York]]<br /><small>(1913β1921)</small> |Co-founder of [[Hull House]]<br />from [[Illinois]] |U.S. Senator<br />from [[Wisconsin]]<br /><small>(1906β1925)</small> |- style="text-align:center" |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 7 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 1.7 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 0 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|DN|Declined Nomination}}''' |- |} === Prohibition Party === {|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- | style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|[[File:Prohibition Party logo.svg|71x71px]] <big>'''1920 Prohibition Party ticket'''</big> |- ! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#FF00FF; width:200px;"| [[Aaron S. Watkins| {{color|white|Aaron S. Watkins}}]] ! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#FF00FF; width:200px;"| [[D. Leigh Colvin| {{color|white| D. Leigh Colvin}}]] |- style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#ffa3ff;" | style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for President''''' | style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President''''' |- | [[File:Aaron S. Watkins (LOC).jpg|center|200x200px]] | [[File:D. Leigh Colvin.jpg|center|200x200px]] |- | [[Professor]] and [[Minister (Christianity)|Methodist Minister]]<br />from [[Ohio]] | American politician<br />from [[New York (State)|New York]] |- | colspan=2 |[[Aaron S. Watkins#Politics|'''Campaign''']] |- |- |} ==== Other candidates ==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- <sup>β </sup> | colspan="7" style="text-align:center; width:800px; font-size:120%; color:white; background:{{party color|Prohibition Party (United States)}};"|''Candidates in this section are sorted by their highest vote count on the nominating ballots'' |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|Robert H. Patton ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Daniel A. Poling]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[Charles Hiram Randall]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"|[[William Jennings Bryan]] |- | |[[File:Daniel A. Poling.tif|center|120x120px]] |[[File:CharlesHiramRandall.jpg|center|120x120px]] |[[File:BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS LCCN2016856656 (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]] |- style="text-align:center" |Prohibition Party Convention Chair<br /><small>(1916)</small> |Itinerant Minister<br />from [[Pennsylvania]] |Congressman<br />from [[California]]<br /><small>(1915β1921)</small> |[[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]]<br />from [[Nebraska]]<br /><small>(1913β1915)</small> |- style="text-align:center" |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 85 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 28 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|HCV|Highest Convention Vote}}:'''''<small> 9 votes</small>'' |'''{{abbr|DN|Declined Nomination}}''' |- |} Meeting in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], there was some question whether the Prohibition Party would field an independent ticket as opposed to endorsing either Harding or Cox, but this was predicated on either making a clear statement that they would not move to weaken the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment]]; neither chose to make any such commitment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Want to nominate Prohibition Ticket |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/19/102875575.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028181614/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/19/102875575.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-28 |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |date=July 19, 1920 |location=Lincoln, Nebraska}}</ref> The ticket favored by most present was that of [[William Jennings Bryan]] for president and [[Billy Sunday|William "Billy" Sunday]] for vice president, and indeed when a motion was made to nominate Bryan by acclamation, of the more than two hundred present it was only opposed by six.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Drys in Stampede Nominate Bryan; Vote him, willing or not, their Party Standard Bearer in Coming Campaign. - Woman Chairman Leads β Delegates, Impatient at Talk of Refusal, Parade and Should for Convention Nominee |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/22/103200656.html?pageNumber=4 |url-access=subscription |work=The New York Times |date=July 22, 1920}}</ref> Upon hearing of his nomination, however, Bryan declined the gesture, not wishing to remain singularly focused on the prohibition question or to sever his ties with the Democratic Party entirely.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bryan rejects 'dry' nominate; Wires from Montana when he returns from fishing trip and hears of it. Will remain in his party although not sure how he will vote β Drys name Ohioan for President |url-access=subscription |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/07/23/103463511.html?pageNumber=1 |work=The New York Times |date=July 23, 1920}}</ref> Some had considered Billy Sunday a possible substitute but Sunday was "satisfied" with Republican nominee Warren Harding, while others thought about potentially nominating [[Henry Ford]] as their standard-bearer. With the nomination thrown wide open, the party ultimately opted to nominate keynote speaker and Methodist minister [[Aaron S. Watkins|Aaron Watkins]] of Ohio, over other candidates such as 1916 Convention Chair Robert Patton of Illinois, itinerant minister Daniel Poling of Pennsylvania, and Congressman [[Charles Hiram Randall|Charles Randall]] of California. Historian [[D. Leigh Colvin|David Leigh Colvin]] of [[New York (state)|New York]] was nominated for the vice presidency. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |- ! colspan="3" | Presidential Balloting ! colspan="2" | Vice-Presidential Balloting |- ! Ballot!!1 !! 2 || Ballot !! 1 |- | align=left|''' [[Aaron S. Watkins]]'''|| 85.0 || 108.0 || '''[[D. Leigh Colvin]]''' || 108.0 |- | align=left|''' Robert H. Patton'''|| 85.0 || 74.0 || '''[[Herman P. Faris]]''' || 47.0 |- |align=left|''' [[Daniel A. Poling]]'''|| 28.0 || 24.0 || '''[[Frank S. Regan]]''' || 15.0 |- | align=left|''' [[Charles Hiram Randall|Charles H. Randall]]'''|| 9.0 || 2.0 || '''James H. Woertendyke''' || 12.0 |- |} === American Party === [[James E. Ferguson]], a former [[governor of Texas]], announced his candidacy on April 21, 1920, in [[Temple, Texas]], under the badge of "American Party".