Editing 1919

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Events by month|1919}}
{{Year dab|1919}}
{{Year nav|1919}}
{{C20 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1919}}
{{TOC limit|2}}

==Events==

===January===
{{main|January 1919}}
[[File:Map of Europe in 01-01-1919.png]]
[[File:Admiralty-yacht-HMS-Iolaire-ship-Amalthaea-1908.jpg|thumb|[[January 1]]: ''[[Iolaire]]'' sinks.]]
* [[January 1]]
** The [[Czechoslovak Legion]]s occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of [[Bratislava|Pressburg]] (later Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lacika|first=Ján|title=Bratislava|edition=1st|series=Visiting Slovakia|year=2000|publisher=Dajama|location=Bratislava|isbn=978-80-88975-16-8|page=42}}</ref>
** [[HMY Iolaire|HMY ''Iolaire'']] sinks off the coast of the Hebrides; 201 people, mostly servicemen returning home to Lewis and Harris, are killed.<ref name = list>{{cite web|title=Sinking of HMY Iolaire - list of all on board at time of grounding|url=http://www.adb422006.com/Iolairelist.htm|website=Across Two Seas|access-date=2017-11-14|date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
* [[January 2]]–[[January 22|22]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: The [[Red Army]]'s [[Caspian-Caucasian Front]] begins the [[Northern Caucasus Operation (1918–1919)|Northern Caucasus Operation]] against the [[White Army]], but fails to make progress.
* [[January 3]] &ndash; The [[Faisal–Weizmann Agreement]] is signed by [[Faisal I of Iraq|Emir Faisal]] (representing the Arab [[Kingdom of Hejaz]]) and [[Zionism|Zionist]] leader [[Chaim Weizmann]], for Arab–Jewish cooperation in the development of a Jewish homeland in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and an Arab nation in a large part of the [[Middle East]].
* [[January 5]] &ndash; In Germany:
** [[Spartacist uprising]] in Berlin: The Marxist [[Spartacus League]], with the newly formed [[Communist Party of Germany]] and the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany|Independent Social Democratic Party]], begin mass demonstrations, which will be suppressed by armed force within a week.<ref>{{cite book|first=J. A.|last=Cloake|title=Germany 1918-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHrQcBYxmNgC&pg=PA2-IA1|date=1997-03-20|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-913277-5|page=9}}</ref>
** The [[German Workers' Party]] (''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', DAP), predecessor of the [[Nazi Party]], is formed by the merger of [[Anton Drexler]]'s Committee of Independent Workmen with journalist [[Karl Harrer]]'s Political Workers' Circle.
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Estonian War of Independence]]: With [[Soviet Russia]]n forces just 40&nbsp;km outside of the capital [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]n forces start a general and successful counter-offensive against the [[Red Army]].
* [[January 8]] &ndash; The funeral of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], 26th [[President of the United States]], is held at Christ Church Oyster Bay, Long Island; Roosevelt had died in his sleep at the age of 60, two days earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record.aspx?libID=o283059|title=Card of admission to Theodore Roosevelt's funeral|publisher=Theodore Roosevelt Centre|access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref>
* [[January 8]]–[[January 22|22]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]], Southern Front: The [[Red Army]] attacks and defeats the White [[Don Army]] under [[Pyotr Krasnov]] in the [[Voronezh–Povorino Operation]].
* [[January 9]]  
** [[Friedrich Ebert]] orders the [[Freikorps]] into action in Berlin.
** [[Estonian War of Independence]]: [[Battle of Tapa]] &ndash; [[Estonia]]n forces liberate [[Tapa, Estonia]], from the [[Red Army]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parts |first=Karl |url=https://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:16353 |title=Soomusrongide tegevusest Vabadussõja murrang-ajajärgul Põhja (Viru) rindel. Tapa vallutamine |publisher=Sõdur |year=1928 |language=et |author-link=Karl Parts}}</ref>
** A group of socialist and liberal deputies table a motion to make [[Luxembourg]] a republic. A crowd gathers at the barracks of the Corps of Volunteers, close to the Chamber. A crowd led by [[Émile Servais]], a left-wing politician, rushes the Chamber and soldiers refuse to disperse them. A Committee of Public Safety is formed, but the rebellion is quelled by the [[French Army]] under General de La Tour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luxembourg's history : Mutiny in the Grand Duchy |url=https://today.rtl.lu/luxembourg-insider/history/a/1690130.html |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=today.rtl.lu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 10]]–[[January 12|12]] &ndash; The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin.
* [[January 11]] 
**[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] annexes [[Transylvania]].
**The [[Georgians|Georgian]] genocide occurs in [[Alagir]].{{clarify|reason=Not mentioned anywhere I can find on Wikipedia.|date=March 2018}}
* [[January 12]]–[[May 19]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: On the Southern Front, the [[Armed Forces of South Russia]] under General [[Anton Denikin]] fight against the [[Red Army]] for the possession of the strategic region of the [[Battle for the Donbass (1919)|Donbass]].
* [[January 13]] &ndash; Workers' councils in Berlin end the [[general strike]]; the Spartacist uprising is over.
* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Estonian War of Independence]]: [[Estonia]]n forces liberate [[Tartu]] from the [[Red Army]].
* [[January 15]]
** [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and [[Karl Liebknecht]] are murdered following the Spartacist uprising.
** [[Great Molasses Flood]]: A wave of [[molasses]] released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through [[Boston]], Massachusetts, killing 21 people and injuring 150.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patricia Harris|author2=David Lyon|title=Boston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLYRAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications|isbn=978-0-676-90132-0|page=120}}</ref>
* [[January 16]]
** The [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], authorizing [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], is ratified.
** Pianist [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] becomes the second [[Prime Minister of Poland]].
* [[January 18]]
**The [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] opens in [[France]], with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Peace Conference Opens: Memorable Ceremony at the Quai d'Orsay|work=[[The Globe (London newspaper)|The Globe]]|location=London|issue=38539|date=1919-01-18|page=1}}</ref><ref name=MacMillan>{{cite book|first=Margaret|last=MacMillan|author-link=Margaret MacMillan|title=Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World|url=https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780375508264}}</ref>
** [[Estonian War of Independence]]: [[Estonia]]n forces liberate [[Narva]], expelling the [[Red Army]] from Northern Estonia.
** [[Bentley]] Motors Limited is founded in England.
* [[January 19]]–[[January 28|28]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: The [[Red Army]] begins the counter offensive in the [[Perm Operation (1918–19)|Perm area]] against the [[White Movement|White forces]].
* [[January 19]]
** The [[Monarchy of the North]] is established in Northern Portugal.<ref name="Wheeler1998">{{cite book|author=Douglas L. Wheeler|title=Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkH9wfKMqHwC&pg=PA197|date=August 1998|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-07454-8|pages=197}}</ref>
** [[1919 German federal election]], first under the [[Weimar Republic]] and the first in Germany with [[female suffrage]].
* [[January 21]] &ndash; [[First Dáil|Dáil Éireann]] meets for the first time in the [[Mansion House, Dublin]]. It comprises [[Sinn Féin]] members elected in the [[1918 Irish general election|1918 general election]] who, in accordance with their [[Sinn Féin Manifesto 1918|manifesto]], have not taken their seats in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], but chosen to declare an independent [[Irish Republic]]. In the first shots of the [[Anglo-Irish War]], two [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] (RIC) men are [[Soloheadbeg ambush|killed in an ambush]] at [[Soloheadbeg]] in [[County Tipperary]].
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Khotyn Uprising]]: pro-Ukrainian partisans capture the city of [[Khotyn]] in Romania.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUgNAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Macmillan|page=608}}</ref>
* [[January 25]] &ndash; The [[League of Nations]] is founded in [[Paris]], [[France]].<ref name="Calhoun1986">{{cite book|author=Frederick S. Calhoun|title=Power and Principle: Armed Intervention in Wilsonian Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sx2AAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=978-0-87338-327-1|page=252}}</ref>
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Battle of George Square]]: The [[British Army]] is called in to deal with riots, during negotiations over working hours in [[Glasgow]], Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16172087.debunking-more-myths-around-the-battle-of-george-square/|title=Debunking more myths around the battle of George Square|website=HeraldScotland|date=20 April 2018|language=en|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>
[[File:1919 Battle of George Square - David Kirkwood.jpg|thumb|[[David Kirkwood]] being detained by police during the [[Battle of George Square]]]]

===February===
{{main|February 1919}}
* [[February 1]] &ndash; [[Estonian War of Independence]]: [[Estonia]]n forces liberate [[Valga, Estonia|Valga]] and [[Võru]], expelling the [[Red Army]] from the entire territory of [[Estonia]].
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: Soviet troops occupy [[Ukrainian People's Republic|Ukraine]].
* [[February 4]]–[[February 5|5]] &ndash; Pressburg ([[Bratislava]]) becomes the capital of [[Slovakia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Tibenský, Ján|title=Slovensko: Dejiny|publisher=Obzor|year=1971|location=Bratislava|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* [[February 5]] 
**[[United Artists]] (UA) is incorporated in the United States by [[D. W. Griffith]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Mary Pickford]] and [[Douglas Fairbanks]] as a motion picture producer.
**[[Russian Civil War]]: Soviet troops occupy the city of [[Kyiv]] after the [[Battle of Kiev (January 1919)|Battle of Kiev (January)]].
* [[February 10]] &ndash; The [[Inter-Allied Women's Conference]] convenes to compile a list of women's issues to present to the delegates of the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]].<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Guerra|first=Elda|title=L'Associazionismo internazionale delle donne tra diritti, democrazia, politiche di pace 1888–1939|type=PhD|url=http://dspace.unitus.it/bitstream/2067/2468/1/eguerra_tesid.pdf|publisher=[[Università degli Studi della Tuscia]]|access-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051009/http://dspace.unitus.it/bitstream/2067/2468/1/eguerra_tesid.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-28|location=Viterbo, Italy|language=it|date=2012-07-13|trans-title=International Women's Rights Associations, Democracy, Peace Policies 1888–1939|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Votes for Women No Peace Problem|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27701948/the_philadelphia_inquirer/|access-date=2019-01-27|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=1919-01-27|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=4|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
* [[February 11]]
** [[Friedrich Ebert]] is elected the first [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President of Germany]] (''Reichspräsident''), by the [[Weimar National Assembly]].
** The [[Seattle General Strike]] ends, when [[Federal government of the United States|Federal]] troops are summoned by the [[State of Washington]]'s [[State attorney general|Attorney General]].
* [[February 12]] &ndash; Ethnic Germans and Hungarian inhabitants of [[Bratislava|Pressburg]] start a protest against its incorporation into [[Czechoslovakia]], but the [[Czechoslovak Legion]]s open fire on the unarmed demonstrators.<ref>{{citation|first=Marcel|last=Jankovics|title=Húsz esztendő Pozsonyban|pages=65–67|language=hu}}</ref>
* [[February 13]] &ndash; Portugal's [[Monarchy of the North]] ends as a result of a revolt in Porto by civilians and National Republican Guard members.<ref name="Wheeler1998"/>
* [[February 14]] &ndash; The [[Polish–Soviet War]] begins, with the [[Battle of Bereza Kartuska (1919)|Battle of Bereza Kartuska]].
* [[February 16]]–[[February 21|21]] &ndash; [[Estonian War of Independence]]: Uniformed peasants in [[Saaremaa]] rebel against the government of [[Estonia]]; the rebellion is crushed by government forces, leaving more than 200 dead.
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Oregon]] places a one cent per US gallon (0.26¢/liter) tax on [[gasoline]], becoming the first U.S. state to levy a [[gasoline tax]].
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Grand Canyon National Park]]: An act of the [[United States Congress]] establishes most of the [[Grand Canyon]] as a [[United States National Park]].
* [[February 28]] 
** [[Amānullāh Khān]] becomes [[Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war|King of Afghanistan]].
** An independence mission to the U.S., funded by the Philippine legislature, sets out from Manila to present its case to [[United States Secretary of War]] [[Newton D. Baker]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Sonia M.|title=The Philippines: A Unique Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YMsNgAACAAJ|publisher=All-Nations Publishing Co.|year=1994|isbn=978-971-642-071-5}}</ref>

