Editing 1910s

{{short description|Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1910–1919)}}

<imagemap>File:1910s montage.png|From left, clockwise: The '''[[Ford Model T]]''' is introduced and becomes widespread; The '''[[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking]]''' of the RMS ''[[Titanic]]'' causes the deaths of nearly 1,500 people and attracts global and historical attention; '''CONTEXT''': All the events below are part of '''[[World War I]]''' <small>(1914–1918)</small>; French Army lookout at his observation post in 1917; Russian troops awaiting a German attack; A ration party of the [[Royal Irish Rifles]] in a communication trench during the '''[[Battle of the Somme]]'''; [[Vladimir Lenin]] addresses a crowd in the midst of the '''[[Russian Revolution]]''', beginning in 1917; The '''[[Spanish flu|Spanish flu pandemic]]''' in 1918 kills tens of millions worldwide.|335px|thumb
rect 1 1 199 155 [[Ford Model T]]
rect 203 1 497 187 [[Sinking of the Titanic|Sinking of the ''Titanic'']]
rect 201 188 497 207 [[World War I]]
rect 1 159 199 297 [[Spanish flu]]
rect 203 208 341 365 [[Western Front (World War 1)]]
rect 346 207 497 367 [[Eastern Front (World War I)]]
rect 1 302 197 488 [[Russian Revolution]]
rect 203 370 497 488 [[Battle of the Somme]]
</imagemap>
{{Decadebox|191}}
The '''1910s''' (pronounced "nineteen-tens" often shortened to the "'''<nowiki/>'10s'''" or the "'''Tens'''") was the [[decade]] that began on January 1, 1910, and ended on December 31, 1919.

The 1910s represented the culmination of European [[militarism]] which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century. The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade, as well as the legacy of [[military alliance]]s, were forever changed by the June 28, 1914 [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]], the [[heir presumptive]] to the [[Austro-Hungarian]] throne. The archduke's murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, [[World War I]] broke out in Europe on August 1, 1914. The conflict dragged on until a [[ceasefire|truce]] was declared on November 11, 1918, leading to the controversial and one-sided [[Treaty of Versailles]], signed on June 28, 1919.

The war's end triggered the [[abdication]] of various [[Monarchy|monarchies]] and the collapse of four of the last modern empires of [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]], and [[Austria-Hungary]], with the latter splintered into <!--May 22, 2009. THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES INTENTIONALLY NOT LINKED; RATHER, PARENTHETICAL "see" at end of paragraph--> Austria, Hungary, southern Poland (who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia), Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Bessarabia.{{Efn|See {{Slink|Dissolution of Austria-Hungary|Successor states}} for better description of composition of names of successor countries following the splinter.}} However, each of these states (with the possible exception of Yugoslavia) had large German and Hungarian minorities, creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades.

The decade was also a period of revolution in many countries. The Portuguese [[5 October 1910 revolution]], which ended the eight-century-long monarchy, spearheaded the trend, followed by the [[Mexican Revolution]] in November 1910, which led to the ousting of [[dictator]] [[Porfirio Díaz]], developing into a violent [[civil war]] that dragged on until mid-1920, not long after a new [[Constitution of Mexico|Mexican Constitution]] was signed and ratified. The [[Russian Empire]] had a similar fate, since its participation in [[World War I]] led it to a social, political, and economical collapse which made the [[tsarist autocracy]] unsustainable and, succeeding the [[1905 Russian Revolution|events of 1905]], culminated in the [[Russian Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], under the direction of the Bolshevik Party, later renamed as the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]. The Russian Revolution of 1918, known as the [[October Revolution]], was followed by the [[Russian Civil War]], which dragged on until approximately late 1922. China saw 2,000 years of imperial rule ended with the [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]], becoming a nominal [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|republic]] until [[Yuan Shikai]]'s failed attempt to [[Empire of China (1915-1916)|restore]] the monarchy and his death started the [[Warlord Era]] in 1916.