<ref>Havel, James T.; ''The Elections, 1789β1992'', p. 106 {{ISBN|0028646231}}</ref> Ferguson was opposed to Democrats whom he saw as too controlled by elite academic interests as seen when Woodrow Wilson endorsed rival [[Thomas Henry Ball|Thomas H. Ball]] in the gubernatorial primary, and hoped to help the Republicans [[United States presidential elections in Texas|carry Texas]] for the first time (Texas never went Republican during [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]]).<ref>Richardson, Darcy G.; ''Others: "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive Movement: Third-Party Politics in the 1920s'', p. 76-79 {{ISBN|0595481264}}</ref> Initially Ferguson and running mate William J. Hough hoped to carry their campaign to other states,<ref>Richardson; ''Others'', p. 81</ref> but Ferguson was unable to get on the ballot anywhere outside of Texas. Ferguson did manage to gain almost 10 percent of the vote in Texas, and won eleven counties in the southeast of the state.<ref name="Polls">Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); ''America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920β1964'' pp. 426-430, 456 {{ISBN|0405077114}}</ref> == General election == === Return to normalcy === {{See also|Return to normalcy}} Warren Harding spoke of "return to normalcy", playing upon the weariness of the American public after the social upheaval of the [[Progressive Era]], [[World War I]], and the [[Spanish flu]]. Additionally, the international responsibilities engendered by the Allied victory in World War I and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] proved deeply unpopular, causing a reaction against Wilson, who had pushed especially hard for the latter. === Ethnic issues === {{Main|Irish Race Conventions|HinduβGerman Conspiracy Trial}} [[File:Cox Roosevelt poster 1920.jpg|left|thumb|Poster for the 1920 Democratic presidential ticket]] [[Irish Americans]] were powerful in the Democratic party, and groups such as [[Clan na Gael#New Departure 1879|Clan na Gael]] opposed going to war alongside their enemy Britain, especially after the violent suppression of the [[Easter Rising]] of 1916. Wilson won them over in 1917 by promising to ask Britain to give Ireland its independence. Wilson had won the presidential election of 1916 with strong support from [[German Americans]] and Irish Americans, largely because of his slogan "He kept us out of war" and the longstanding American policy of [[United States non-interventionism|isolationism]]. At the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919, however, he reneged on his commitments to the Irish-American community, who vehemently denounced him. His dilemma was that Britain was his war ally. Events such as the anti-British [[Black Tom explosion|Black Tom]] and [[Kingsland Explosion]]s in 1916 on American soil (in part the result of wartime Irish and German co-ordination) and the [[Conscription Crisis of 1918|Irish anti-conscription crisis]] of 1918 were all embarrassing to recall in 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/enemywithininsid00landrich |title=The enemy within; the inside story of German sabotage in America : Landau, Henry, b. 1892 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |website=Archive.org |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/ASEN/ConferencePapers/Plowman%20ASEN%20Paper%202009.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/ASEN/ConferencePapers/Plowman%20ASEN%20Paper%202009.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Essay by M. Plowman (2009) on the complexities of the "Indo-Irish-German" conspiracy in the USA during the war|website=Lse.ac.uk|access-date=2016-08-18}}{{dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Britain had already passed an Irish [[Government of Ireland Act 1914|Home Rule Act in 1914]], suspended for the war's duration. However the [[Easter Rising|1916 Easter Rising]] in Dublin had led to increased support for the more radical [[Sinn FΓ©in]] who in 1919 formed the [[First DΓ‘il]], effectively declaring Ireland independent, sparking the [[Irish War of Independence]]. Britain would pass the [[Government of Ireland Act 1920|Government of Ireland Act]] in late 1920, by which Ireland would have two home-ruled states within the British empire. This satisfied Wilson. The provisions of these were inadequate to the supporters of the [[Irish Republic]], however, which claimed full [[sovereignty]]. This position was also supported by many Irish Americans. The [[American Committee for Relief in Ireland]] was set up in 1920 to assist victims of the [[Irish War of Independence]] of 1919β21. Some Irish-American senators joined the "[[irreconcilables]]" who blocked the ratification of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] and United States membership in the [[League of Nations]]. Wilson blamed the Irish Americans and German Americans for the lack of popular support for his unsuccessful campaign to have the United States join the [[League of Nations]], saying, "There is an organized propaganda against the League of Nations and against the treaty proceeding from exactly the same sources that the organized propaganda proceeded from which threatened this country here and there with disloyalty, and I want to sayβI cannot say too oftenβany man who carries a hyphen about with him [i.e., a [[hyphenated American]]] carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic whenever he gets ready."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woodrow Wilson: "Final Address in Support of the League of Nations" delivered 25 Sept 1919 in Pueblo, CO|url=https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/wilsonleagueofnations.htm|website=American Rhetoric|access-date=2025-01-21}}</ref> Of the $5,500,000 raised by supporters of the Irish Republic in the United States in 1919β20, the Dublin parliament ([[DΓ‘il Γireann (Irish Republic)|DΓ‘il Γireann]]) voted in June 1920 to spend $500,000 on the American presidential election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1920062900018 |title=DΓ‘il Γireann β 29/Jun/1920 MINISTERIAL MOTIONS. - PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN IN U.S.A |website=Oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie |date=2015-02-24 |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref> How this money was spent remains unclear. Ironically, the lawyer who had advised the fundraisers was Franklin D. Roosevelt{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}, the losing vice-presidential candidate. In any case, the Irish American city machines sat on their hands during the election, allowing the Republicans to roll up unprecedented landslides in every major city.