===March===
{{main|March 1919}}
* [[March 1]] &ndash; The [[March 1st Movement]] against [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule]] in Korea is formed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/opinion/the-birth-of-korean-nationhood.html|title=The Birth of Korean Nationhood|author=Kyung Moon Hwang|date=March 1, 2019|website=New York Times|access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>
* [[March 2]] &ndash; The [[Founding Congress of the Comintern]] opens in Moscow.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vilém Kahan|title=Bibliography of the Communist International: 1919-1979. Vol. 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF3oCWHiM3QC&pg=PA18|year=1990|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-09320-6|pages=18}}</ref>
* [[March 3]]–[[April]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: Beginning of the [[Chapan rebellion|Chapan War]] as peasants of the provinces of [[Samara]] and [[Simbirsk]] rebel against Soviet rule.
* [[March 4]]
** The [[Communist International]] (Comintern) is founded.
** [[Russian Civil War]]: The [[White Movement|White forces]] in Siberia under the command of Admiral [[Alexander Kolchak]] attack the positions of the [[Red Army]] in the [[Spring Offensive of the Russian Army (1919)|Spring Offensive]]. The Whites crush the 5th Red Army under Jan Blumberg, and capture [[Okhansk]], [[Osa, Perm Krai|Osa]], [[Sarapul]] and finally [[Ufa]] over the next days.
* [[March 4]]–[[March 5|5]] &ndash; [[Kinmel Park Riots]] by troops of the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] awaiting repatriation at [[Kinmel Camp]], [[Bodelwyddan]], in [[North Wales]]. Five men are killed, 28 injured, and 25 convicted of [[mutiny]].<ref>{{cite book|first=G. W. L.|last=Nicholson|title=Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War|location=Ottawa|publisher=Queen's Printer|year=1962}}</ref>
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] becomes [[United States Attorney General]], through [[recess appointment]].
* [[March 8]]
** The [[Rowlatt Act]] is passed by the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] in London, indefinitely extending the emergency provisions of the [[Defence of India Act 1915]].
** British authorities in [[Egypt]] arrest populist leader [[Saad Zaghloul]], exiling him to [[Malta]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gerges|first=Fawaz A.|title=The New Middle East: Protest and Revolution in the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fA0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|access-date=2015-03-07|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107470576|page=67}}</ref> triggering the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1919]].
* [[March 11]]–[[June 8]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: The Cossacks of the Upper Don rebel against Bolshevik rule in the [[Vyoshenskaya Uprising]] and join the [[White Movement|White forces]].
* [[March 15]]–[[March 17|17]] &ndash; Members of the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] convene in Paris for the first [[American Legion]] caucus.
* [[March 17]] &ndash; Birth of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]].
* [[March 21]] &ndash; The [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] is established by [[Béla Kun]].
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Benito Mussolini]] founds his [[Italian Fascism|Italian Fascist]] political movement in [[Milan]].
* [[March 23]]–[[March 24|24]] &ndash; [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]], the last [[Emperor of Austria]], leaves Austria for exile in Switzerland.
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Queen of the South F.C.]] is formed in [[Dumfries]], Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qosfc.com/history|title=QosFC: Club History|website=www.qosfc.com}}</ref> 
* [[March 27]] &ndash; The name [[Bratislava]] is officially adopted for the city of Pressburg.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of Bratislava |url=http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1012&p1=1576|title=WWI and the First Czechoslovak Republic|work=Visit Bratislava|year=2005|access-date=2013-01-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224051935/http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1012&p1=1576|archive-date=2007-02-24}}</ref>

===April===
{{main|April 1919}}
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Pinsk massacre]]: 35 Jews are killed by the [[Polish Army]] without trial after being accused of Bolshevism. 
* [[April 6]]–[[April 7|7]] &ndash; The [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] is founded.
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Mexican Revolution]] leader [[Emiliano Zapata]] is ambushed and shot dead in [[Morelos]].
* [[April 12]] &ndash; French [[serial killer]] [[Henri Désiré Landru]] is arrested.
* [[April 13]]
** [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Amritsar Massacre]]: Under the command of [[Reginald Dyer]], detachments of the [[9th Gorkha Rifles]] and the [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)|59th Scinde Rifles]] massacre 379 Sikh civilians at [[Jallianwala Bagh]] in [[Amritsar]], in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]].
** [[Eugene V. Debs]] enters prison at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia for speaking out against [[conscription in the United States]] during World War I.
* [[April 15]] &ndash; The [[Save the Children Fund]] is created in the UK to raise money for the relief of German and Austrian children.
* [[April 20]] &ndash; The [[French Army]] blows up the bridge over the [[Dniester]] at [[Bender, Moldova]], to protect the city from the [[Bolsheviks]].<ref name=Kaba>{{cite book|last=Kaba|first=John|title=Politico-economic Review of Basarabia|year=1919|publisher=American Relief Administration|location=United States|page=14|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7313/view/1/14/}}</ref>
* [[April 22]]–[[June 20]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: [[Counteroffensive of Eastern Front]] &ndash; The Reds go on the offensive on the Siberia Front: General [[Hayk Bzhishkyan|Gaya Gai]] defeats the White forces near Orenburg after a 3-day battle. Over the next weeks, the Red Army pushes the Whites behind the [[Ural Mountains]].
* [[April 23]] &ndash; The [[Estonian Constituent Assembly]] convenes its first session.
* [[April 25]]
** The ''[[Bauhaus]]'' architectural and design movement is founded in [[Weimar]], Germany.<ref>{{cite book|author=Elaine S. Hochman|title=Bauhaus: Crucible of Modernism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaRPAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Fromm International|isbn=978-0-88064-175-3|page=80}}</ref>
** [[Anzac Day]] is observed for the first time in Australia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Manning Clark|title=A History of Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChdzAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Melbourne University Press|isbn=978-0-522-84353-8|page=119}}</ref>
** [[Pancho Villa]] takes [[Parral, Chihuahua]], in Mexico, and executes the mayor and his two sons.
* [[April 30]] &ndash; First wave of [[1919 United States anarchist bombings]]: several bombs sent by [[Galleanisti|followers]] of the [[Italian anarchist]] [[Luigi Galleani]] are intercepted.

===May===
{{main|May 1919}}
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[May Day Riots of 1919|May Day Riots]] break out in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], United States; 2 people are killed, 40 injured, and 116 arrested.
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Weimar Republic]] troops and the [[Freikorps]] occupy [[Munich]] and crush the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]].
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Amānullāh Khān]] attacks the British government in India.
* [[May 4]]
** The [[May Fourth Movement]] erupts in China as a result of the decision at the Paris Peace Conference to transfer former German concessions in [[Jiaozhou Bay]] to Japan rather than return sovereign authority to China.
** The [[League of Red Cross Societies]] is formed in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifrc.org/en/who-we-are/history/|title=History – IFRC|website=www.ifrc.org|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; The [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] begins.
* [[May 8]]–[[May 27|27]] &ndash; [[United States Navy]] [[Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company|Curtiss]] [[flying boat]] [[NC-4]], commanded by [[Albert Cushing Read]], makes the first [[transatlantic flight]], from [[Naval Air Station Rockaway]] to [[Lisbon]] via [[Trepassey]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] (departs [[May 16]]) and the [[Azores]] (arrives [[May 17]]). (On [[May 30]]–[[May 31|31]] it flies on to [[Plymouth]] in England.)
* [[May 9]] &ndash; In Belgium, a new electoral law introduces [[universal manhood suffrage]] and gives the franchise to certain classes of women.
* [[May 14]] &ndash; The [[University College of Wales, Aberystwyth]], establishes probably the world's first chair in [[International relations|International Politics]], endowed by [[David Davies, 1st Baron Davies|David Davies]] and his sisters in honour of [[Woodrow Wilson]], with [[Alfred Eckhard Zimmern]] as first professor.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Legacy of One Man's Vision|url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/interpol/about/|publisher=Aberystwyth University, Department of International Politics|access-date=2015-01-27}}</ref>
* [[May 15]]
** [[Greek landing at Smyrna]]: The [[Hellenic Army]] lands at [[İzmir|Smyrna]] assisted by ships of the British [[Royal Navy]].
** A law providing for full [[women's suffrage]] in the [[Netherlands]] is introduced.
** [[Winnipeg general strike]]: Workers in [[Winnipeg]], Canada, begin a strike for better wages and working conditions; the strike lasts for six weeks.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. M. Bumsted|title=The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919: An Illustrated History|publisher=Watson & Dyer|year=1994|page=29}}</ref>
* [[May 19]]
** [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] lands at [[Samsun]] on the [[Anatolia]]n [[Black Sea]] coast, marking the start of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. The anniversary of this event is also an official day of Turkish Youth.
** Volcano [[Kelud]] erupts in [[Java]], killing about 5,000.
* [[May 23]] &ndash; The [[University of California]] opens its second campus in Los Angeles. Initially called [[Southern Branch of the University of California#Southern Branch of the University of California (1919-1927)|Southern Branch of the University of California]] (SBUC), it is eventually renamed the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA).
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Estonian War of Independence]]: [[Estonia]]n forces capture [[Pskov]] from the [[Red Army]], and soon hand it over to the [[White Movement|White forces]].
* [[May 27]]
** [[Fyodor Raskolnikov]] is exchanged for 14 British prisoners of war.
** Siege of [[Spin Boldak]] ([[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]). This is the last time the [[British Army]] uses an [[escalade]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Last time the British army used scaling ladders|title=Military|first1=Jeremy|last1=Beadle|author-link1=Jeremy Beadle|first2=Ian|last2=Harrison|series=Firsts, Lasts & Onlys|location=London|publisher=Robson|isbn=9781905798063|page=112|date=2007}}</ref>
* [[May 29]]
** [[Eddington experiment]]: [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]] is tested by [[Arthur Eddington]]'s observation of the "bending of light" during a total [[solar eclipse]] in [[Príncipe]], and by [[Andrew Crommelin]] in [[Sobral, Ceará]], Brazil (confirmed [[November 19]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dyson|first=F. W.|author2=Eddington, A. S.|author3=Davidson, C. R.|year=1920|title=A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences]]|volume=220|issue=571–581|pages=291–333|bibcode=1920RSPTA.220..291D|doi=10.1098/rsta.1920.0009|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432106|doi-access=free}}</ref>
** The [[Republic of Prekmurje]] formally declares independence from [[Hungarian Soviet Republic|Hungary]].
* [[May 30]] &ndash; By agreement with the United Kingdom, later confirmed by the [[League of Nations]], Belgium is given the [[League of Nations mandate|mandate]] over part of [[German East Africa]] ([[Ruanda-Urundi]]).