[[File:Treaty of Versailles, English version.jpg|thumb|Treaty of Versailles]]
Much of the music in these years was [[ballroom]]-themed. Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors. [[Prohibition in the United States]] began January 16, 1919, with the [[ratification]] of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]]. [[Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1910s|Best-selling books of this decade]] include ''[[The Inside of the Cup]]'', ''[[Seventeen (Tarkington novel)|Seventeen]]'', ''[[Mr. Britling Sees It Through]]'', and ''[[The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (novel)|The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]].''

During the 1910s, the world population increased from 1.75 to 1.87 billion, with approximately 640 million births and 500 million deaths in total.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Politics and wars ==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1910s}}
[[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|750px|center|World map showing all [[empire]]s and [[colonies]] in 1914, just before [[World War I]].]]

=== Wars ===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
** The [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] of [[Austria-Hungary]] in [[Sarajevo]] leads to the outbreak of the First World War.
** The [[Armenian genocide]] during and just after World War I. It was characterized by the use of [[massacre]]s and [[deportation]]s involving [[death march|forced marches]] under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees, with the total number of Armenian deaths generally held to have been between one and one-and-a-half million.<ref>Dictionary of Genocide, by Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, {{ISBN|0-313-34642-9}}, p. 19</ref><ref>Intolerance: a general survey, by Lise Noël, Arnold Bennett, 1994, {{ISBN|0773511873}}, p. 101</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, by Richard T. Schaefer, 2008, p. 90</ref>
** The [[Arab Revolt]] was an armed uprising of [[Arabs]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]].
** [[Germany]] signs the [[Treaty of Versailles]] after losing the First World War.
* [[Wadai War]] (1909–1911)
* [[Italo-Turkish War]] (1911–1912)
* [[Balkan Wars]] (1912–1913) – two wars that took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913.
* [[Conquest of al-Hasa (1913)|Saudi-Ottoman War]] (1913)
* [[Latvian War of Independence]] (1918–1920) – a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR.

=== Internal conflicts ===
* The [[October Revolution]] in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] results in the overthrow of [[capitalism]] and the establishment of the world's first self-proclaimed [[socialist state]]; political upheaval in Russia culminating in the establishment of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] and the assassination of Emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] and the royal family.
* The [[Russian Revolution]] is the collective term for the series of revolutions in [[Russia]] in 1917, which destroyed the [[Tsarist autocracy]] and led to the creation of the [[Soviet Union]]. It led to the [[Russian Civil War]] and other conflicts such as the [[Finnish Civil War]], the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]] and the [[Polish–Soviet War]]. 
* The [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] (1919), at [[Amritsar]] in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]], sows the seeds of discontent and leads to the birth of the [[Indian independence movement]].
* The [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]] causes the overthrow of China's ruling [[Qing dynasty]], and the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The [[Warlord Era]] (1916–1928) began.
* The [[Mexican Revolution]] (1910–1920) [[Francisco I. Madero|Francsico Madero]] proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void and calls for an armed revolution at 6 p.m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of [[Porfirio Díaz]]. The revolution led to the ousting of Díaz (who ruled from 1876 to 1880 and since 1884) six months later. The revolution progressively became a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the [[Mexican Constitution of 1917]], but combat would persist for three more years.