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} Many German-American Democrats voted Republican or stayed home, giving the GOP landslides in the rural Midwest. === Campaign === [[File:FDR and James M Cox cph.3b03395.jpg|thumb|left|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] and Cox at a campaign appearance in Washington, D.C.]] Wilson had hoped for a "solemn referendum" on the [[League of Nations]], but did not get one. Harding waffled on the League, thereby keeping [[Idaho]] senator [[William Borah]] and other Republican "irreconcilables" in line. Cox also hedged. He went to the [[White House]] to seek Wilson's blessing and apparently endorsed the League, butβupon discovering its unpopularity among Democratsβrevised his position to one that would accept the League only with reservations, particularly on Article Ten, which would require the United States to participate in any war declared by the League (thus taking the same standpoint as Republican Senate leader [[Henry Cabot Lodge]]). As reporter Brand Whitlock observed, the League was an issue important in government circles, but rather less so to the electorate. He also noted that the campaign was not waged on issues: "The people, indeed, do not know what ideas Harding or Cox represents; neither do Harding or Cox. Great is democracy."<ref>Sinclair, p. 168</ref> False rumors circulated that Senator Harding had "Negro blood," but this did not greatly hurt Harding's election campaign. Governor Cox made a whirlwind campaign that took him to rallies, train station speeches, and formal addresses, reaching audiences totaling perhaps two million, whereas Senator Harding relied upon a "[[Front Porch Campaign]]" similar to that of [[William McKinley]] in [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]]. It brought thousands of voters to [[Marion, Ohio]], where Harding spoke from his home. GOP campaign manager Will Hays spent some $8.1 million, nearly four times the money Cox's campaign spent. Hays used national advertising in a major way (with advice from adman [[Albert Lasker]]). The theme was Harding's own slogan "America First". Thus the Republican advertisement in ''[[Collier's]]'' for October 30, 1920, demanded, "Let's be done with wiggle and wobble." The image presented in the ads was nationalistic, using catch phrases like "absolute control of the United States by the United States," "Independence means independence, now as in 1776," "This country will remain American. Its next President will remain in our own country," and "We decided long ago that we objected to foreign government of our people."<ref>Sinclair, p. 162</ref> On election night, November 2, 1920, commercial radio broadcast coverage of election returns for the first time. Announcers at [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA-AM]] in [[Pittsburgh]] read telegraph ticker results over the air as they came in. This single station could be heard over most of the Eastern United States by the small percentage of the population that had radio receivers. Harding's landslide came from all directions except the South. Irish- and German-American voters who had backed Wilson and peace in [[1916 United States presidential election|1916]] now voted against Wilson and Versailles. "A vote for Harding", said the German-language press, "is a vote against the persecutions suffered by German-Americans during the war". Not one major German-language newspaper supported Governor Cox.<ref>Sinclair, p. 163</ref> Many Irish Americans, bitterly angry at Wilson's refusal to help Ireland at Versailles, simply abstained from voting in the presidential election. This allowed the Republicans to mobilize the ethnic vote, and Harding swept the big cities. [[File:EugeneDebs.gif|thumb|[[Clifford Berryman]]'s cartoon depiction of [[Eugene V. Debs]]' campaign from prison.]] This was the first election in which women from every state were allowed to vote, following the passage of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]] to the Constitution in August 1920 (just in time for the general election). Tennessee's vote for Warren G. Harding marked the first time since the end of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] that even one of the eleven states of the former [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] had voted for a Republican presidential candidate. Tennessee had last been carried by a Republican when [[Ulysses S. Grant]] claimed it in [[1868 United States presidential election|1868]]. Despite the magnitude of Cox's defeat, his running mate Franklin D. Roosevelt became a well-known political figure because of his active and energetic campaign (despite suffering an illness in August 1921 that left him paralyzed from the waist down). In 1928, he was elected [[Governor of New York]], and in [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]] he was elected president. He remained in power until his death in 1945 as the longest-serving American president in history. == Results == [[File:PresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|right|thumb|400px|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of red are for Harding (Republican), shades of blue are for Cox (Democratic), shades of green are for Ferguson (American),<ref name="Polls" /> grey indicates zero recorded votes and white indicates territories not elevated to statehood.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WaaAAAAIAAJ |title=The Presidential Vote, 1896β1932 β Google Books |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=August 12, 2014|year=1934|isbn=978-0-8047-1696-3}}</ref>]] The total vote for 1920 was roughly 26,750,000, an increase of eight million from [[1916 United States presidential election|1916]].<ref>The Presidential Vote, 1896β1932, Edgar E. Robinson, p. 19</ref> Harding won in all twelve cities with populations above 500,000. Harding won a net vote total of 1,540,000 from the twelve largest cities which was the highest amount for any Republican and fifth highest for any candidate from 1920 to 1948.