===June===
{{main|June 1919}}
[[File:Council of Four Versailles.jpg|thumb|"The Big Four" during the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] (from left to right, [[David Lloyd George]], [[Vittorio Orlando]], [[Georges Clemenceau]], [[Woodrow Wilson]]).]]
* [[June]] &ndash; [[Earl W. Bascom]], rodeo cowboy and artist, along with his father John W. Bascom at [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]], Canada, designs and makes rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute, which becomes the world standard.
* [[June 2]] &ndash; [[1919 United States anarchist bombings]]: Eight mail bombs are sent to prominent figures.
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Women's rights]]: The [[United States Congress]] approves the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which would guarantee [[suffrage]] to women, and sends it to the states for ratification.
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Estonian War of Independence|Estonian]] and [[Latvian War of Independence|Latvian Wars of Independence]]: The advancing pro-German ''[[Baltische Landeswehr]]'' initiates war against [[Estonia]] in Northern [[Latvia]].
* [[June 6]] &ndash; The Hungarian Red Army attacks the [[Republic of Prekmurje]].
* [[June 7]] 
** ''[[Sette Giugno]]'' on Malta: British troops fire on a mob protesting against the colonial government, killing four.
**[[Russian Civil War]]: [[Counteroffensive of Eastern Front]]: The Red army captures the city of [[Birsk]] from the [[White Movement|White forces]].
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: [[Counteroffensive of Eastern Front]]: The Red army recaptures the city of [[Ufa]]
* [[June 14]]–[[June 15|15]] &ndash; A [[Vickers Vimy]] piloted by British aviator [[John Alcock (RAF officer)|John Alcock]], with navigator [[Arthur Whitten Brown]], makes the first [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|nonstop transatlantic flight]], from [[St. John's, Newfoundland]], to [[Clifden]], [[Connemara]], Ireland.
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Pancho Villa]] attacks [[Ciudad Juárez]], Mexico. When the bullets begin to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the United States [[7th Cavalry Regiment]] cross the border, to push Villa's forces from American territory.
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Epsom Riot]] by Canadian troops: English Police Sergeant Thomas Green is killed.
* [[June 18]] &ndash; The second most popular<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lda.cr/club?s=historia|title=History|website=Alajuelense Sports League}}</ref> [[Association football|football]] club in Costa Rica, [[Liga Deportiva Alajuelense]], is founded.
* [[June 20]]–[[June 25|25]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]], Southern Front: The White [[Volunteer Army]] defeats the exhausted Red forces in the [[Kharkiv Operation (June 1919)|Kharkiv Operation]], capturing the industrial city of [[Kharkiv]].
* [[June 21]]
** [[Winnipeg General Strike|Bloody Saturday]] of the [[Winnipeg general strike]]: [[Royal North-West Mounted Police]] fire a volley of bullets into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two.
** [[Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow]]: Admiral [[Ludwig von Reuter]] scuttles the German fleet interned at [[Scapa Flow]], Scotland; nine German sailors are killed.
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Estonian War of Independence|Estonian]] and [[Latvian War of Independence|Latvian Wars of Independence]] &ndash; [[Battle of Cēsis (1919)|Battle of Cēsis]]: The [[Estonian army]] defeats the pro-German ''[[Baltische Landeswehr]]'' in northern [[Latvia]], forcing it to retreat towards [[Riga]]; the event is celebrated subsequently as [[Victory Day]] in Estonia.
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[British Foreign Office]] official [[St John Philby]] and [[T. E. Lawrence]] arrive in [[Cairo]] for discussions about Arab unrest in [[Egypt]], having been flown by Canadian pilot [[Harry Yates (pilot)|Harry Yates]] in a [[Handley Page]] [[bomber]] which set off from England on [[June 21]].
* [[June 28]]
** The [[Treaty of Versailles]] is signed, formally ending [[World War I]], five years to the day since the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]].<ref name=MacMillan/> [[John Maynard Keynes]], who has been present at the conference and is unhappy with the terms of the treaty, brings out his own analysis later in the year, entitled ''[[The Economic Consequences of the Peace]]''.
** The [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) is established as an agency of the [[League of Nations]].

===July===
{{main|July 1919}}
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: [[Perm Operation (1918–19)]] begins on the Siberian Front: The 2nd and 3rd armies of Soviet Russia recapture the city of [[Perm, Russia|Perm]].<ref name="Prokhorov1973">{{cite book|author=Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_00NAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Macmillan|page=48}}</ref>
* [[July 2]] &ndash; The [[Syrian National Congress]] in [[Damascus]]: Arab nationalists announce independence.
* [[July 2]]–[[July 6|6]] &ndash; British [[airship]] [[R34 (airship)|R34]] makes the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, from [[RAF East Fortune]], Scotland, to [[Mineola, New York]].
* [[July 3]]
**[[Estonian War of Independence|Estonian]] and [[Latvian War of Independence|Latvian Wars of Independence]]: The pro-German ''[[Baltische Landeswehr]]'' signs a peace treaty with [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]]. The pro-German [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] [[Andrievs Niedra]] resigns, and Latvian forces take over Riga on [[July 8]].
** [[Russian Civil War]], Southern Front: General [[Anton Denikin]] of the White [[Volunteer Army]] proclaims Directive No. 08878 (the Moscow Directive), defining the operational and strategic target of the White Guard armies, to seize Moscow at this time controlled by the Bolsheviks, beginning the [[Advance on Moscow (1919)|Advance on Moscow]].
* [[July 5]]–[[July 20|20]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]], Eastern or Siberian Front, Ekaterinburg Operation: The Red Army captures the city of [[Ekaterinburg]] in the [[Ural Mountains]] from the White rule of Admiral [[Alexander Kolchak]].
* [[July 7]] &ndash; The [[United States Army]] sends a convoy across the continental U.S., starting in Washington, D.C., to assess the possibility of crossing North America by road. This crossing takes many months to complete, because the building of the [[U.S. Highway System]] has not commenced.
* [[July 11]] &ndash; The [[eight-hour day]] and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.
* [[July 19]] &ndash; The Foreign Ministry of the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] is established, by decree of the chancellory for foreign affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.az/news/politics/53534.html|title=Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry official: result of overcoming obstacles by first Azerbaijani diplomats was international recognition in Versailles|work=Today.az|date=2009-07-03|access-date=2012-09-25}}</ref>
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Wingfoot Air Express crash]]: The [[dirigible]] ''Wingfoot Air Express'' catches fire over downtown Chicago. Two passengers, one aircrewman and ten people on the ground are killed; however, two people [[parachute]] to the ground safely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/dirigible_crash.html|publisher=Chicago Public Library Archive|title=1919, July 21: Dirigible (Balloon) Crash|year=1996|access-date=2012-09-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213041636/http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/dirigible_crash.html|archive-date=2007-12-13}}</ref>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; The [[Chicago Race Riot of 1919]] begins when a white man throws stones at a group of four black teens on a raft.
* [[July 28]] &ndash; The [[International Astronomical Union]] is founded in Paris, France.
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[British police strikes in 1918 and 1919|British police strikes]] in London and [[Liverpool]] for recognition of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers; over 2,000 strikers are dismissed.

===August===
{{main|August 1919}}
[[File:Tropas-rumanas-ocupan-budapest-1919--outlawsdiary02tormuoft.png|thumb|Romanian troops entering Budapest]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1978-042-11, Weimar, Vereidigung Reichspräsident Ebert.jpg|thumb|115px|[[Friedrich Ebert]] becomes president in Weimar, Germany]]
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Béla Kun]]'s [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] collapses.
* [[August 3]] &ndash; The Romanian army enters [[Timișoara]].
* [[August 4]] &ndash; The Romanian army occupies [[Budapest]].
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919]], signed in [[Rawalpindi]], ends the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]], with the United Kingdom recognising the right of the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] to manage its own foreign affairs and Afghanistan recognising the [[Durand Line]] as the border with [[British India]].
* [[August 11]] &ndash; In Germany, the [[Weimar Constitution]] is proclaimed to be in effect (ratified).
* [[August 14]]–[[September 12]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: [[Southern Front counteroffensive]] &ndash; The [[Red Army]] commanded by [[Vladimir Yegoryev]] attacks the [[White Movement|White]] [[Volunteer Army]] of General [[Anton Denikin]] but is defeated.
* [[August 16]]–[[August 26|26]] &ndash; [[First Silesian Uprising]]: Poles in [[Upper Silesia]] rise against the Germans.
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: [[North Russia intervention]] &ndash; The [[Bolshevik]] fleet at [[Kronstadt]], protecting [[Petrograd]] on the [[Baltic Sea]], is substantially damaged by British Royal Navy [[Coastal Motor Boat]]s ([[torpedo boat]]s) and [[military aircraft]] in a combined operation. 
* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Ebert]] becomes the first [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President of Germany]] (''Reichspräsident'') under the Weimar Constitution.
* [[August 27]] &ndash; South African Prime Minister [[Louis Botha]] dies in office of '[[Spanish flu]]'.
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: The [[Red Army]] captures [[Pskov]] from White forces.
* [[August 31]]
** [[Russian Civil War]], Southern Front: the city of  [[Kyiv]] is captured by the [[White Army]].
** The [[Communist Party of America]] is established.