=== Major political change ===
[[File:Lenin.gif|thumb|Vladimir Lenin, Leader of the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Revolution]]
* Portugal became the first republican country in the century after the [[5 October 1910 revolution]], ending its long-standing monarchy and creating the [[First Portuguese Republic]] in 1911.
* Germany abolished its monarchy and became under the rule of a new elected government called the [[Weimar Republic]].
* [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is passed, requiring US senators to be directly elected rather than appointed by the [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]].
* [[Federal Reserve Act]] is passed in 1913 by the [[United States Congress]], establishing a [[United States Federal Reserve|Central Bank]] in the US.
* On the death of [[Edward VII]], his son [[George V]] becomes King of the [[United Kingdom]] and the British Dominions, and [[Emperor of India]]. The [[Coronation of George V and Mary]] takes place on 22 June 1911.
* Dissolution of the [[German colonial empire]], [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and the [[Russian Empire]], reorganization of European states, territorial boundaries, and the creation of several new European states and territorial entities: [[Austria]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Free City of Danzig]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], [[Saar (League of Nations)|Saar]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Yugoslavia]].
* [[Fourteen Points]] as designed by [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] advocates the right of all nations to [[self-determination]].
* Rise to power of the [[Bolshevism|Bolsheviks]] in Russia under [[Vladimir Lenin]], creating the [[Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic]], the first state committed to the establishment of [[communism]].
* The [[Balfour Declaration]] was a declaration by the British Government that announced the British desire to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. This declaration has often been characterized as a betrayal of the Arabs and the agreement between the British and [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Sharif Hussein of Mecca]] in the [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence|McMahon-Hussein Correspondence]] which promised freedom to all Arab lands from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>"The Mcmahon Correspondence of 1915–16." ''Bulletin of International News'', vol. 16, no. 5, 1939, pp. 6–13. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|25642429}}. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023.</ref><ref>Sole, Kent M. "THE ARABS, A PEOPLE BETRAYED." ''Journal of Third World Studies'', vol. 2, no. 2, 1985, pp. 59–62. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|45197139}}. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=David |date=2022-10-30 |title=Revealed: TE Lawrence felt 'bitter shame' over UK's false promises of Arab self-rule|work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/30/revealed-te-lawrence-felt-bitter-shame-over-uks-false-promises-of-arab-self-rule |access-date=2023-11-08 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref>
* [[Zionism]] becomes more popular after the [[Balfour Declaration]].{{Where|date=November 2023}}

=== Decolonization and independence ===
* The [[Easter Rising]] against the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] in [[Ireland]] eventually leads to [[Irish Free State|Irish independence]].
* Several nations in [[Eastern Europe]] get their nation-state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires.
* The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was established on January 1, 1912.

=== Assassinations ===
{{multiple image
 |image1=Franz Ferdinand d'Este, Erzherzog.jpg|caption1=[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]|width1=128|image2=Nicolas_II_photographie_couleur.jpg|caption2=[[Nicholas II of Russia]]|width2=130
|align=right}}
Prominent assassinations include:
* March 18, 1913: [[George I of Greece]]
* June 11, 1913: [[Mahmud Şevket Pasha]], [[Grand Vizier]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]
* June 28, 1914: Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] of [[Austria-Hungary]] is [[Assassination of Franz Ferdinand|assassinated]] in [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina; prompting the events that led up to the start of [[World War I]].
* July 17, 1918: [[Murder of the Romanov family]], including former Russian Emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], his consort [[Alix of Hesse]], their five children, and four retainers at the [[Ipatiev House]] in [[Yekaterinburg]] following the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, and the usurpation of power by the [[Bolsheviks]].
* April 10, 1919: [[Emiliano Zapata]] in Mexico.
{{Clear}}

==Disasters==
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}
[[File:Stöwer Titanic (colorized).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sinking of the ''[[Titanic]]''.]]
[[File:Halifax Explosion blast cloud.jpg|thumb|Halifax Explosion]]
* The RMS ''[[Titanic]]'', a British [[ocean liner]] which was the largest and most luxurious ship at that time, struck an iceberg and sank two hours and 40 minutes later in the [[Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic|North Atlantic]] during its maiden voyage on April 15, 1912. 1,517 people perished in the disaster.
* On May 29, 1914, the British ocean liner [[RMS Empress of Ireland|RMS ''Empress of Ireland'']] collided in thick fog with the [[SS Storstad|SS ''Storstad'']], a Norwegian [[collier (ship)|collier]], near the mouth of [[St. Lawrence River|Saint Lawrence River]] in [[Canada]], sinking in 14 minutes. 1,012 people died.
* On May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']] was torpedoed by {{SMU|U-20|Germany|2}}, a German [[U-boat]], off the [[Old Head of Kinsale]] in Ireland, sinking in 18 minutes. 1,199 people died.
* On November 21, 1916, [[HMHS Britannic|HMHS ''Britannic'']] was holed in an explosion while passing through a channel that had been seeded with enemy mines and sank in 55 minutes.
* From 1918 through 1920, the [[Spanish flu]] killed from 17.4 to 100 million people worldwide.
* In 1916, the [[Netherlands]] was hit by a [[North Sea]] storm that flooded the lowlands and killed 19 people.
* From July 1 to July 12, 1916, a series of shark attacks, known as the [[Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916]], occurred along the Jersey Shore, killing four and injuring one.
* On January 11, 1914, [[Sakurajima]] erupted which resulted in the death of 35 people. In addition, the surrounding islands were consumed, and an [[isthmus]] was created between Sakurajima and the mainland.
* In 1917, the [[Halifax Explosion]] killed 2,000 people.
* In 1919, the [[Great Molasses Flood]] in Boston, Massachusetts killed 21 people and injured 150.
{{Clear}}