<ref name="book">{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Paul |date=1974 |title=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}}</ref> The Democratic vote was almost exactly the vote from 1916, but the Republican vote nearly doubled, as did the "other" vote. As pointed out earlier, the great increase in the total number of votes is mainly attributable to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote. [[File:"Both Parties Claim Victory on Election Eve" The Atlanta Journal, November 1, 1920.jpg|thumb|"Both Parties Claim Victory on Election Eve" ''The Atlanta Journal'', November 1, 1920]] Nearly two-thirds of the counties (1,949) were carried by the Republicans. The Democrats carried only 1,101 counties, a smaller number than [[Alton B. Parker|Alton Parker]] had carried in [[1904 United States presidential election|1904]] and consequently the smallest number during the [[Fourth Party System]] until that point ([[Al Smith]] would carry even fewer in [[1928 United States presidential election|1928]]). Not a single county was carried by the Democrats in the Pacific section, where they had carried 76 in 1916. In the [[Mountain States|Mountain section]] Cox carried only thirteen counties, seven of them located in New Mexico bordering Texas, whereas Wilson carried all but twenty-one Mountain Section counties in 1916. At least one county was lost in every section in the Union and in every state except [[South Carolina]] and [[Mississippi]]. Eleven counties in [[Texas]] recorded a plurality for Ferguson. With the tipping point state of Rhode Island being decided by a 31.2 percent margin, the 1920 election has the largest margin of victory in the tipping point state in American history.<ref name="Polls" /> Wilson had won the support of Americans of German, Italian, Irish, or Jewish descent in the 1916 election, but Cox lost in all of those demographics and received less support from Jewish voters than Debs. Harding received support from over 90 percent of black voters.<ref name="book" /> The distribution of the county vote accurately represents the overwhelming character of the majority vote. Harding received 60.35 percent of the total vote, the largest percentage in the Fourth Party System, exceeding [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s in [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]]. Although the Democratic share was 34.13 percent, in no section did its voting share sink below 24 percent, and in three sections, the Democrats topped the poll. The Democratic Party was still a significant opposition on national terms, even though Cox won only eleven states and had fewer votes in the electoral college than Parker had won in 1904. More than two-thirds of the Cox vote was in states carried by Harding. The distribution of the vote by counties, and the study of percentages in sections, states, and counties, seem to show that it was Wilson and foreign policies that received the brunt of attack, not the Democratic Party and the domestic proposals of the period 1896β1914.<ref>The Presidential Vote, 1896β1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 21</ref> This is one of three elections since the Civil War (along with 1924 and 1996) where national turnout was below 50 percent. This was also the third presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state; the others have been in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], [[1904 United States presidential election|1904]], [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]], [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]], and [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]. 5.83% of Harding's votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 35.09% of the vote in that region.{{sfn|Sherman|1973|p=263}} [[File:United States Electoral College 1920.svg]] {{start U.S. presidential ticket box| pv_footnote=| ev_footnote=}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Warren G. Harding]]| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]| state=[[Ohio]]| pv=16,166,126| pv_pct=60.35%| ev=404| vp_name=[[Calvin Coolidge]]| vp_state=[[Massachusetts]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[James M. Cox]]| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]| state=Ohio| pv=9,140,256| pv_pct=34.12%| ev=127| vp_name=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]| vp_state=[[New York (state)|New York]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Eugene V. Debs]]| party=[[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]]| state=[[Indiana]]| pv=914,191| pv_pct=3.41%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Seymour Stedman]]| vp_state=[[Illinois]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Parley P. Christensen]]| party=[[FarmerβLabor Party (United States)|Farmer-Labor]]| state=[[Illinois]]| pv=265,395| pv_pct=0.99%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Max S. Hayes]]| vp_state=Ohio}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Aaron S. Watkins]]| party=[[Prohibition Party|Prohibition]]| state=Indiana| pv=188,709| pv_pct=0.70%| ev=0| vp_name=[[D. Leigh Colvin]]| vp_state=New York}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[James E. Ferguson]]| party=[[American Party (Texas)|American]]| state=[[Texas]]| pv=47,968| pv_pct=0.18%| ev=0| vp_name=William J. Hough| vp_state=New York}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[William Wesley Cox]]| party=[[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor]]| state=[[Missouri]]| pv=31,084| pv_pct=0.12%| ev=0| vp_name=[[August Gillhaus]]| vp_state=New York}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Robert Colvin Macauley| party=[[Georgism|Single Tax]]| state=[[Pennsylvania]]| pv=5,750| pv_pct=0.02%| ev=0| vp_name=Richard C. Barnum | vp_state=Ohio}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=28,746| pv_pct=0.11%|}} {{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=26,788,225| ev=531| to_win=266}} '''Source (Popular Vote):''' {{Leip PV source 2| year=1920| as of=June 10, 2023}} '''Source (Electoral Vote):''' {{National Archives EV source| year=1920| as of=July 31, 2005}} {{bar box |title=Popular vote |titlebar=#ddd |width=600px |barwidth=410px |bars= {{bar percent|'''Harding'''|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|60.3}} {{bar percent|Cox|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|34.1}} {{bar percent|Debs|brown|3.41}} {{bar percent|Christensen|#0BDA51|0.99}} {{bar percent|Others|#777777|1.13}} }} {{bar box |title=Electoral vote |titlebar=#ddd |width=600px |barwidth=410px |bars= {{bar percent|'''Harding'''|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|76.08}} {{bar percent|Cox|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|23.92}} }} === Geography of results === [[File:1920 Electoral Map.png|650px|thumb|left]] <gallery perrow="3" widths="500px" heights="317px"> File:1920 United States presidential election results map by county.svg|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote </gallery> ==== Cartographic gallery ==== <gallery