===September===
{{main|September 1919}}
* [[September 1]]–[[October 2]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]], Siberian Front: Admiral [[Alexander Kolchak]] launches his final offensive in the Tobolsk operation, defeating the [[Red Army]].
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Jan Smuts]] becomes the second [[Prime Minister of South Africa|prime minister]] of [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]].
* [[September 6]] &ndash; The U.S. Army expedition across North America, which started [[July 7]], ends in [[San Francisco]].
* [[September 10]]–[[September 15|15]] &ndash; The [[1919 Florida Keys hurricane|Florida Keys hurricane]] kills 600 in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], [[Florida]] and [[Texas]].
* [[September 10]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Saint-Germain]] is signed, ending World War I with [[Austria-Hungary]] and declaring that the latter's empire is to be dissolved. The [[Republic of German-Austria]] becomes the [[First Austrian Republic]] but retains less than 40% of the prewar imperial territory.
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], with his entourage, marches into [[Fiume]] and convinces Italian troops to join him.
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[German South West Africa]] is placed under South African administration.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan-Bart Gewald|title=Herero Heroes: A Socio-political History of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AjKi2SUV2AC&pg=PA242|year=1999|publisher=Ohio State University Press|isbn=978-0-85255-749-5|pages=242}}</ref>
* [[September 18]]–[[November 14]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]], Western Front:  [[Battle of Petrograd]]: The White general [[Nikolai Yudenich]] approaches the city of [[Saint Petersburg]] with 18,500 soldiers, but is defeated by the defense organized by [[Leon Trotsky]].
* [[September 21]] &ndash; The [[Steel strike of 1919]] begins across the United States.
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]]: The last British Army troops leave [[Arkhangelsk]] and leave the fighting to the Russians.
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Elaine massacre]]: An estimated 100 to 800 [[African Americans]] are killed<ref>[https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/elaine-massacre/ Sept. 30, 1919: Elaine Massacre &ndash; Zinn Education Project.] Retrieved December 25, 2021</ref> in [[Elaine, Arkansas]], by white mobs and vigilante militias assisted by federal troops<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020|title=The white press has a history of endangering black lives going back a century|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/15/white-press-has-history-endangering-black-lives-going-back-century/}}</ref> in "the deadliest racial confrontation in [[Arkansas]] history and possibly the bloodiest [[racial conflict]] in the history of the United States".<ref name="Grdn2019">{{cite news |last1=Krug |first1=Teresa |title=A rural town confronts its buried history of mass killings of black Americans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/18/a-rural-town-confronts-its-buried-history-of-mass-killings-of-black-americans |access-date=19 August 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=18 August 2019}}</ref>

===October===
{{Main|October 1919}}
* [[October 2]] &ndash; President of the United States [[Woodrow Wilson]] suffers a serious stroke, rendering him an invalid for the remainder of his life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Alexander Kraig|title=Woodrow Wilson and the Lost World of the Oratorical Statesman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wmn1375z25gC&pg=PA218|year=2004|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-58544-275-1|pages=218}}</ref>
* [[October 7]] &ndash; The Dutch airline [[KLM]] is founded (as of 2022, it is the world's [[List of airlines by foundation date|oldest airline]] still flying under its original name).<ref>{{cite book| author=John L. Hoh Jr. |title=Pioneers of Profit Among the Clouds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRzuAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|year=2011|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-105-36137-1|pages=39}}</ref>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; In [[Major League Baseball]], the [[Cincinnati Reds]] win the [[1919 World Series|World Series]], five games to three, over the [[Chicago White Sox]], whose players are later found to have [[Black Sox Scandal|lost intentionally]].
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Estonia]] adopts a radical [[land reform]], nationalizing 97% of agrarian lands, mostly still belonging to the [[Baltic German nobility]].
* [[October 13]] &ndash; The [[Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation]] is signed, in [[Paris, France]].
* [[October 16]] &ndash; In [[Weimar Republic|Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]] gives his first speech for the [[German Workers' Party]] (DAP). 
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[1919 Luxembourg general election]], the first in the duchy with [[female suffrage]], following constitutional amendments of May 15.
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Prohibition in the United States]]: The [[United States Congress]] passes the [[Volstead Act]], over President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s veto. Prohibition goes into effect on January 17, [[1920]], under the provisions of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].
*[[October 29]]–[[November 29]] &ndash; First Annual Meeting of the [[International Labour Conference]].<ref>League of Nations, [https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09616/09616(1919-1).pdf International Labour Conference: First Annual Meeting], ''ILO'', accessed 15 December 2023</ref>

===November===
{{main|November 1919}}
* [[November 1]] &ndash; The [[First Red Scare#Coal Strike of 1919|Coal Strike of 1919]] begins in the United States, by the [[United Mine Workers]] under [[John L. Lewis]]; a final agreement is reached on [[December 10]].
* [[November 7]]
** The first of the [[Palmer Raids]] is conducted on the second anniversary of the [[Russian Revolution]]: over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists are arrested in 23 different U.S. cities by the end of January 1920.
**Inspired by Cape Town's daily [[Noon Gun]] Three Minute Pause, King [[George V]] institutes the [[Two-minute silence|Two Minute Silence]], following a suggestion by [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Sir Percy Fitzpatrick]], to be observed annually at [[Armistice Day|the Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the Eleventh Month]].<ref name="Canadian">Royal Canadian Legion Branch # 138.[http://people.becon.org/~rcl138/milestone.php  "2-Minute Wave of Silence" Revives a Time-honoured Tradition]. Accessed on 5 June 2014.</ref>
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Felix the Cat]] debuts in ''[[Feline Follies]]''.
* [[November 10]]–[[November 12|12]] &ndash; The first national convention of the [[American Legion]] is held in [[Minneapolis]].
* [[November 10]] &ndash; ''[[Abrams v. United States]]'': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] upholds the conviction of Abrams for inciting resistance to the war effort against [[Soviet Russia]].
* [[November 11]]
** [[Russian Civil War]]: The [[White Movement|Northwestern Army]] of General [[Nikolai Yudenich]] retreats to [[Estonia]] and is disarmed.
** The [[Centralia Massacre (Washington)|Centralia Massacre]] in [[Centralia, Washington]] (United States), originating at an [[Armistice Day]] parade, results in the deaths of four members of the [[American Legion]] and the lynching of a local leader of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW).
** First [[Remembrance Day]] observed in the [[British Empire]] with a [[two-minute silence]] at 11:00 hours.<ref name="Canadian"/>
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]], Siberian Front: Admiral [[Alexander Kolchak]]'s White forces begin the [[Great Siberian Ice March]] from the cities of [[Omsk]] and [[Tomsk]] to [[Irkutsk]], escaping from the victorious [[Red Army]].
* [[November 16]] &ndash; After [[Entente cordiale|Entente]] pressure, Romanian forces withdraw from [[Budapest]] and allow [[Admiral Horthy]] to march in.
* [[November 19]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Versailles]] fails a critical ratification vote in the [[United States Senate]]. It will never be ratified by the U.S.
* [[November 27]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine]] is signed between the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]].
* [[November 30]] &ndash; Health officials declare the global [[1918 flu pandemic|"Spanish" flu pandemic]] has ceased.

===December===
{{main|December 1919}}
* [[December 1]]
** American-born [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor]], becomes the first woman to take her seat in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]], having become the second to be elected on November 28.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Sykes (author)|title=Nancy: the Life of Lady Astor|publisher=Academy Chicago Publishers|year=1984|isbn=978-0-89733-098-5}} The first elected was [[Constance Markievicz]] in [[1918]].</ref>
** XWA (modern-day [[CINW]]), in [[Montreal]], becomes the first public [[radio station]] in North America to go on the air.
* [[December 3]] &ndash; After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, including two collapses causing 89 deaths, the [[Quebec Bridge]] opens to traffic.
* [[December 4]] &ndash; The [[French Opera House]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]] is destroyed by fire.
* [[December 5]] &ndash; The [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] Ministry of War releases [[Greeks]], [[Armenians]] and [[Jew]]s from [[Conscription|military service]].
* [[December 17]] &ndash; Uruguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
* [[December 18]]–[[December 31|31]] &ndash; [[Russian Civil War]], Southern Front:  The Red army [[Donbas Operation (1919)|captures]] the [[Donbas]] region  from the [[Volunteer Army]].
* [[December 21]] &ndash; The United States deports 249 people, including [[Emma Goldman]], to Russia on the [[USAT Buford|USAT ''Buford'']].
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act]] 1919 becomes law in the United Kingdom, removing legal disabilities on women entering the secular professions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oliver & Boyd's New Edinburgh Almanac and National Repository for the Year 1921|page=213}}</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Cliftonhill]] Stadium in [[Coatbridge]], Scotland, opens as the home of [[Albion Rovers F.C.]] They lose the opening match 2–0 to [[St Mirren F.C.|St Mirren]].
* [[December 26]] &ndash; American baseball player [[Babe Ruth]] is traded by the [[Boston Red Sox]] to the [[New York Yankees]] for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at this time, a deal made public at the beginning of January 1920.