== Other significant international events ==
* The [[Panama Canal]] is completed in 1914.
* [[World War I]] from 1914 until 1918 dominates the Western world.
* [[Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham]] rediscovers [[Machu Picchu]] on July 24, 1911.

== Science and technology ==

=== Technology ===
[[Image:British Mark V-star Tank.jpg|thumb|right|British World War I [[Mark V tank]]]]
*
* In 1912, [[Articulated vehicle|articulated]] trams, were invented and first used by the [[Boston Elevated Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbta.com/about_the_mbta/history/?id=964|title=About the MBTA-The "El"|author=MBTA|year=2010|publisher=MBTA|access-date=8 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126204041/http://mbta.com/about_the_mbta/history/?id=964|archive-date=26 November 2010}}</ref>
* In 1913, the [[Haber process]] was first utilized on an industrial scale.<ref name="AmSci">{{Cite journal |last=Philip |first=Phylis Morrison |year=2001 |title=Fertile Minds (Book Review of ''Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production'') |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/from-fertile-minds |journal=American Scientist |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702093415/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/from-fertile-minds |archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>
* The [[Model T Ford]] dominated the [[automobile]] market, selling more than all other makers combined in 1914.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wheels for the world : Henry Ford, his company, and a Century of progress, 1903–2003|last=Brinkley|first=Douglas|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2004|isbn=9780142004395|oclc=796971541}}</ref>
* In 1916, [[Jan Czochralski]] invented the [[Czochralski process]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czochralski Process and Silicon Wafers |url=https://www.waferworld.com/post/czochralski-process-and-silicon-wafers |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.waferworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
* In 1917, [[Alexander M. Nicholson]] invented the [[crystal oscillator]] using a piece of [[Potassium sodium tartrate|Rochelle salt]].<ref name="Nicholson">Nicholson, Alexander M. ''Generating and transmitting electric currents'' {{US patent|2212845}}, filed April 10, 1918, granted August 27, 1940</ref>
* In 1919, [[Alice H. Parker|Alice Parker]] invented the first system of natural gas-powered central heating for homes
* [[Gideon Sundback]] patented the first modern [[zipper]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zipper : an Exploration in Novelty|last=Friedel|first=Robert D|publisher=Norton|year=1996|isbn=0393313654|location=New York|pages=94|oclc=757885297}}</ref>
* [[Harry Brearley]] invented [[stainless steel]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/01/31/301779222.pdf|title=A Non-Rusting Steel: Sheffield Invention Especially Good for Table Cutlery.|date=1914-01-31|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-11}}</ref>
* [[Charles Strite]] invented the first pop-up bread [[toaster]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bread-toaster|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1387670A/en?inventor=strite&assignee=Charles+P+Strite|website=Google Patents|access-date=30 January 2018|format=Patent #1,387,670 application filed May 29, 1919, granted August 16, 1921}}</ref>
* The [[tank|army tank]] was invented. [[Tanks in World War I]] were used by the [[British Army]], the [[French Army]] and the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-25109879|title=World War One: The tank's secret Lincoln origins|last=Watson|first=Greig|date=2014-02-24|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2017-05-11}}</ref>

=== Science ===
* In 1911, the [[cloud chamber]] was invented by [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1927/wilson/facts/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Victor Hess]]’s daring balloon experiments in 1912 led to the discovery of cosmic rays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victor Hess discovers cosmic rays {{!}} timeline.web.cern.ch |url=https://timeline.web.cern.ch/victor-hess-discovers-cosmic-rays-0 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=timeline.web.cern.ch}}</ref>
* In 1912, [[Alfred Wegener]] puts forward his theory of [[continental drift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demhardt |first=Imre |date=2012 |orig-year=1912 |title=Alfred Wegeners Hypothesis on Continental Drift and its Discussion in Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen |url=http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Polarforsch2005_1_3.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Polarforschung |volume=75 |pages=29–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004001150/http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Polarforsch2005_1_3.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-04}}</ref>
* In 1913, [[Niels Bohr]] introduced the [[Bohr model]] his revolutionary model of the atom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bohr Atomic Theory |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Bohr-model |access-date=13 March 2025 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