perrow="4" widths="200px" heights="157px"> File:PresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|Map of presidential election results by county File:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|Map of Republican presidential election results by county File:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|Map of Democratic presidential election results by county File:OtherPresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|Map of "other" presidential election results by county File:CartogramPresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|[[Cartogram]] of presidential election results by county File:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county File:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county File:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1920Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county </gallery> === Results by state === Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1920&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=1920 Presidential General Election Data β National|website=Uselectionatlas.org|access-date=March 18, 2013}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} |States/districts won by [[James M. Cox|Cox]]/[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] |-{{Party shading/Republican}} |States/districts won by [[Warren G. Harding|Harding]]/[[Calvin Coolidge|Coolidge]] |}<div style="overflow:auto"> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- ! colspan=2 | ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Warren G. Harding<br />Republican ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| James Cox<br />Democratic ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Eugene Debs<br />Socialist ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Parley Christensen<br />Farmer-Labor ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Aaron Watkins<br />Prohibition ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| James Ferguson<br />American ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| William Cox<br />Socialist Labor ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Margin ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| State Total |- ! align=center | State ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br />votes ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| # ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| % ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br />votes ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| # ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| % ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br />votes ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| # ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| % ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br />votes ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| # ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| % ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br />votes ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| # ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| % ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br />votes ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| # ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| % ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br />votes ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| # ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| % ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br />votes ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| # ! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| % ! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | # ! |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Alabama|Alabama]] | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | 74,556 | 31.37 | - | 159,965 | 67.31 | 12 | 2,369 | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | 748 | 0.31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -85,409 | -35.94 | 237,638 | style="text-align:center;" | AL |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Arizona|Arizona]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | 37,016 | 55.61 | 3 | 29,546 | 44.39 | - | 222 | 0.33 | - | 15 | 0.02 | - | 4 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7,470 | 11.22 | 66,562 | style="text-align:center;" | AZ |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Arkansas|Arkansas]] | style="text-align:center;" | 9 | 71,117 | 38.73 | - | 107,409 | 58.49 | 9 | 5,111 | 2.78 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -36,292 | -19.76 | 183,637 | style="text-align:center;" | AR |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in California|California]] | style="text-align:center;" | 13 | 624,992 | 66.20 | 13 | 229,191 | 24.28 | - | 64,076 | 6.79 | - | - | - | - | 25,204 | 2.67 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 395,801 | 41.93 | 944,050 | style="text-align:center;" | CA |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Colorado|Colorado]] | style="text-align:center;" | 6 | 173,248 | 59.32 | 6 | 104,936 | 35.93 | - | 8,046 | 2.75 | - | 3,016 | 1.03 | - | 2,807 | 0.96 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 68,312 | 23.39 | 292,053 | style="text-align:center;" | CO |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Connecticut|Connecticut]] | style="text-align:center;" | 7 | 229,238 | 62.72 | 7 | 120,721 | 33.03 | - | 10,350 | 2.83 | - | 1,947 | 0.53 | - | 1,771 | 0.48 | - | - | - | - | 1,491 | 0.41 | - | 108,517 | 29.69 | 365,518 | style="text-align:center;" | CT |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Delaware|Delaware]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | 52,858 | 55.71 | 3 | 39,911 | 42.07 | - | 988 | 1.04 | - | 93 | 0.10 | - | 986 | 1.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12,947 | 13.65 | 94,875 | style="text-align:center;" | DE |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Florida|Florida]] | style="text-align:center;" | 6 | 44,853 | 30.79 | - | 90,515 | 62.13 | 6 | 5,189 | 3.56 | - | - | - | - | 5,124 | 3.52 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -45,662 | -31.34 | 145,681 | style="text-align:center;" | FL |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Georgia|Georgia]] | style="text-align:center;" | 14 | 41,089 | 27.72 | - | 107,162 | 72.28 | 14 | 465 | 0.31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -66,073 | -44.57 | 148,251 | style="text-align:center;" | GA |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Idaho|Idaho]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | 88,975 | 65.60 | 4 | 46,579 | 34.34 | - | 38 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | 32 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 42,396 | 31.26 | 135,624 | style="text-align:center;" | ID |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:center;" | 29 | 1,420,480 | 67.81 | 29 | 534,395 | 25.51 | - | 74,747 | 3.57 | - | 49,630 | 2.37 | - | 11,216 | 0.54 | - | - | - | - | 3,471 | 0.17 | - | 886,085 | 42.30 | 2,094,714 | style="text-align:center;" | IL |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Indiana|Indiana]] | style="text-align:center;" | 15 | 696,370 | 55.14 | 15 | 511,364 | 40.49 | - | 24,703 | 1.96 | - | 16,499 | 1.31 | - | 13,462 | 1.