Editing 1904 United States presidential election

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}{{for|related races|1904 United States elections}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1904 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| flag_year = 1896
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1900 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 1900
| next_election = 1908 United States presidential election
| next_year = 1908
| votes_for_election = 476 members of the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]
| needed_votes = 239 electoral
| turnout = 65.5%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present|title=National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present|work=United States Election Project|publisher=[[CQ Press]]}}</ref> {{decrease}} 8.2 [[percentage point|pp]]
| election_date = November 8, 1904
| image1 = [[File:Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros (cropped 3x4).jpg|x200px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]'''
| party1 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[Charles W. Fairbanks]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''336'''
| states_carried1 = '''32'''
| popular_vote1 = '''7,630,457'''
| percentage1 = '''56.4%'''
| image2 = [[File:Alton Brooks Parker Portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg|x200px]]
| nominee2 = [[Alton B. Parker]]
| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| running_mate2 = [[Henry G. Davis]]
| electoral_vote2 = 140
| states_carried2 = 13
| popular_vote2 = 5,083,880
| percentage2 = 37.6%
| map = {{1904 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_size = 350px
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. <span style="color:red;">Red</span> denotes states won by Roosevelt/Fairbanks, <span style="color:blue;">blue</span> denotes those won by Parker/Davis. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
| title = President
| before_election = [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| after_party = Republican Party (United States)
}}
[[United States presidential election|Presidential elections]] were held in the [[United States]] on November 8, 1904. Incumbent [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] defeated the conservative [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee, [[Alton B. Parker]]. Roosevelt's victory made him the first president who ascended to the presidency upon the death of his predecessor to win a full term in his own right.

Roosevelt [[First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt|took office]] in September 1901 following the [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination of his predecessor, William McKinley]]. After the February 1904 death of McKinley's ally, Senator [[Mark Hanna]], Roosevelt faced little opposition at the [[1904 Republican National Convention]]. The conservative [[Bourbon Democrat]] allies of former president [[Grover Cleveland]] temporarily regained control of the Democratic Party from the followers of [[William Jennings Bryan]], and the [[1904 Democratic National Convention]] nominated [[Alton B. Parker]], [[Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals]]. Parker triumphed on the first ballot of the convention, defeating newspaper magnate [[William Randolph Hearst]].

As there was little difference between the candidates' positions, the race was largely based on their personalities; the Democrats argued that the Roosevelt presidency was "arbitrary" and "erratic".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/3 |title=Theodore Roosevelt: Campaigns and Elections—Miller Center |website=Millercenter.org |access-date=2016-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006095335/http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/3 |archive-date=October 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Republicans emphasized Roosevelt's success in foreign affairs and his record of firmness against [[monopolies]]. Roosevelt easily defeated Parker, sweeping every US region except the [[Solid South|South]], while Parker lost multiple states won by Bryan in 1900, as well as his home state of New York. Roosevelt's [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|popular vote margin]] of 18.8% was the largest in the century between [[1820 United States presidential election|1820]] and [[1920 United States presidential election|1920]]. With Roosevelt's landslide, he became the first presidential candidate to receive over 300 electoral votes, as well as the first non-[[Midwestern United States|midwest]]ern Republican to be elected president. This was the first time since [[1868 United States presidential election|1868]] that [[Missouri]] voted for the Republican candidate. This was also the second presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state; the others have been in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], [[1920 United States presidential election|1920]], [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]], [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]], and [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]].