===Date unknown===
* [[Hyperinflation|Severe inflation]] in Germany sees the [[German Papiermark|Papiermark]] rise to 47 [[Mark (currency)|mark]]s against the United States dollar by December, compared to 12 marks in April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm|first=Stephen|last=Tonge|title=Weimar Germany 1919-1933|work=European History|access-date=2012-09-25}}</ref>

==Births==
{{BDToC|births}}

===January===
[[File:Carole Landis in Topper Returns.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carole Landis]]]]
[[File:Robert Stack - still.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Robert Stack]]]]
[[File:Giulio Andreotti, ca 1987.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Giulio Andreotti]]]]
[[File:Jackie Robinson, Brooklyn Dodgers, 1954.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Jackie Robinson]]]]
* [[January 1]] 
** [[Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa]], 5th [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] (d. [[2006]])
** [[Daniil Granin]], Soviet-Russian author (d. [[2017]])<ref name="Soviet Lit">{{cite web|url=http://www.sovlit.net/bios/granin.html|title=Encyclopedia of Soviet Writers|accessdate=31 October 2013}}</ref>
** [[Rocky Graziano]], American boxer (d. [[1990]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Salem Press|title=Great Athletes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrNZAAAAYAAJ|date=September 2009|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-1-58765-481-7|page=51}}</ref>
** [[Carole Landis]], American actress (d. [[1948]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Anne Commire|author2=Deborah Klezmer|title=Women in World History: Laa-Lyud|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwOAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Yorkin Publications|isbn=978-0-7876-4068-2|page=97}}</ref>
** [[J. D. Salinger]], American novelist  (d. [[2010]])<ref name="Hellmann2006">{{cite book|author=Paul T. Hellmann|title=Historical Gazetteer of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&pg=PA778|date=14 February 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-94859-3|pages=778}}</ref>
** [[Sheila Mercier]], British actress (d. [[2019]])
** [[Frances Bay]], American actress (d. [[2011]])
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Robert Stack]], American actor (d. [[2003]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Robert Stack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/may/16/guardianobituaries1 |date=May 15, 2003 |access-date=January 14, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref>
* [[January 14]] 
** [[Giulio Andreotti]], Italian politician, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (d. [[2013]])<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvGGAgAAQBAJ&q=14+january+1919+andreotti&pg=PA23|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture|publisher=Routledge|editor=Gino Moliterno|year=2000|isbn=9781134758760}}</ref>
** [[Andy Rooney]], American television personality (d. [[2011]])
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[George Cadle Price]], 2-time [[Prime Minister of Belize]] (d. [[2011]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Craig|first1=Meg|last2=Musa|first2=Yasser|title=George Price: Journey of a Belizean Hero|date=2004|publisher=Factory Books|location=Belize City, Belize|isbn=9768111852|page=5}}</ref>
* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[Mingote]], Spanish cartoonist (d. [[2012]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Giancarlo Colombo|title=Who's Who in Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4oUAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Who's Who in Italy|isbn=978-88-85246-60-7|page=479}}</ref>
* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[Antonio Pietrangeli]], Italian film director and screenwriter (d. [[1968]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Gian Luigi Rondi|title=Italian Cinema Today, 1952-1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgA_AAAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Hill and Wang|page=146}}</ref>
* [[January 23]]
** [[Hans Hass]], Austrian zoologist and undersea explorer (d. [[2013]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/science/earth/hans-hass-early-undersea-explorer-dies-at-94.html|title=Hans Hass, 94, early explorer of the world beneath the sea|last=Vitello|first=Paul|date=July 7, 2013|work=[[New York Times]]|page=A18|access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref>
** [[Ernie Kovacs]], American comedian (d. [[1962]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Chase's Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVJtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|date=30 September 2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-64143-264-1|pages=97}}</ref>
** [[Bob Paisley]], English footballer and manager (d. [[1996]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Valentino Mazzola]], Italian footballer (d. [[1949]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Simon Evans|author2=Peterjon Cresswell|title=European Football: A Fans' Handbook: the Rough Guide|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1997|isbn=9781858282565|page=358}}</ref>

* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Ross Bagdasarian Sr.]], American musician and actor (''Alvin and the Chipmunks'') (d. [[1972]])
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Jackie Robinson]], African-American baseball player (d. [[1972]])

===February===
<!--[[File:Janet-Waldo 2013-11-16 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Janet Waldo]]]]-->
[[File:Andreas Papandreou (1968) 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andreas Papandreou]]]]
<!--[[File:Forrest Tucker Music Man 1962.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Forrest Tucker]]]]-->
<!--[[File:Tennessee Ernie Ford 1957.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Tennessee Ernie Ford]]]]-->
[[File:Jack Palance - 1954.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jack Palance]]]]
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Carlo D'Angelo]], Italian actor and voice actor (d. [[1973]])
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Janet Waldo]], American actress (d. [[2016]])
* [[February 5]]
** [[Red Buttons]], American actor (d. [[2006]])
** [[Andreas Papandreou]], [[Prime Minister of Greece]] (1981–89 and 1993–96) (d. [[1996]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Eva Gabor]], Hungarian actress (d. [[1995]])
* [[February 12]] 
** [[Forrest Tucker]], American actor (d. [[1986]])
** [[Ferruccio Valcareggi]], Italian football player and manager (d. [[2005]])
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]], American musician (d. [[1991]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Kathleen Freeman]], American film, television, voice and stage actress (d. [[2001]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Jack Palance]], American actor (d. [[2006]])
* [[February 20]] &ndash; [[Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani]], Iranian Marja (d. [[2022]])
* [[February 26]] 
** [[Rie Mastenbroek]], Dutch swimmer (d. [[2003]])
** [[Hyun Soong-jong]], 22nd Prime Minister of South Korea (d. [[2020]])

===March===
[[File:Jennifer Jones - Publicity.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Jennifer Jones]]]]
[[File:Nat King Cole (Gottlieb 01511).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Nat King Cole]]]]
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Jennifer Jones]], American film actress (d. [[2009]])
* [[March 3]]
** [[Peter Abrahams]], South African-born Jamaican novelist and journalist (d. [[2017]])
** [[Tadahito Mochinaga]], Japanese stop-motion animator (d. [[1999]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Peter Florjančič]], Slovenian inventor (d. [[2020]])
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[M. N. Nambiar]], Indian film actor (d. [[2008]])
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[Santiago Álvarez (filmmaker)|Santiago Álvarez]], Cuban filmmaker (d. [[1998]])
* [[March 11]] &ndash; [[Kira Golovko]], Russian actress (d. [[2017]])
* [[March 15]] 
**[[George Avakian]], Armenian-American record producer and music executive (d. [[2017]])
**[[Lawrence Tierney]], American actor (d. [[2002]])
* [[March 17]] 
** [[Nat King Cole]], African American singer (d. [[1965]])
** [[Mad Mike Hoare]], Indian-born British mercenary of Irish parentage (d. [[2020]])
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Abdullah Tariki]], Saudi politician and government official (d. [[1997]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Gerhard Barkhorn]], German World War II fighter ace (d. [[1983]])
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]], American poet and publisher (d. [[2021]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/lawrence-ferlinghetti-dead/2021/02/23/37b2a134-edd5-11df-abf5-a1622994c5f5_story.html |title=Lawrence Ferlinghetti, literary citadel of San Francisco, dies at 101 |date=February 23, 2021 |last=Brown |first=Emma |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>

===April===
[[File:Ian Smith 1950s.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Ian Smith]]]]
[[File:Madalyn Murray O'Hair.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]]]]
* [[April 1]]
** [[Joseph Murray]], American surgeon, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2012]])
** [[Jeannie Rousseau]], French Allied intelligence agent (d. [[2017]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Lester James Peries]], Sri Lankan director, screenwriter and producer (d. [[2018]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Ian Smith]], [[Prime Minister of Rhodesia]] (1967–79) (d. [[2007]])<ref>{{cite news
|title=Ian Smith|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1569986/Ian-Smith.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1569986/Ian-Smith.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|journal=The Daily Telegraph
|location=London|date=21 November 2007|access-date=26 April 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Howard Keel]], American singer and actor (d. [[2004]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Ginny Billings|title=The Billings Rollography: Pianists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2k5AQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Rock Soup|page=184}}</ref>
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Esther Afua Ocloo]], Ghanaian entrepreneur, pioneer of microlending (d. [[2002]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Kojo T. Vieta|title=The Flagbearers of Ghana: Profiles of One Hundred Distinguished Ghanaians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw0OAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Ena Publications|isbn=978-9988-0-0138-4|page=283}}</ref>
* [[April 19]] &ndash; [[Gloria Marín]], Mexican actress (d. [[1983]])
* [[April 21]] 
** [[André Bettencourt]], French politician (d. [[2007]])
** [[Licio Gelli]], Italian financer (d. [[2015]])<ref>{{cite book|author=David Yallop|title=In God's Name|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQYuAAAAYAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Corgi|isbn=978-0-552-12640-3|page=129}}</ref>
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Donald J. Cram]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2001]])
* [[April 24]]
** [[Glafcos Clerides]], Cypriot president (1993–2003) (d. [[2013]])
** [[César Manrique]], Spanish artist, sculptor, architect and activist (d. [[1992]])