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 185,006 | 14.65 | 1,262,964 | style="text-align:center;" | IN |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Iowa|Iowa]] | style="text-align:center;" | 13 | 634,674 | 70.91 | 13 | 227,921 | 25.46 | - | 16,981 | 1.90 | - | 10,321 | 1.15 | - | 4,197 | 0.47 | - | - | - | - | 982 | 0.11 | - | 406,753 | 45.44 | 895,082 | style="text-align:center;" | IA |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Kansas|Kansas]] | style="text-align:center;" | 10 | 369,268 | 64.75 | 10 | 185,464 | 32.52 | - | 15,511 | 2.72 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 183,804 | 32.23 | 570,318 | style="text-align:center;" | KS |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Kentucky|Kentucky]] | style="text-align:center;" | 13 | 452,480 | 49.25 | - | 456,497 | 49.69 | 13 | 6,409 | 0.70 | - | - | - | - | 3,322 | 0.36 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -4,017 | -0.44 | 918,708 | style="text-align:center;" | KY |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] | style="text-align:center;" | 10 | 38,538 | 30.49 | - | 87,519 | 69.24 | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -48,981 | -38.75 | 126,396 | style="text-align:center;" | LA |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine]] | style="text-align:center;" | 6 | 136,355 | 68.92 | 6 | 58,961 | 29.80 | - | 2,214 | 1.12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 77,394 | 39.12 | 197,840 | style="text-align:center;" | ME |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland]] | style="text-align:center;" | 8 | 236,117 | 55.11 | 8 | 180,626 | 42.16 | - | 8,876 | 2.07 | - | 1,645 | 0.38 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1,178 | 0.27 | - | 55,491 | 12.95 | 428,443 | style="text-align:center;" | MD |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]] | style="text-align:center;" | 18 | 681,153 | 68.55 | 18 | 276,691 | 27.84 | - | 32,267 | 3.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3,583 | 0.36 | - | 404,462 | 40.70 | 993,718 | style="text-align:center;" | MA |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]] | style="text-align:center;" | 15 | 762,865 | 72.76 | 15 | 233,450 | 22.27 | - | 28,947 | 2.76 | - | 10,480 | 1.00 | - | 9,646 | 0.92 | - | - | - | - | 2,539 | 0.24 | - | 529,415 | 50.50 | 1,048,411 | style="text-align:center;" | MI |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota|Minnesota]] | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | 519,421 | 70.59 | 12 | 142,994 | 19.43 | - | 56,106 | 7.62 | - | - | - | - | 11,489 | 1.56 | - | - | - | - | 5,828 | 0.79 | - | 376,427 | 51.16 | 735,838 | style="text-align:center;" | MN |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] | style="text-align:center;" | 10 | 11,576 | 14.03 | - | 69,277 | 83.98 | 10 | 1,639 | 1.99 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -57,701 | -69.95 | 82,492 | style="text-align:center;" | MS |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Missouri|Missouri]] | style="text-align:center;" | 18 | 727,162 | 54.56 | 18 | 574,799 | 43.13 | - | 20,242 | 1.52 | - | 3,291 | 0.25 | - | 5,142 | 0.39 | - | - | - | - | 2,164 | 0.16 | - | 152,363 | 11.43 | 1,332,800 | style="text-align:center;" | MO |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Montana|Montana]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | 109,430 | 61.13 | 4 | 57,372 | 32.05 | - | - | - | - | 12,204 | 6.82 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 52,058 | 29.08 | 179,006 | style="text-align:center;" | MT |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] | style="text-align:center;" | 8 | 247,498 | 64.66 | 8 | 119,608 | 31.25 | - | 9,600 | 2.51 | - | - | - | - | 5,947 | 1.55 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 127,890 | 33.41 | 382,743 | style="text-align:center;" | NE |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Nevada|Nevada]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | 15,479 | 56.92 | 3 | 9,851 | 36.22 | - | 1,864 | 6.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5,628 | 20.70 | 27,194 | style="text-align:center;" | NV |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | 95,196 | 59.84 | 4 | 62,662 | 39.39 | - | 1,234 | 0.78 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 32,534 | 20.45 | 159,092 | style="text-align:center;" | NH |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in New Jersey|New Jersey]] | style="text-align:center;" | 14 | 611,541 | 67.65 | 14 | 256,887 | 28.42 | - | 27,141 | 3.00 | - | 2,200 | 0.24 | - | 4,734 | 0.52 | - | - | - | - | 923 | 0.10 | - | 354,654 | 39.23 | 903,943 | style="text-align:center;" | NJ |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in New Mexico|New Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | 57,634 | 54.68 | 3 | 46,668 | 44.27 | - | - | - | - | 1,104 | 1.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10,966 | 10.40 | 105,406 | style="text-align:center;" | NM |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in New York|New York]] | style="text-align:center;" | 45 | 1,871,167 | 64.56 | 45 | 781,238 | 26.95 | - | 203,201 | 7.01 | - | 18,413 | 0.64 | - | 19,653 | 0.68 | - | - | - | - | 4,841 | 0.17 | - | 1,089,929 | 37.60 | 2,898,513 | style="text-align:center;" | NY |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | 232,848 | 43.22 | - | 305,447 | 56.70 | 12 | 446 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -72,599 | -13.48 | 538,741 | style="text-align:center;" | NC |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in North Dakota|North Dakota]] | style="text-align:center;" | 5 | 160,072 | 77.79 | 5 | 37,422 | 18.19 | - | 8,282 | 4.