==Nominations==
===Republican Party nomination===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|[[File:Republican Disc.svg|65px|center|link=Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party (United States)]]<big>'''1904 Republican Party ticket'''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"| [[Theodore Roosevelt|{{color|white|Theodore Roosevelt}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"| [[Charles W. Fairbanks|{{color|white|Charles W. Fairbanks}}]]
|-  style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#FFD0D7;"
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros.jpg|center|200x200px]]
| [[File:Charles W Fairbanks by Harris & Ewing.jpg|center|200x200px]]
|-
| [[List of presidents of the United States|26th]]<br>[[President of the United States]]<br><small>(1901–1909)</small>
| [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Indiana]]<br><small>(1897–1905)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 |[[File:1904RepublicanPoster.png|center|375px]]
|}

{{Main|1904 Republican National Convention}}
Republican candidates:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros.jpg|{{center|[[President of the United States|President]]<br>'''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]'''}}
File:Mark Hanna by WJ Root, 1896 cropped.jpg|{{center|[[United States Senate|Senator]]<br>'''[[Mark Hanna]]'''<br>from [[Ohio]]<br><small>(died February 15, 1904)</small>}}
</gallery>

As Republicans convened in Chicago on June 21–23, 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt's nomination was assured. He had effectively maneuvered throughout 1902 and 1903 to gain control of the party to ensure it. A dump-Roosevelt movement had centered on the candidacy of conservative Senator [[Mark Hanna]] from Ohio, but Hanna's death in February 1904 had removed this obstacle. Roosevelt's nomination speech was delivered by former governor [[Frank S. Black]] of New York and seconded by Senator [[Albert J. Beveridge]] from Indiana. Roosevelt was nominated unanimously on the first ballot with 994 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Bain |first1=Richard C. |title=Convention Decisions and Voting Records |last2=Parris |first2=Judith H. |publisher=[[The Brookings Institution]] |year=1973 |isbn=0-8157-0768-1 |edition=2nd |series=Studies in Presidential Selection |location=Washington, D.C. |pages= |chapter=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=|page=166}}

Since conservatives in the Republican Party denounced Theodore Roosevelt as a radical, they were allowed to choose the vice-presidential candidate. Senator [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] from Indiana was the obvious choice, since conservatives thought highly of him, yet he managed not to offend the party's more progressive elements. Roosevelt was far from pleased with the idea of Fairbanks for vice-president. He would have preferred Representative [[Robert R. Hitt]] from Illinois, but he did not consider the vice-presidential nomination worth a fight. With solid support from New York, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, Fairbanks was easily placed on the 1904 Republican ticket in order to appease the Old Guard.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=166–167|page=}}

The Republican platform insisted on maintenance of the protective tariff, called for increased foreign trade, pledged to uphold the gold standard, favored expansion of the merchant marine, promoted a strong navy, and praised in detail Roosevelt's foreign and domestic policy.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Havel |first=James T. |title=U.S. Presidential Elections and the Candidates: A Biographical and Historical Guide |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1996 |isbn=0-02-864623-1 |volume=2: The Elections, 1789-1992 |location=New York |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=86}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Presidential ballot'''<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|location=Appx C}}
|-
! Ballot!!1st
|-
![[Theodore Roosevelt]] !!994
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Vice-presidential ballot<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|location=Appx C}}'''
|-
! Ballot!!1st
|-
![[Charles W. Fairbanks]] !!994
|}

===Democratic Party nomination===
{{Main|1904 Democratic National Convention}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|[[File:Democratic Disc.svg|65px|center|link=Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party (United States)]]<big>'''1904 Democratic Party ticket '''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"| [[Alton B. Parker|{{color|white|Alton B. Parker}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"| [[Henry G. Davis|{{color|white|Henry G. Davis}}]]
|-
| style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:AltonBParker.jpg|center|200x200px]]
| [[File:HenryGDavis.png|center|200x200px]]
|-
| [[List of Chief Judges of the New York Court of Appeals|Chief Judge]]<br>of the [[New York Court of Appeals]]<br><small>(1898–1904)</small>
| [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[West Virginia]]<br><small>(1871–1883)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 |[[Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign|'''Campaign''']]
|-
| colspan=2 |[[File:1904DemocraticPartyPoster.png|400px]]
|-
|}