===May===
[[File:Pete Seeger NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pete Seeger]]]]
[[File:Liberace 8 Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Liberace]]]]
[[File:Antonio Aguilar in The Undefeated.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Antonio Aguilar]]]]
<!--[[File:Margot Fonteyn - 1960s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Margot Fonteyn]]]]-->
<!--[[File:Paul Vanden Boeynants 1966.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Vanden Boeynants]]]]-->
[[File:Evita color.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Eva Perón]]]]
* [[May 1]]
** [[Manna Dey]], Indian playback singer (d. [[2013]])
** [[Mohammed Karim Lamrani]], [[Prime Minister of Morocco]] (d. [[2018]])
** [[Dan O'Herlihy]], Irish film actor (d. [[2005]])
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Pete Seeger]], American folk singer and musician (d. [[2014]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Will Schmid|title=A Tribute to Woody Guthrie & Leadbelly: Student Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNxrFh4ZRtIC&pg=PA28|year=1991|publisher=R&L Education|isbn=978-0-940796-84-3|pages=28}}</ref>
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Georgios Papadopoulos]], President of Greece and Prime Minister of Greece (d. [[1999]])
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Eva Perón]], wife of Argentine President [[Juan Perón]] (d. [[1952]])
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Lex Barker]], American actor (d. [[1973]])
* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Robert Mellard]], American US Army soldier (d. [[1976]])
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Eugenia Charles]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Dominica]] (d. [[2005]])
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Liberace]], American pianist, singer and actor (d. [[1987]])
* [[May 17]]
** [[Antonio Aguilar]], Mexican singer and actor (d. [[2007]])
** [[José María Querejeta]], Spanish footballer (d. [[1989]])
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Margot Fonteyn]], English ballet dancer (d. [[1991]])
* [[May 19]]
** [[Arvid Andersson (weightlifter)|Arvid Andersson]], Swedish weightlifter (d. [[2011]])
** [[Mitja Ribičič]], Slovene politician, 25th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (d. [[2013]])
* [[May 21]] 
** [[Vera Altayskaya]], Soviet actress (d. [[1978]])
** [[Atmasthananda]], Indian Hindu leader (d. [[2017]])
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]], 2-time Prime Minister of Belgium (d. [[2001]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Harris M. Lentz|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-26490-2|pages=82}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Betty Garrett]], American actress and dancer (d. [[2011]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul T. Hellmann|title=Historical Gazetteer of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&pg=PA639|date=14 February 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-94859-3|pages=639}}</ref>
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Raymond Smullyan]], American mathematician, logician and philosopher (d. [[2017]])<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Smullyan.html |title=Smullyan biography|publisher=School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, [[University of St Andrews]]|author=J J O'Connor and E F Robertson|date=April 2002|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref>
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[René Barrientos]], 47th [[President of Bolivia]] (d. [[1969]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSJbQIjHTwUC|year=1998|publisher=Gale Research|isbn=978-0-7876-2542-9|page=22}}</ref>

===June===
<!--[[File:Veikko Huhtanen.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Veikko Huhtanen]]]]-->
[[File:Peter Carington 1984.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Peter Carington]]]]
<!--[[File:Le jeun Mohamed Boudiaf.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mohamed Boudiaf]]]]-->
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Veikko Huhtanen]], Finnish artistic gymnast (d. [[1976]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Erich Kamper|title=Encyclopedia of the Olympic Games|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1972|isbn=9780070332652|page=321}}</ref>
* [[June 8]] &ndash; [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]], 2nd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Somalia (d. [[1969]])
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Ahmed Abdallah]], [[President of the Comoros]] (d. [[1989]])
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[V. T. Sambanthan]], Malaysian politician (d. [[1979]])
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Pál Fábry]], Hungarian politician (d. [[2018]]) 
* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Tsilla Chelton]], French actress (d. [[2012]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Tsilla Chelton obituary |date=2012-07-22 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004145918/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jul/22/tsilla-chelton |archive-date=2022-10-04 |url-status=live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jul/22/tsilla-chelton}}</ref> 
* [[June 23]]
** [[Mohamed Boudiaf]], 4th President of Algeria (d. [[1992]])
** [[Hermann Gmeiner]], Austrian educator (d. [[1986]])
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Amala Shankar]], Indian dancer (d. [[2020]])
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Slim Pickens]], American film and television actor (d. [[1983]])

===July===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-047-20, Walter Scheel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Walter Scheel]]]]
<!--[[File:Choi Kyu Ha.png|thumb|100px|[[Choi Kyu-hah]]]]-->
[[File:Edmund Hillary, c. 1953, autograph removed.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edmund Hillary]]]]
<!--[[File:Asadollah Alam (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Asadollah Alam]]]]-->
<!--[[File:James Lovelock, 2005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Lovelock]]]]-->
* [[July 1]] 
** [[Malik Dohan al-Hassan]], Iraqi politician (d. [[2021]])
** [[Mikhail Shultz]], Soviet and Russian physical chemist (d. [[2006]])
** [[Arnold Meri]], Estonian colonel (d. [[2009]])
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Gabriel Valdés]], Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat (d. [[2011]])
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Gerd Hagman]], Swedish actress (d. [[2011]])
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Walter Scheel]], [[President of Germany]] (d. [[2016]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Adrian Webb|title=Longman Companion to Germany Since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoqwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282|date=9 September 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-88424-8|pages=282}}</ref>
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Pierre Gamarra]], French poet, novelist and literary critic (d. [[2009]])<ref>{{cite book|editor=Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia|publisher=Macmillan|year=1973|page=69}}</ref>
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Grisha Filipov]], leading member of the Bulgarian communist party (d. [[1994]])
* [[July 14]]
** [[Lino Ventura]], Italian actor (d. [[1987]])<ref>{{cite book|author=James Monaco|title=The Encyclopedia of Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqcYAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA11-PA2011-IA6|year=1991|publisher=Perigee Books|isbn=978-0-399-51604-7|pages=11}}</ref>
** [[K. R. Gouri Amma]], Indian politician (d. [[2021]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-iron-lady-in-politics-kr-gouri-amma-passes-away/articleshow/82541185.cms|title='Iron Lady' in Kerala politics KR Gouri Amma passes away|date=May 11, 2021|author=B S Anilkumar|website=Times of India|access-date=December 18, 2023}}</ref>
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Iris Murdoch]], British novelist and philosopher (d. [[1999]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter J. Conradi|title=Iris Murdoch, A Writer at War: Letters and Diaries, 1939-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PapgQvjabFUC&pg=PT7|date=23 April 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983194-4|pages=7}}</ref>
* [[July 16]]
** [[Choi Kyu-hah]], 19th [[Prime Minister of South Korea]] and 4th [[President of South Korea]] (d. [[2006]])
** [[Hermine Braunsteiner]], Austrian SS officer (d. [[1999]])
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Lilia Dale]], Italian actress (d. [[1991]])
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Patricia Medina]], English-born actress (d. [[2012]])
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Edmund Hillary|Sir Edmund Hillary]], New Zealand mountaineer, conqueror of Mount Everest (d. [[2008]])<ref>{{cite journal |title= Obituary: Sir Edmund Hillary |journal= The Telegraph |date= 11 January 2008 |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1575208/Sir-Edmund-Hillary.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1575208/Sir-Edmund-Hillary.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date= 19 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[July 24]] 
** [[Asadollah Alam]], Iranian politician, 40th [[Prime Minister of Iran]] (d. [[1978]])
** [[Ferdinand Kübler]], Swiss racing cyclist (d. [[2016]])
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[James Lovelock]], English biologist and chemist (d. [[2022]])
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Primo Levi]], Italian chemist and writer (d. [[1987]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Mirna Cicioni|title=Primo Levi: Bridges of Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ttUz2oMLNkC&pg=PA1|date=1 December 1995|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-85973-058-4|pages=1}}</ref>

===August===
<!--[[File:Dino de laurentiis crop.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Dino De Laurentiis]]]]-->
[[File:Joop den Uyl 1975.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Joop den Uyl]]]]
<!--[[File:George C Wallace.jpg|thumb|100px|[[George Wallace]]]]-->
<!--[[File:Kitty Wells.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kitty Wells]]]]-->
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Nehemiah Persoff]], Israeli-American character actor (d. [[2022]])
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Michel Déon]], French writer (d. [[2016]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Authors|publisher=Gale / Cengage Learning|year=1979|page=128}}</ref>
* [[August 8]]
** [[Dino De Laurentiis]], Italian film producer (d. [[2010]])
** [[Hau Pei-tsun]], Premier of the Republic of China (d. [[2020]])
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Joop den Uyl]], Dutch politician, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] from 1973 to 1977 (d. [[1987]])
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Ginette Neveu]], French violinist (d. [[1949]])
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Margaret Burbidge]], English-American astrophysicist and academic (d. [[2020]])
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[George Shearing]], Anglo-American jazz pianist (d. [[2011]])
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Dina Wadia]], Indian political figure (d. [[2017]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Adamantios Androutsopoulos]], Prime Minister of Greece (d. [[2000]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy]], 31st President of Ecuador (d. [[2004]])
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[George Wallace]], American politician, 45th [[Governor of Alabama]] (d. [[1998]])
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Godfrey Hounsfield]], English electrical engineer and inventor, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2004]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adrian M.K. Thomas|author2=Arpan K. Banerjee|author3=Uwe Busch|title=Classic Papers in Modern Diagnostic Radiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgezC3Osm8QC&pg=PA30|date=5 December 2005|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-26988-5|pages=30}}</ref>
* [[August 30]]
** [[Maurice Hilleman]], American microbiologist and vaccinologist (d. [[2005]])
** [[Joachim Rønneberg]], Norwegian war veteran (d. [[2018]])
** [[Wolfgang Wagner]], German opera director (d. [[2010]])
** [[Kitty Wells]], American country music singer (d. [[2012]])
* [[August 31]] &ndash; [[Amrita Pritam]], Indian poet and author (d. [[2005]])

===September===
<!--[[File:Marge Champion.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Marge Champion]]]]-->
<!--[[File:Mary Midgley.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Mary Midgley]]]]-->
<!--[[File:Jayne Meadows.JPG|100px|thumb|[[Jayne Meadows]]]]-->
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Marge Champion]], American actress (d. [[2020]])
* [[September 8]] 
** [[Maria Lassnig]], Austrian painter (d. [[2014]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/maria-lassnig/|title=Maria Lassnig &#124; artnet|website=www.artnet.com}}</ref>
** [[Meda Mládková]], Czech art collector (d. [[2022]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/meda-mladkova-czech-collector-dead-1234627411/|title=Meda Mládková, Leading Czech Collector Whose Passion for Art Ran Deep, Dies at 102|first1=Alex|last1=Greenberger|date=May 3, 2022}}</ref>
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Ota Šik]], Czech economist and politician (d. [[2004]])
* [[September 13]] 
** [[Olle Anderberg]], Swedish wrestler (d. [[2003]])
** [[Mary Midgley]], English philosopher (d. [[2018]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Motyka |first1=John |title=Mary Midgley, 99, Moral Philosopher for the General Reader, Is Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/obituaries/mary-midgley-dead.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=16 October 2018 |date=15 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Fausto Coppi]], Italian cyclist (d. [[1960]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Pál Losonczi]], Hungarian politician (d. [[2005]])
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Earl R. Fox]], U.S. Navy and Coast Guard veteran (d. [[2012]])
* [[September 21]] 
** [[Mario Bunge]], Argentine philosopher and physicist (d. [[2020]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Mario Bunge: A Centenary Festschrift|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2019|isbn=9783030166731|page=1}}</ref>
** [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]], Pakistani Islamic scholar (d. [[1988]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Matilde Camus]], Spanish poet and researcher (d. [[2012]])
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[James H. Wilkinson]], English mathematician (d. [[1986]])
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Margot Hielscher]], German singer and film actress (d. [[2017]])