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 122,650 | 59.60 | 205,776 | style="text-align:center;" | ND |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Ohio|Ohio]] | style="text-align:center;" | 24 | 1,182,022 | 58.47 | 24 | 780,037 | 38.58 | - | 57,147 | 2.83 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 401,985 | 19.88 | 2,021,653 | style="text-align:center;" | OH |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] | style="text-align:center;" | 10 | 243,831 | 50.11 | 10 | 217,053 | 44.61 | - | 25,726 | 5.29 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 26,778 | 5.50 | 486,610 | style="text-align:center;" | OK |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Oregon|Oregon]] | style="text-align:center;" | 5 | 143,592 | 60.20 | 5 | 80,019 | 33.55 | - | 9,801 | 4.11 | - | - | - | - | 3,595 | 1.51 | - | - | - | - | 1,515 | 0.64 | - | 63,573 | 26.65 | 238,522 | style="text-align:center;" | OR |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] | style="text-align:center;" | 38 | 1,218,216 | 65.76 | 38 | 503,843 | 27.20 | - | 70,571 | 3.81 | - | 15,704 | 0.85 | - | 42,696 | 2.30 | - | - | - | - | 753 | 0.04 | - | 714,373 | 38.56 | 1,852,616 | style="text-align:center;" | PA |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] | style="text-align:center;" | 5 | 107,463 | 63.97 | 5 | 55,062 | 32.78 | - | 4,351 | 2.59 | - | - | - | - | 510 | 0.30 | - | - | - | - | 495 | 0.29 | - | 52,401 | 31.19 | 167,981 | style="text-align:center;" | RI |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in South Carolina|South Carolina]] | style="text-align:center;" | 9 | 2,610 | 3.91 | - | 64,170 | 96.05 | 9 | 28 | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -61,560 | -92.14 | 66,808 | style="text-align:center;" | SC |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in South Dakota|South Dakota]] | style="text-align:center;" | 5 | 110,692 | 60.74 | 5 | 35,938 | 19.72 | - | - | - | - | 34,707 | 19.04 | - | 900 | 0.49 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 74,754 | 41.02 | 182,237 | style="text-align:center;" | SD |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | 219,829 | 51.29 | 12 | 206,558 | 48.19 | - | 2,239 | 0.52 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 13,271 | 3.10 | 428,626 | style="text-align:center;" | TN |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Texas|Texas]] | style="text-align:center;" | 20 | 114,538 | 23.54 | - | 288,767 | 59.34 | 20 | 8,121 | 1.67 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 47,968 | 9.86 | - | - | - | - | -174,229 | -35.80 | 486,641 | style="text-align:center;" | TX |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Utah|Utah]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | 81,555 | 55.93 | 4 | 56,639 | 38.84 | - | 3,159 | 2.17 | - | 4,475 | 3.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 24,916 | 17.09 | 145,828 | style="text-align:center;" | UT |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Vermont|Vermont]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | 68,212 | 75.82 | 4 | 20,919 | 23.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 774 | 0.86 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 47,293 | 52.57 | 89,961 | style="text-align:center;" | VT |-{{Party shading/Democratic}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Virginia|Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | 87,456 | 37.85 | - | 141,670 | 61.32 | 12 | 807 | 0.35 | - | 243 | 0.11 | - | 857 | 0.37 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -54,214 | -23.47 | 231,033 | style="text-align:center;" | VA |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Washington (state)|Washington]] | style="text-align:center;" | 7 | 223,137 | 55.96 | 7 | 84,298 | 21.14 | - | 8,913 | 2.24 | - | 77,246 | 19.37 | - | 3,800 | 0.95 | - | - | - | - | 1,321 | 0.33 | - | 138,839 | 34.82 | 398,715 | style="text-align:center;" | WA |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;" | 8 | 282,007 | 55.30 | 8 | 220,789 | 43.30 | - | 5,618 | 1.10 | - | - | - | - | 1,528 | 0.30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 61,218 | 12.00 | 509,942 | style="text-align:center;" | WV |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] | style="text-align:center;" | 13 | 498,576 | 71.10 | 13 | 113,422 | 16.17 | - | 80,635 | 11.50 | - | - | - | - | 8,647 | 1.23 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 385,154 | 54.92 | 701,280 | style="text-align:center;" | WI |-{{Party shading/Republican}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[1920 United States presidential election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | 35,091 | 64.15 | 3 | 17,429 | 31.86 | - | - | - | - | 2,180 | 3.99 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 17,662 | 32.29 | 54,700 | style="text-align:center;" | WY |- ! TOTALS: ! 531 ! 16,144,093 ! 60.32 ! 404 ! 9,139,661 ! 34.15 ! 127 ! 913,693 ! 3.41 ! - ! 265,398 ! 0.99 ! - ! 188,787 ! 0.71 ! - ! 47,968 ! 0.18 ! - ! 31,084 ! 0.12 ! - ! 7,004,432 ! 26.17 ! 26,765,180 | style="text-align:center;" | US |}</div> ====States that flipped from Democratic to Republican==== *[[Arizona]] *[[California]] *[[Colorado]] *[[Idaho]] *[[Kansas]] *[[Maryland]] *[[Missouri]] *[[Montana]] *[[Nebraska]] *[[Nevada]] *[[New Hampshire]] *[[New Mexico]] *[[North Dakota]] *[[Ohio]] *[[Oklahoma]] *[[Tennessee]] *[[Utah]] *[[Washington (state)|Washington]] *[[Wyoming]] ==== Close states ==== Margin of victory less than 1% (13 electoral votes): # <span style="color:blue;">'''Kentucky, 0.44% (4,017 votes)'''</span> Margin of victory less than 5% (12 electoral votes): # <span style="color:red;">'''Tennessee, 3.10% (13,271 votes)'''</span> Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (10 electoral votes): # <span style="color:red;">'''Oklahoma, 5.50% (26,778 votes)'''</span> Tipping point state: # <span style="color:red;">'''Rhode Island, 31.19% (52,401 votes)'''</span> ==== Statistics ==== Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (Republican) # '''<span style="color:red;">[[McIntosh County, North Dakota]] 95.76%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:red;">[[Leslie County, Kentucky]] 94.22%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:red;">[[Sevier County, Tennessee]] 93.60%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:red;">[[Sheridan County, North Dakota]] 92.98%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:red;">[[Billings County, North Dakota]] 92.81%</span>''' Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (Democratic) # '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Chester County, South Carolina]] 100.00%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Edgefield County, South Carolina]] 100.00%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Clarendon County, South Carolina]] 100.00%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Bamberg County, South Carolina]] 