* In 1916, [[Albert Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/General_relativity.html|title=General relativity|last1=O'Conner|first1=J.J.|last2=Robertson|first2=E.F.|date=May 1996|website=st-andrews.ac.uk|publisher=University of St. Andrews|access-date=2017-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307231005/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/General_relativity/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[Noether's theorem|Noether's first theorem]] was proven by mathematician [[Emmy Noether]] in 1915 and was published in 1918
* [[Max von Laue]] discovers the [[diffraction]] of [[x-ray]]s by [[crystal]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/max-laue|title=Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Bestand: Biografie|date=2014-09-14|website=dhm.de|publisher=Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum|language=de|access-date=2017-05-11}}</ref>

== Economics ==
* In the years 1910 and 1911, there was a minor economic depression known as the [[Panic of 1910–1911]], which was followed by the enforcement of the [[Sherman Anti-Trust Act]].
* The outbreak of [[World War I]] caused the [[Financial crisis of 1914|Financial Crisis of 1914]], leading to the closure of the [[New York Stock Exchange]] for four months. U.S. Treasury Secretary William McAdoo implemented measures to stabilize the economy, marking the United States' transition from a debtor to a creditor nation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Silber |first=William L. |title=When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America's Monetary Supremacy |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-691-13876-3}}</ref>
* Following the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] in 1917, Russia experienced severe hyperinflation due to economic disarray and war. By 1924, three currency redenominations occurred, culminating in the introduction of the "gold ruble," stabilizing the economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Efremov |first=Steven |date=2012-08-15 |title=The Role of Inflation in Soviet History: Prices, Living Standards, and Political Change |url=https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1474/ |journal=Electronic Theses and Dissertations}}</ref>
* The United States emerged as a global economic power during World War I, benefiting from industrial expansion and increased consumerism. Wartime loans to Allied nations further strengthened its financial position.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brinkley |first=Douglas |title=Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress, 1903–2003 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2004}}</ref>
* The British government implemented extensive controls during World War I under the [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914|Defense of the Realm Act]], nationalizing key industries and introducing food rationing. Postwar economic challenges included high debt and unemployment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marwick |first=Arthur |title=The Deluge: British Society and the First World War |publisher=Bodley Head |year=1965}}</ref>
* Germany's wartime mobilization strained its economy, leading to shortages and inflation. The [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1919 imposed reparations that further destabilized its postwar economy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keynes |first=John Maynard |title=The Economic Consequences of the Peace |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |year=1919}}</ref>
* Italy faced significant economic challenges during World War I, including a 40% devaluation of its currency relative to the British pound. Allied intervention stabilized its currency in 1918.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sarti |first=Roland |year=2004 |title=Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present |journal=Facts on File Library of World History}}</ref>
* Japan experienced rapid industrialization during World War I, driven by increased demand for exports such as textiles and machinery. This period saw significant growth in heavy industries like steel and shipbuilding, concentrated in urban centers along the [[Taiheiyō Belt|Tōkaidō industrial belt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth |url=https://eh.net/encyclopedia/japanese-industrialization-and-economic-growth/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=eH.net}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
* [[Flying Squadron of America]] promotes [[temperance movement in the United States]].
* [[Edith Smith Davis]] edits the Temperance Educational Quarterly.
* The first U.S. [[feature film]], ''[[Oliver Twist (1912 American film)|Oliver Twist]]'', was released in 1912.
* The first [[mob film]], [[D. W. Griffith]]'s ''[[The Musketeers of Pig Alley]],'' was released in 1912.
* [[Hollywood, California]], replaces the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] as the center of the movie industry.
* The first [[Crossword|crossword puzzle]] was published 21 December 1913 appearing in ''The New York World'' newspaper.
* The comic strip ''[[Krazy Kat]]'' begins.
* [[Charlie Chaplin]] débuts his trademark mustached, baggy-pants "[[The Tramp|Little Tramp]]" character in ''[[Kid Auto Races at Venice]]'' in 1914.
* The first [[African American]] owned studio, the [[Lincoln Motion Picture Company]], was founded in 1917.
* The four [[Warner Bros.|Warner brothers]], (from older to younger) [[Harry Warner|Harry]], [[Albert Warner|Albert]], [[Sam Warner|Samuel]], and [[Jack L. Warner|Jack]] opened their first major film studio in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]] in 1918.
* ''[[Tarzan of the Apes (1918 film)|Tarzan of the Apes]]'' starring [[Elmo Lincoln]] is released in 1918, the first [[Tarzan]] film.
* The first [[jazz]] music is recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band for Victor (#18255) in late February 1917.
* [[The Salvation Army]] has a new international leader, General [[Bramwell Booth]] who served from 1912 to 1929. He replaces his father and co-founder of the Christian Mission (the forerunner of the Salvation Army), [[William Booth]].