===October===
<!--[[File:James Buchanan by Atlas network.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James M. Buchanan]]]]-->
<!--[[File:Donald Pleasence in Eye of the Devil trailer 1.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Donald Pleasence]]]]-->
[[File:Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 1975 (UPI press photo) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre Trudeau]]]]
<!--[[File:Doris lessing 20060312 (jha).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Doris Lessing]]]]-->
[[File:Shah fullsize.jpg|100px|thumb|Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]]]
* [[October 3]] &ndash; [[James M. Buchanan]], American economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2013]])
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Donald Pleasence]], English actor (d. [[1995]])
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Zelman Cowen]], [[Governor-General of Australia]] (d. [[2011]])
* [[October 8]] &ndash; [[Kiichi Miyazawa]], 49th Prime Minister of Japan (d. [[2007]])
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Art Blakey]], American jazz drummer (d. [[1990]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Frederick J. Spencer|title=Jazz and Death: Medical Profiles of Jazz Greats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cBdIjRU08IC&pg=PA14|year=2002|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-453-3|pages=14}}</ref>
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Edward L. Feightner]], United States Navy officer (d. [[2020]])<ref>{{cite web | title = Edward Lewis Feightner Obituary | url = https://www.yatesfuneralhomes.com/obituaries/Edward-Lewis-Feightner?obId=12593486 |access-date = April 3, 2020 |website=Yates Funeral Home |location = Hayden Lake, Idaho}}</ref>
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Kathleen Winsor]], American writer (d. [[2003]])
* [[October 17]] 
** [[Isaak Khalatnikov]], Ukrainian-Russian physicist and academic (d. [[2021]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/prominent-physicist-khalatnikov-involved-in-1136277.html|title=Prominent Physicist Khalatnikov, Involved In Building 1st Soviet Nuclear Weapon, Dies|website=UrduPoint}}</ref>
** [[Zhao Ziyang]], Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. [[2005]])
* [[October 18]]
** [[Anita O'Day]], American jazz singer (d. [[2006]])
** [[Pierre Trudeau]], 15th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. [[2000]])
*[[October 19]] - [[Orlando Drummond]], Brazilian stage, television, voice actor and film actor (d. [[2021]])

* [[October 22]]
** [[Abdulrahim Abby Farah]], Somali diplomat and politician (d. [[2018]])
** [[Doris Lessing]], Persian-born English writer, winner of Nobel Prize in Literature (d. [[2013]])<ref>{{cite news |last=Stanford |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Stanford |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10467963/Doris-Lessing-A-mother-much-misunderstood.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10467963/Doris-Lessing-A-mother-much-misunderstood.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Doris Lessing: A mother much misunderstood |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=8 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[October 23]] &ndash; [[Manolis Andronikos]], Greek archaeologist (d. [[1992]])<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eugene N. Borza|title=Manolis Andronikos, 1919–1992|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|issue=4|date=October 1992|volume=96 |pages=757–758|doi=10.1086/AJS505193 }}</ref>
* [[October 26]]
** [[Ashraf Pahlavi|Princess Ashraf of Iran]] (d. [[2016]])
** [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], [[Shah of Iran]] (d. [[1980]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi {{!}} Biography, History, & White Revolution |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Reza-Shah-Pahlavi |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=27 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Stane Kavčič]], [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]] (d. [[1987]])
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Tong Siv Eng]], Cambodian politician (d. [[2001]])

===November===
[[File:Martin Balsam Film Still.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martin Balsam]]]]
<!--[[File:Alan Young circa 1944.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Alan Young]]]]-->
[[File:Ryszard Kaczorowski 2008.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Ryszard Kaczorowski]]]]
<!--[[File:Keith Miller 1951.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Keith Miller]]]]-->
* [[November 1]] 
** [[Hermann Bondi]], British-Austrian mathematician and cosmologist (d. [[2005]]) 
** [[Russell Bannock]], Canadian fighter ace (d. [[2020]])
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[Martin Balsam]], American actor (d. [[1996]])<ref name="Hellmann2006"/>
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen]], Portuguese poet and writer (d. [[2004]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/figuras/smellobreyner.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430155251/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/figuras/smellobreyner.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-04-30|title=Figuras da Cultura Portuguesa|date=2008-04-30|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Eva Todor]], Hungarian-born Brazilian actress (d. [[2017]])
* [[November 10]] 
** [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]], Russian firearms inventor (d. [[2013]])
** [[Moïse Tshombe]], Congolese businessman and politician (d. [[1969]])
* [[November 18]]
** [[Andrée Borrel]], French World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])
** [[Jocelyn Brando]], American actress and writer (d. [[2005]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Lolita Lebrón]], Puerto Rican nationalist (d. [[2010]])
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Gert Fredriksson]], Swedish canoer (d. [[2006]])
* [[November 26]]
** [[Ryszard Kaczorowski]], President of Poland (d. [[2010]])
** [[Frederik Pohl]], American science fiction writer (d. [[2013]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Barnett |first=David |title=Frederik Pohl, grandmaster of science fiction, dies aged 93 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/sep/03/frederick-pohl-dies-science-fiction |date=September 3, 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=September 3, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Keith Miller]], Australian sportsman and Air force pilot (d. [[2004]])

===December===
<!--[[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg|thumb|100px|[[I. K. Gujral]]]]-->
[[File:William n lipscomb jr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Lipscomb]]]]
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[I. K. Gujral]], Indian politician, Prime Minister of India (d. [[2012]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Paul de Man]], Belgian-born literary critic (d. [[1983]])<ref>{{cite book | last = McQuillan | first = Martin | title = Paul de Man | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780415215138 | page=3}}</ref>
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Mieczysław Weinberg]], Polish composer (d. [[1996]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[William Lipscomb]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2011]])
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Paavo Aaltonen]], Finnish gymnast (d. [[1962]])
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Hans-Joachim Marseille]], German World War II fighter ace (d. [[1942]])
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Pierre Soulages]], French artist (d. [[2022]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Le peintre Pierre Soulages est mort |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2022/10/26/le-peintre-pierre-soulages-est-mort_6147426_3382.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |publisher=Le Monde |date=26 October 2022}}</ref>

==Deaths==

===January===
[[File:T Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Theodore Roosevelt]]]]
[[File:The Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier Photo C (HS85-10-16873).jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Wilfrid Laurier]]]]
[[File:PH nhi melchora aquino.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Melchora Aquino]]]]
[[File:Свердлов Яков Михайлович.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yakov Sverdlov]]]]
<!--[[File:Убеншвуаншвышь.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hermann Emil Fischer]]]]-->
<!--[[File:Andrew Carnegie, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing slightly left, 1913.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Andrew Carnegie]]]]-->
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Georg von Hertling]], 7th [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1843]])<ref>{{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Hertling, Georg, Count von}}</ref>
* [[January 6]]
** [[Max Heindel]], Christian occultist, astrologer and mystic (b. [[1865]])
** [[Theodore Roosevelt]], 26th [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1858]])
** [[Jacques Vaché]], French writer, associated with [[Surrealism]] (b. [[1895]])
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Peter Altenberg]], Austrian writer (b. [[1859]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/altenberg-peter-1859-1919|title=Altenberg, Peter|author=David Kim|website=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Wallace Clement Sabine]], American physicist (b. [[1868]])
* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Charles Wyndham (actor)|Sir Charles Wyndham]], English actor and theatrical manager; [[Spanish flu]] (b. [[1837]])<ref>''Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford 1912–1921, pp. 597-98</ref>
* [[January 15]]
** [[Karl Liebknecht]], German communist politician; assassinated (b. [[1871]])<ref name="CareyGriffiths1984">{{cite book|author1=Frances Carey|author2=Antony Griffiths|author3=British Museum. Department of Prints and Drawings|title=The Print in Germany, 1880-1933: The Age of Expressionism : Prints from the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnzWAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum|isbn=978-0-7141-1621-1|page=73}}</ref>
** [[Rosa Luxemburg]], German communist politician; [[assassinated]] (b. [[1871]])<ref name="CareyGriffiths1984"/>
* [[January 16]]  
** [[Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves]], Brazilian politician, 5th [[President of Brazil]]; [[Spanish flu]] (b. [[1848]])
** [[Ismail Qemali|Ismail Kemal]], Albanian politician, 1st [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1844]])
* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[Arichi Shinanojō]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1843]])
* [[January 18]]
** [[Prince John of the United Kingdom]]; [[epilepsy]] (b. [[1905]])
** [[Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria]] (b. [[1842]])
* [[January 21]] 
** [[Gojong of Korea|Gojong]], first [[Emperor of Korea]] (b. [[1852]])
** [[Alexis, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt]] (b. [[1881]])
* [[January 22]] &ndash; [[Carl Larsson]], Swedish painter (b. [[1853]])
* [[January 27]] 
** [[Endre Ady]], Hungarian poet (b. [[1877]])
** [[Nikolai Iudovich Ivanov]], Russian general (b. [[1851]])
* [[January 28]] 
** [[Franz Mehring]], German communist politician (b. [[1846]])
** [[Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia]] (b. [[1860]])
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Nat Goodwin]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1857]])<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Goodwin, Nathaniel Carl}}</ref>

===February===
[[File:Augusta_Lundin_(1840-1919).jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Augusta Lundin]]]]
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Pál Luthár]], Slovene teacher, cantor and writer (b. [[1839]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Wilfrid Laurier|Sir Wilfrid Laurier]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1841]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Melchora Aquino]], Filipino revolutionary hero (b. [[1812]])
* [[February 20]]
** [[Habibullah Khan]], Emir of Afghanistan; assassinated (b. [[1872]])
** [[Augusta Lundin]], Swedish fashion designer (b. [[1840]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/SBL/Presentation.aspx?id=9861|title=Augusta Lundin|website=Svenskt biografiskt lexikon|author=Gunhild Engholm|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[February 21]] 
** [[Kurt Eisner]], German socialist revolutionary; assassinated (b. [[1867]])
** [[Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern (died 1919)|Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern]] (b. [[1868]])
** [[Mary Edwards Walker]], American physician (b. [[1832]])
* [[February 26]] – [[Mollie McNutt]], Australian poet (b. [[1885]])