Democratic candidates:
<gallery perrow="5" mode="packed" heights="160">
File:AltonBParker.png|{{center|[[New York Court of Appeals|Chief Judge]]<br>'''[[Alton B. Parker]]'''<br>from [[New York (state)|New York]]}}
File:William Randolph Hearst cph 3a49373.jpg|{{center|[[United States House of Representatives|Representative]]<br>'''[[William Randolph Hearst]]'''<br>from [[New York (state)|New York]]}}
File:Francis Cockrell - Brady-Handy.jpg|{{center|[[United States Senate|Senator]]<br>'''[[Francis Cockrell]]'''<br>from [[Missouri]]}}
File:Richard Olney, Bain bw photo portrait, 1913.jpg|{{center|'''[[Richard Olney]]'''<br>Former U.S. Secretary of State from [[Massachusetts]]}}
File:William Jennings Bryan, 1860-1925.jpg|{{center|'''[[William Jennings Bryan]]'''<br>from [[Nebraska]]<br>(declined on Jan 10)<ref>{{cite news|title=Bryan Back, is Not a Candidate|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 10, 1904|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/01/10/118942259.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/01/10/118942259.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
File:President Grover Cleveland.jpg |{{center|[[President of the United States|Former President]]<br>'''[[Grover Cleveland]]'''<br>from [[New Jersey]]<br>(declined)}}
File:EdwardCWall.png|{{center|'''[[Edward C. Wall]]'''<br>from [[Wisconsin]]}}
File:George Gray Senator.jpg|{{center|'''[[George Gray (Delaware politician)|George Gray]]'''<br>from [[Delaware]]}}
File:John Sharp Williams.jpg|{{center|[[United States House of Representatives|Representative]]<br>'''[[John Sharp Williams]]'''<br>from [[Mississippi]]}}
File:Nelson A. Miles by Brands Studios, 1898.jpg|{{center|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]]<br>'''[[Nelson A. Miles]]'''<br>from [[Massachusetts]]}}
</gallery>

In 1904, both [[William Jennings Bryan]] and former President [[Grover Cleveland]] declined to run for president. Since the two Democratic nominees from the past did not seek the presidential nomination, [[Alton B. Parker]], a [[Bourbon Democrat]] from New York, emerged as the frontrunner.

Parker was the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and was respected by both Democrats and Republicans in his state. On several occasions, the Republicans paid Parker the honor of running no one against him when he ran for various political positions. Parker refused to work actively for the nomination, but did nothing to restrain his conservative supporters, among them the sachems of [[Tammany Hall]]. Former President Grover Cleveland endorsed Parker.

The delegates from Florida were selected through a primary which was the first time a primary was utilized to select the delegates for a presidential convention.<ref>{{cite book |date=1979 |title=National Party Conventions, 1831-1976 |publisher=[[Congressional Quarterly]]}}</ref>

The Democratic Convention that met in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], on July 6–9, 1904, has been called "one of the most exciting and sensational in the history of the Democratic Party." The struggle inside the Democratic Party over the nomination was to prove as contentious as the election itself. Though Parker, out of active politics for twenty years, had neither enemies nor errors to make him unavailable, a bitter battle was waged against Parker by the more liberal wing of the party in the months before the convention.

Despite the fact that Parker had supported Bryan in [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]] and [[1900 United States presidential election|1900]], Bryan hated him for being a [[National Democratic Party (United States)|Gold Democrat]]. Bryan wanted the weakest man nominated, one who could not take the control of the party away from him. He denounced Judge Parker as a tool of [[Wall Street]] before he was nominated and declared that no self-respecting Democrat could vote for him.

Inheriting Bryan's support was publisher, now congressman, [[William Randolph Hearst]] of New York. Hearst owned eight newspapers, all of them friendly to labor, vigorous in their trust-busting activities, fighting the cause of "the people who worked for a living." Because of this liberalism, Hearst had the Illinois delegation pledged to him and the promise of several other states. Although Hearst's newspaper was the only major publication in the East to support William Jennings Bryan and [[Bimetallism]] in 1896, he found that his support for Bryan was not reciprocated. Instead, Bryan seconded the nomination of [[Francis Cockrell]].