100.00%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Hampton County, South Carolina]] 100.00%</span>''' Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (American) # '''<span style="color:green;">[[Austin County, Texas]] 61.72%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:green;">[[Fort Bend County, Texas]] 59.35%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:green;">[[Lavaca County, Texas]] 57.76%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:green;">[[Fayette County, Texas]] 55.12%</span>''' # '''<span style="color:green;">[[Washington County, Texas]] 54.04%</span>''' == See also == * [[History of the United States (1918β1945)]] * [[History of the United States Democratic Party]] * [[History of the United States Republican Party]] * [[Inauguration of Warren G. Harding]] * [[1920 United States House of Representatives elections]] * [[1920 United States Senate elections]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Works cited== * {{cite book|last=Sherman |first=Richard |title=The Republican Party and Black America From McKinley to Hoover 1896-1933 |publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]] |date=1973 |isbn=0813904676}} ==Further reading == {{Further|1920 United States elections#Further reading}} {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |title=The Road to Normalcy: The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/roadtonormalcypr0000bagb |url-access=registration |last=Bagby |first=Wesley M. |year=1962 |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |location=Baltimore}} * {{Cite book |title=Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush |last=Boller | first=Paul F. Jr. |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-516716-3 |pages=212β217}} * Brake, Robert J. "The porch and the stump: Campaign strategies in the 1920 presidential election." ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 55.3 (1969): 256β267. * Burchell, R. A. "Did the Irish and German Voters Desert the Democrats in 1920? A Tentative Statistical Answer" ''Journal of American Studies'' 5#2 (1972) pp. 153β164 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552982 online] * Daniel, Douglass K. "Ohio Newspapers and the 'Whispering Campaign' of the 1920 Presidential Election." ''Journalism History'' 27.4 (2002): 156β164. * {{Cite book |title=Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations |last=Cooper |first=John Milton |author-link=John M. Cooper (historian) |year=2001 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-521-80786-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/breakingheartofw00coop}} * {{Cite journal |last=Duff |first=John B. |author-link=John B. Duff |year=1970 |title=German-Americans and the Peace, 1918β1920 |journal=American Jewish Historical Quarterly |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=424β459 |issn=0002-9068}} * {{Cite journal |last=Duff |first=John B. |year=1968 |title=The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans |journal=Journal of American History |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=582β598 |issn=0021-8723 |doi=10.2307/1891015 |publisher=Organization of American Historians |jstor=1891015}} * {{Cite book |chapter=The Election of 1920 |title=History of American Presidential Elections |last=McCoy |first=Donald R. |editor1-first=Arthur M. Jr. |editor1-last=Schlesinger |editor2-first=Fred L. |editor2-last=Israel |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica02schl |year=1971 |publisher=Chelsea House |location=New York |isbn=0-07-079786-2}} * {{Cite book |title=Selling the President, 1920: Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding |last=Morello |first=John A. |year=2001 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-275-97030-2}} * {{Cite book |title=1920: The Year of the Six Presidents |last=Pietrusza |first=David |author-link=David Pietrusza |year=2007 |publisher=Carroll & Graf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7867-1622-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786716227}} * Frederick, Richard G. "The Front Porch Campaign and the Election of Harding." in ''A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover'' (2014): 94β111. * {{Cite book |title=The Available Man: The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding |url=https://archive.org/details/availablemanli00sinc |url-access=registration |last=Sinclair |first=Andrew |year=1965 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York}} * Walters, Ryan S. ''The Jazz Age President: Defending Warren G. Harding'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Jazz-Age-President-Defending-Harding/dp/1621578844/ excerpt] also [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-jazz-age-president-review-correcting-the-record-11649020056?mod=books_arts_featured_pos2 online review] {{refend}} === Primary sources === * {{Cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/nfexpe.html |title=The Presidential Election of 1920 |work=American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=November 16, 2002}} * Chester, Edward W ''A guide to political platforms'' (1977) [https://archive.org/details/guidetopolitical0000ches online] * Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. ''National party platforms, 1840β1964'' (1965) [https://archive.org/details/nationalpartypla00port online 1840β1956] * Eugene V. Debs, [https://archive.org/details/WordToTheWorkers-Sept1920 ''A Word to the Workers!''] New York: New York Call, n.d. [1920]. <small>βSocialist campaign leaflet.</small> == External links == {{Commons category}} * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/election1920.html Presidential Election of 1920: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress * [http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1920.htm 1920 popular vote by counties] * [http://www.davidpietrusza.com/1920-links.html 1920 Election Links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211090705/http://www.davidpietrusza.com/1920-links.html |date=December 11, 2018}} {{Warren G. Harding}} {{1920 United States elections}} {{1920 United States presidential election}} {{State Results of the 1920 U.S. presidential election}} {{USPresidentialElections}} {{Socialist Party of America}} {{Calvin Coolidge}} {{Franklin D. Roosevelt}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1920 United States presidential election| ]] [[Category:Presidency of Warren G. Harding]] [[Category:Warren G. Harding]] [[Category:Calvin Coolidge]] [[Category:November 1920 in the United States|Presidential election]]
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