=== Sports ===
* [[1912 Summer Olympics]] were held in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]].
* [[1916 Summer Olympics]] were cancelled because of [[World War I]].

===Literature and arts===
{{See also|List of years in literature#1910s|Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1910s}}

Below are the best-selling books in the United States of each year, as determined by [[The Bookman (New York City)|''The Bookman'']], a New York-based literary journal (1910–1912) and ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' (1913 and beyond).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Annual Bestsellers, 1910–1919|url=http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/best10.cgi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016093451/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/best00.cgi|archive-date=2011-10-16}}</ref>
* 1910: ''[[The Rosary (novel)|The Rosary]]'' by [[Florence L. Barclay]]
* 1911: ''[[The Broad Highway]]'' by [[Jeffery Farnol]]
* 1912: ''The Harvester'' by [[Gene Stratton Porter]]
* 1913: ''[[The Inside of the Cup]]'' by [[Winston Churchill (novelist)|Winston Churchill]]
* 1914: ''[[The Eyes of the World (novel)|The Eyes of the World]]'' by [[Harold Bell Wright]]
* 1915: ''The Turmoil'' by [[Booth Tarkington]]
* 1916: ''[[Seventeen (Tarkington novel)|Seventeen]]'' by [[Booth Tarkington]]
* 1917: ''[[Mr. Britling Sees It Through]]'' by [[H. G. Wells]]
* 1918: ''The U.P. Trail'' by [[Zane Grey]]
* 1919: ''[[The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (novel)|The Four Horseman of the Apocalypse]]'' by [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez]]

===Visual Arts===
<gallery>
Image:Picasso Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler 1910.jpg|[[Pablo Picasso]], ''Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler,'' 1910, [[The Art Institute of Chicago]]. [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Georges Braque]] co-invent [[Cubism]], revolutionizing the art of painting and advancing the concepts of [[Modern art]] and [[Modernism]].
File:Atelier rouge matisse 1.jpg|[[Henri Matisse]], ''[[L'Atelier Rouge]]'', 1911, oil on canvas, 162 × 130&nbsp;cm., [[The Museum of Modern Art]], New York City
File:Duchamp Fountaine.jpg|[[Marcel Duchamp]], ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]],'' 1917, Duchamp introduces his ''Readymades'', as an example of [[Dada]] and [[Anti-art]]. Photograph by [[Alfred Stieglitz]]
Image:ArmoryShow poster.jpg|[[Armory Show]] poster, 1913, Internationally groundbreaking exhibition of [[Modern art]]
</gallery>
{{See also|Armory Show|History of painting}}
The 1913 [[Armory Show]] in [[New York City]] was a seminal event in the history of [[Modern Art]]. Innovative contemporaneous artists from Europe and the United States exhibited together in a massive group exhibition in New York City, and [[Chicago]].