[[Image:HenryGDavis.png|thumb|160px|left|At 80, Davis is the oldest major party candidate ever nominated for national office.]]
The prospect of having Hearst for a candidate frightened conservative Democrats so much that they renewed their efforts to get Parker nominated on the first ballot. Parker received 658 votes on the first roll call, 9 short of the necessary two-thirds. Before the result could be announced, 21 more votes were transferred to Parker. As a result, Parker handily won the nomination on the first ballot with 679 votes to 181 for Hearst and the rest scattered.

After Parker's nomination, Bryan charged that it had been dictated by the trusts and secured by "crooked and indefensible methods." Bryan also said that labor had been betrayed in the convention and could look for nothing from the Democratic Party. Indeed, Parker was one of the judges on the New York Court of Appeals who declared the eight-hour law unconstitutional.<ref name="www2.cddc">{{cite web|url=http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/debs/works/1904/sp_wkingclss.htm |title=E. V. Debs: The Socialist Party and the Working Class |access-date=December 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020922051805/http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/debs/works/1904/sp_wkingclss.htm |archive-date=September 22, 2002 }}</ref>

Before a vice-presidential candidate could be nominated, Parker sprang into action when he learned that the Democratic platform pointedly omitted reference to the monetary issue. To make his position clear, Parker, after his nomination, informed the convention by letter that he supported the gold standard. The letter read, "I regard the gold standard as firmly and irrevocably established and shall act accordingly if the action of the convention today shall be ratified by the people. As the platform is silent on the subject, my view should be made known to the convention, and if it is proved to be unsatisfactory to the majority, I request you to decline the nomination for me at once, so that another may be nominated before adjournment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=1ebd4033d53717e3eea48cbdbf578458;idno=b92-77-27211776;c=kyetexts;cc=kyetexts;view=toc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113014107/http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=1ebd4033d53717e3eea48cbdbf578458;idno=b92-77-27211776;c=kyetexts;cc=kyetexts;view=toc|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-13|title=Official report of the proceedings of the Democratic national convention|page=277|website=Kdl.kyvl.org|access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>

It was the first time a candidate had made such a move. It was an act of daring that might have lost him the nomination and made him an outcast from the party he had served and believed in all his life.<ref name="TheyAlso">{{cite book |first=Irving |last=Stone |author-link=Irving Stone |title=[[They Also Ran]] |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |year=1943 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=1ebd4033d53717e3eea48cbdbf578458;idno=b92-77-27211776;c=kyetexts;cc=kyetexts;view=toc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113014107/http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=1ebd4033d53717e3eea48cbdbf578458;idno=b92-77-27211776;c=kyetexts;cc=kyetexts;view=toc|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-13|title=Official report of the proceedings of the Democratic national convention|page=278|website=Kdl.kyvl.org|access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>

[[Image:1904DemocraticPoster.png|thumb|400px|Parker/Davis campaign poster]]
Former Senator [[Henry G. Davis]] from West Virginia was nominated for vice president; at 80, he was the oldest major party candidate ever nominated for national office.<ref name="Richardson">{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Darcy |date= April 2007|title=Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period |volume=II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfhgbsZk1nQC&pg=PA344 |location=New York, NY |publisher=iUniverse |page=344 |isbn=978-0-5954-4304-8 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Davis received the nomination because party leaders believed that as a millionaire mine owner, railroad magnate, and banker, he could be counted on to help finance the campaign.<ref name="Richardson"/> Their hopes were unrealized, as Davis did not substantially contribute to the party coffers.<ref name="Richardson"/>