===March===
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Ernest von Koerber]], Austrian politician, former Prime Minister (b. [[1850]])
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr]], American novelist (b. 1831)
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Yakov Sverdlov]], [[Bolshevik]] revolutionary and politician, [[Spanish flu]] (b. [[1885]])
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Ernest Henry (explorer)|Ernest Henry]], British explorer (b. [[1837]])

===April===
[[File:Emiliano Zapata.tiff|thumb|100px|[[Emiliano Zapata]]]]
* [[April 4]]
** [[William Crookes|Sir William Crookes]], English chemist and physicist (b. [[1832]])
** [[Francisco Marto]], Portuguese witness of Marian apparitions, canonized, [[Spanish flu]] (b. [[1908]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Harutiun Alpiar]], Ottoman Armenian journalist and humorous writer (b. [[1864]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Frank Winfield Woolworth]], American businessman (b. [[1852]])
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew|Sidney Drew]], American stage and film actor (b. [[1863]])
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Emiliano Zapata]], Mexican revolutionary, assassinated (b. [[1879]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Auguste-Réal Angers]], Canadian judge and politician, 6th [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]] (b. 1837)
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Jane Delano]], American nurse, founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service (b. [[1862]])
* [[April 19]] &ndash; [[Andrei Eberhardt]], Russian admiral (b. [[1856]])
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Thomas Egan (gangster)|Thomas Egan]], American gangster (b. [[1874]])
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Jules Védrines]], French pre-war aviator and World War I pilot, aviation accident (b. [[1881]])
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Prince Tsunehisa Takeda]], member of the Japanese imperial family, [[Spanish flu]] (b. [[1882]])
* [[April 27]] 
** [[María Antonia Bandrés Elósegui]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1898]])
** [[Anton Irv]], Estonian military officer (b. [[1886]])

===May===
[[File:Milan Rastislav Štefánik.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Milan Rastislav Štefánik]]]]
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Gustav Landauer]], German anarchist, assassinated (b. [[1870]])
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Milan Rastislav Štefánik]], Slovak general, politician and astronomer (b. [[1880]])
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[L. Frank Baum]], American author, poet, playwright, actor and independent filmmaker (''The Wizard of Oz'') (b. [[1856]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greasley |first1=Philip A. |title=Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume 1: The Authors |date=30 May 2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-10841-8 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnuYKJSoHCMC&pg=PA53 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra]], Dominican political figure, twice [[President of the Dominican Republic]] (b. [[1846]])
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[D. M. Canright]], American Seventh-day Adventist minister and author, later one of the church's severest critics (b. [[1840]])
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Henry J. Heinz]], American entrepreneur (b. [[1844]])
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Aaron Aaronsohn]], Romanian-born Israeli botanist (b. [[1876]])
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Victor Segalen]], French naval doctor, ethnographer, archeologist, writer, poet, explorer, art-theorist, linguist and literary critic (b. [[1878]])
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Madam C. J. Walker]], African-American entrepreneur and philanthropist (b. [[1867]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1291389/cj-walker-obit/|title=CJ Walker Obit.|date=1919-05-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-22|pages=15}}</ref>
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Hermann von Spaun]], Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. [[1833]])

===June===
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Caroline Still Anderson]], American physician (b. [[1848]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Eugen Leviné]], German revolutionary, assassinated (b. [[1883]])
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Frederic Thompson]], American architect and showman (b. [[1873]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's who in the Theatre|publisher=Pitman|year=1967|page=1696}}</ref>
* [[June 7]] – [[Henning von Holtzendorff]], German admiral (b. [[1853]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |title=World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1851099658 |pages=767–768|author1-link=Spencer C. Tucker }}</ref>
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza]] (b. [[1879]])
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Petre P. Carp]], twice [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1837]])
* [[June 29]]
**[[José Gregorio Hernández]], Venezuelan physician, [[Roman Catholic]] venerable (b. [[1864]])
**[[Alexander Ragoza]], Russian general and Ukrainian politician, executed (b. [[1858]])
* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1842]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ray Eldon Hiebert|author2=Roselyn Hiebert|title=Atomic Pioneers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0wKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA33|year=1971|publisher=U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information|pages=33}}</ref>

===July===
[[File:Louis Botha.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Louis Botha]]]]
[[File:Vdelaplaza.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Victorino de la Plaza]]]]
[[File:Alfred Deakin crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Alfred Deakin]]]]
[[File:Pierre Auguste Renoir, uncropped image.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]]]
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Soennecken]], German entrepreneur, inventor of hole punch and ring binder (b. [[1848]])
* [[July 10]]
** [[Edward Abeles]], American actor (b. [[1869]])
** [[Jean Navarre]], French World War I fighter ace, aviation accident (b. [[1895]])
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Emil Fischer]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1852]])
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Raymonde de Laroche]], French aviator, first woman to receive an aviator's license, aviation accident (b. [[1882]])
* [[July 21]]
** [[Eremia Grigorescu]], Romanian general (b. [[1863]])
** [[Gustaf Retzius]], Swedish physician and anatomist (b. [[1842]])
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Edward Poynter|Sir Edward Poynter]], British painter (b. [[1836]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Charles Conrad Abbott]], American naturalist (b. [[1848]])

===August===
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Oscar Hammerstein I]], Polish-born theater impresario and composer (b. [[1847]])
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Tullo Morgagni]], Italian journalist, sports race organizer, and aviation enthusiast; killed in airplane crash (b. [[1881]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Il Genio nella Canere|url=http://www.psicoterapia.name/Omaggio%20Bifoli.pdf|website=psicoterapia.name|accessdate=18 March 2016|page=186|language=it|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327093251/http://www.psicoterapia.name/Omaggio%20Bifoli.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[August 9]]
** [[Ralph Albert Blakelock]], American romanticist painter (b. [[1847]])
** [[Ernst Haeckel]], German biologist, naturalist and philosopher (b. [[1834]])
** [[Ruggero Leoncavallo]], Italian composer (b. [[1857]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Kavanaugh|title=Music of the Great Composers: A Listener's Guide to the Best of Classical Music|publisher=Zondervan|year=1996|isbn=9780310208075|page=254}}</ref>
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Andrew Carnegie]], Scottish-born businessman and philanthropist (b. [[1835]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Andrew Carnegie: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/c/andrewcarnegie.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[August 23]] &ndash; [[Augustus George Vernon Harcourt]], English chemist (b. [[1834]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Naumann]], German politician and pastor (b. [[1860]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Louis Botha]], Boer general, statesman, 1st [[Prime Minister of South Africa]]; [[Spanish flu]] (b. [[1862]])

===September===
* [[September 20]] &ndash; [[Ramón Barros Luco]], 15th [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1835]])<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The South American|title=Death claims two of Peru's most illustrious sons|date=November 1919|volume=8-9|publisher=South American Publishing Company, Incorporated|page=18}}</ref>
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Alajos Gáspár]], Slovene writer in Hungary (b. [[1848]])
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Adelina Patti]], Italian opera singer (b. [[1843]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicolas Slonimsky|title=Music Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5PlAAAAMAAJ|year=1938|publisher=W.W. Norton, Incorporated|page=197}}</ref> 
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Venancio Antonio Morin]], Venezuelan military officer and politician (b. [[1843]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venancio Antonio Morin |url=https://www.venezuelatuya.com/biografias/venancio_antonio_morin.htm |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Venezuela Tuya |language=es}}</ref>
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Masataka Kawase]], a.k.a. Kogorō Ishikawa, Japanese political activist and diplomat (b. [[1840]])

===October===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Princess Charlotte of Prussia]], German royal (b. [[1850]])
* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[Victorino de la Plaza]], Argentinian politician, 18th [[President of Argentina]], leader (b. [[1840]])
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Ricardo Palma]], Peruvian writer (b. [[1833]])
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Alfred Deakin]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1856]])
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Karl Adolph Gjellerup]], Danish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1857]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor]], American financier and statesman (b. [[1848]])
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[John Cyril Porte]], Irish-born British [[flying boat]] pioneer, tuberculosis (b. [[1884]])

===November===
* [[November 3]] &ndash; [[Terauchi Masatake]], 9th Prime Minister of Japan (b. [[1852]])
* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Hugo Haase]], German Socialist politician and jurist  (b. [[1863]])
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Eduard Müller (Swiss politician)|Eduard Müller]], Swiss Federal Councillor (b. [[1848]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[Alfred Werner]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1866]])

===December===
* [[December 2]]
** [[Henry Clay Frick]], American industrialist (b. [[1849]])
** [[Evelyn Wood (British Army officer)|Sir Evelyn Wood]], British field marshal, Victoria Cross recipient (b. [[1838]])
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], French painter (b. [[1841]])
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Sentō Takenaka]], Japanese admiral (b. [[1864]])<ref name="Yokai">{{Cite web|title=仙頭武央 ～日本海海戦 対馬艦長～|url=http://bujinkensyokai.web.fc2.com/sentotakenaka.html|website=bujinkensyokai|access-date=September 4, 2022}}</ref>
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Feng Guozhang]], Chinese general (b. [[1859]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Julia Lermontova]], Russian chemist (b. [[1846]])
* [[December 19]]
** [[Alice Moore McComas]], American suffragist (b. [[1850]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Alice Stone Blackwell|title=The Woman Citizen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtYRAQAAMAAJ|year=1919|publisher=Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission|page=617}}</ref>
** [[Martin Savage (Irish republican)|Martin Savage]], [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Irish Republican Army]] commander; [[killed in action]] (b. [[1898]])
** [[John Alcock (RAF officer)|Sir John Alcock]], English aviator; pilot of first nonstop transatlantic flight in airplane, June 1919; killed aviation accident (b. [[1892]])
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Johannes Rydberg]], Swedish physicist (b. [[1854]])

==Nobel Prizes==
[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] &ndash; [[Johannes Stark]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] &ndash; not awarded
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] &ndash; [[Jules Bordet]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] &ndash; [[Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler]]
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] &ndash; [[Woodrow Wilson]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation|last=Phelan|first=Paula|year=2007|title=1919: Misfortune's End|publisher=ZAPmedia|ref=none}}

==Further reading==
* Klingaman, William K. ''1919, The Year Our World Began'' (1987) world perspective based on primary sources by a scholar.
* [https://archive.org/details/NewInternationalYearBookFor1919 ''New International Year Book 1919'' (1920)], Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 744pp

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{Events by month links}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1919}}
[[Category:1919| ]]