====Art movements====
* [[Imagism]]

=====[[Cubism]] and related movements=====
* [[Proto-Cubism]]
* [[Crystal Cubism]]
* [[Orphism (art)|Orphism]]
* [[Section d'Or]]
* [[Synchromism]]
* [[Futurism]]

=====[[Expressionism]] and related movements=====
* [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]
* [[Blaue Reiter]]
* [[Die Brücke]]

=====[[Geometric abstraction]] and related movements=====
* [[Suprematism]]
* [[De Stijl]]
* [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]

=====Other movements and techniques=====
* [[Surrealism]]
* [[Dada]]
* [[Collage]]

===Influential artists===
* [[Pablo Picasso]]
* [[Georges Braque]]
* [[Henri Matisse]]
* [[Jean Metzinger]]
* [[Marcel Duchamp]]
* [[Wassily Kandinsky]]
* [[Albert Gleizes]]
* [[Kasimir Malevich]]
* [[Giorgio de Chirico]]
* [[Robert Frost]]

== People ==
===Business===
[[File:Henry ford 1919.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry Ford]]]]
* [[Arnold Rothstein]], gangster, gambler, fixed the [[1919 World Series]]
* [[Henry Ford]], founder of the [[Ford Motor Company]]

===Inventors===
* [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Electrical engineer|electrical]] and [[mechanical engineer]]

===Politics===
* [[John Barrett (diplomat)|John Barrett]], Director-general [[Organization of American States]]
* [[George Louis Beer]], Chairman [[Permanent Mandates Commission]]
* [[Henry P. Davison]], Chairman [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]]
* Sir [[James Eric Drummond]], Secretary-general [[League of Nations]]
* [[Emil Frey]], Director [[International Telecommunication Union]]
* [[Christian Louis Lange]], Secretary-general [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]
* Baron Louis Paul Marie Hubert Michiels van Verduynen, Secretary-general [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]]
* William E. Rappard,<!-- Seek wikilink; article at [[William Rappard]] does not discuss Red Cross --> Secretary-general International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
* [[Manfred von Richthofen]], alias the "Red Baron", fighter pilot
* [[Eugène Ruffy]], Director [[Universal Postal Union]]
* [[William Napier Shaw]], President [[World Meteorological Organization]]
* [[Albert Thomas (minister)|Albert Thomas]], Director [[International Labour Organization]]
* [[Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev]], Chairman of the [[Executive Committee of the Communist International]]

===Authors===
* [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]
* [[James Joyce]]

===Entertainers===
[[File:Charlie Chaplin with doll.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charlie Chaplin]]]]
[[File:Lillian Gish-edit1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lillian Gish]]]]
[[File:Mary Pickford cph.3c17995u.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mary Pickford]]]]
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Fatty Arbuckle]]
* [[Theda Bara]]
* [[Richard Barthelmess]]
* [[Béla Bartók]]
* [[Irving Berlin]]
* [[Eubie Blake]]
* [[Shelton Brooks]]
* [[Lew Brown]]
* [[Tom Brown (trombonist)|Tom Brown]]
* [[Anne Caldwell]]
* [[Eddie Cantor]]
* [[Enrico Caruso]]
* [[Charlie Chaplin]]
* [[Lon Chaney, Sr.|Lon Chaney]]
* [[George M. Cohan]]
* [[Henry Creamer]]
* [[Bebe Daniels]]
* [[Cecil B. DeMille]]
* [[Buddy De Sylva]]
* [[Walter Donaldson (songwriter)|Walter Donaldson]]
* [[Marie Dressler]]
* [[Eddie Edwards (musician)|Eddie Edwards]]
* [[Gus Edwards (vaudeville)|Gus Edwards]]
* [[Douglas Fairbanks]]
* [[Fred Fisher]]
* [[John Ford (film director)|John Ford]]
* [[Eddie Foy Sr.|Eddie Foy]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[Beniamino Gigli]]
* [[Dorothy Gish]]
* [[Lillian Gish]]
* [[Samuel Goldwyn]]
* [[D. W. Griffith]]
* [[W. C. Handy]]
* [[Otto Harbach]]
* [[Lorenz Hart]]
* [[Victor Herbert]]
* [[Harry Houdini]]
* [[Charles Ives]]
* [[Tony Jackson (jazz musician)|Tony Jackson]]
* [[Emil Jannings]]
* [[William Jerome]]
* [[Al Jolson]]
* [[Gus Kahn]]
* [[Gustave Kahn]]
* [[Buster Keaton]]
* [[Jerome David Kern]]
* [[Ring Lardner]]
* [[Nick LaRocca]]
* [[Harry Lauder]]
* [[Florence Lawrence]]
* [[Ted Lewis (musician)|Ted Lewis]]
* [[Harold Lloyd]]
* [[Charles McCarron]]
* [[Joseph McCarthy (composer)|Joseph McCarthy]]
* [[Winsor McCay]]
* [[Oscar Micheaux]]
* [[Mae Murray]]
* [[Alla Nazimova]]
* [[Pola Negri]]
* [[Anna Q. Nilsson]]
* [[Mabel Normand]]
* [[Ivor Novello]]
* [[Alcide Nunez]]
* [[Geoffrey O'Hara]]
* [[Sidney Olcott]]
* [[Jack Pickford]]
* [[Mary Pickford]]
* [[Armand J. Piron]]
* [[Cole Porter]]
* [[American Quartet (ensemble)|American Quartet]]
* [[Richard Rodgers]]
* [[Sigmund Romberg]]
* [[Jean Schwartz]]
* [[Mack Sennett]]
* [[Larry Shields]]
* [[Chris Smith (composer)|Chris Smith]]
* [[Erich von Stroheim]]
* [[Arthur Sullivan]]
* [[Gloria Swanson]]
* [[Wilber Sweatman]]
* [[Blanche Sweet]]
* [[Albert Von Tilzer]]
* [[Harry Von Tilzer]]
* [[Musicians of the Titanic]]
* [[Sophie Tucker]]
* [[Pete Wendling]]
* [[Pearl White]]
* [[Bert Williams]]
* [[Clarence Williams (musician)|Clarence Williams]]
* [[Harry Williams (songwriter)|Harry Williams]]
* [[Spencer Williams]]
* [[P. G. Wodehouse]]
{{Div col end}}

===Sports figures===
{{Globalize|section|US|date=November 2023}}

====Baseball====
[[File:Babe Ruth by Paul Thompson, 1915.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Babe Ruth]], 1915]]
{{See also|History of baseball in the United States}}
* [[Babe Ruth]], (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Honus Wagner]], (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Christy Mathewson]], (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Walter Johnson]], (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Ty Cobb]], (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Tris Speaker]], (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Nap Lajoie]], (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Eddie Collins]], (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Mordecai Brown]], (American [[baseball]] player)

====Olympics====
{{See also|Art competitions at the Summer Olympics}}
* [[Jim Thorpe]]

====Boxing====
* [[Jack Dempsey]]
* [[Jess Willard]]

== See also ==
* [[List of decades, centuries, and millennia|List of decades]]
* [[Edwardian era|Edwardian Era]] (commonly extended into the decade's early years).
* [[Progressive Era]] (up until late into the decade).
* [[List of years in literature#1910s|1910s in literature]]
* [[Lost Generation]] (the decade when the majority of the WWI vets came of age).
* [[Interbellum Generation]] (when the oldest members of that demographic had matured in the decade's [[1919|final year]]).

=== Timeline ===
The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

[[1910]] • [[1911]] • [[1912]] • [[1913]] • [[1914]] • [[1915]] • [[1916]] • [[1917]] • [[1918]] • [[1919]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
* Blanke, David. ''The 1910s'' (Greenwood, 2002); popular culture in USA [https://archive.org/details/1910s0000blan online].
* Craats, Rennay. ''1910s'' (2012) for Canadian middle schools [https://archive.org/details/1910s0000craa online]
* {{cite book |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000527027 |title= Britannica Year-book 1913 |pages= 1 v |year= 1913 |last1= Chisholm |first1= Hugh }} (worldwide coverage for 1910–1912)
* Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. ''Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present'' (2020) [https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting free download]; advanced coverage of major countries.
* Sharman, Margaret. ''1910s'' (1991) European history for middle schools. [https://archive.org/details/1910s0000shar_m4e4 online]
* Uschan, Michael V. ''The 1910s'' (1999) a cultural history of USA, for secondary schools. [https://archive.org/details/1910s0000usch_u7m7 online]
* Whalan, Mark. ''American Culture in the 1910s'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2010).

{{Events by month links}}
{{20th century}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1910s| ]]
[[Category:20th century]]