Parker protested against "the rule of individual caprice," the presidential "usurpation of authority," and the "aggrandizement of personal power." But his more positive proposals were so backward-looking, such as his proposal to let state legislatures and the common law develop a remedy for the trust problem, that the ''[[New York World]]'' characterized the campaign as a struggle of "conservative and constitutional Democracy against radical and arbitrary Republicanism."<ref>{{cite book |first=George |last=Mowry |author-link=George E. Mowry |title=The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900–1912 |location=New York |publisher=Harper |year=1958 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eraoftheodoreroo001946mbp/page/n215 178] |url=https://archive.org/details/eraoftheodoreroo001946mbp }}</ref>

The Democratic platform called for reduction in government expenditures and a congressional investigation of the executive departments "already known to teem with corruption"; condemned monopolies; pledged an end to government contracts with companies violating antitrust laws; opposed imperialism; insisted upon independence for the [[Philippines]]; and opposed the protective tariff. It favored strict enforcement of the [[eight-hour day|eight-hour work day]]; construction of a [[Panama Canal]]; the direct election of senators; statehood for the Western territories; the extermination of polygamy; reciprocal trade agreements; cuts in the army; and enforcement of the civil service laws. It condemned the Roosevelt administration in general as "spasmodic, erratic, sensational, spectacular, and arbitrary."<ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=DeGregorio |title=The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents |publisher=Gramercy |year=1997 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+The balloting<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=84}}
|-
!Presidential ballot!!1st <small>(before shifts)</small>!!1st <small>(after shifts)</small>!!Unanimous!!Vice-presidential ballot!!1st!!Unanimous
|-
![[Alton B. Parker]] !!658!!679!!1,000!! [[Henry G. Davis]] !!654!!1,000
|-
![[William Randolph Hearst]]!!200!!181!! !! [[James R. Williams (politician)|James R. Williams]] !!165 !!
|-
![[Francis Cockrell]] !!42!!42!! !! [[George Turner (U.S. politician)|George Turner]] !!100 !!
|-
![[Richard Olney]] !!38!!38!! !! [[William Alexander Harris (Kansas politician)|William Alexander Harris]] !!58 !!
|-
![[Edward C. Wall]] !!27!!27!! !! Abstaining !!23 !!
|-
![[George Gray (Delaware politician)|George Gray]] !!12!!12!! !!  !! !!
|-
![[John Sharp Williams]] !!8!!8!! !!  !! !!
|-
![[Robert E. Pattison]] !!4!!4!! !!  !! !!
|-
![[George B. McClellan Jr.]] !!3!!3!! !!  !! !!
|-
![[Nelson A. Miles]] !!3!!3!! !!  !! !!
|-
![[Charles A. Towne]] !!2!!2!! !!  !! !!
|-
![[Arthur Pue Gorman]] !!2!!-!! !! !! !!
|-
![[Bird Sim Coler]] !!1!!1!! !!  !! !!
|}

===Socialist Party nomination===

[[File:Socialist Party Eugene Debs 1904 campaign poster.jpg|thumb|300px|Debs/Hanford campaign poster]]

The [[Socialist Party of America]] was formed from the [[Social Democratic Party of America]] and the Kangaroo faction of the [[Socialist Labor Party of America]] at a 1901 convention in [[Indianapolis]]. The Socialists received over 227,000 votes in the [[1902 United States House of Representatives elections]], which was twice the number of votes that [[Eugene V. Debs]] had received in 1900. Nine Socialists were elected to the city council in [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], in the 1904 election.<ref name="socialist">{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=H. Wayne |date=1962 |title=Eugene V. Debs: Socialist for President |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Currie |first=Harold W. |date=1976 |title=Eugene V. Debs |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Twayne Publishers]]}}</ref>

On May 5, 1904, [[George D. Herron]] nominated Debs for the presidential nomination while [[Hermon F. Titus]] nominated [[Ben Hanford]] for the vice-presidential nomination. The 183 delegates who attended the convention voted unanimously to give the presidential and vice-presidential nominations to Debs and Hanford. Debs accepted the nomination on May 6, and chair [[Seymour Stedman]] referred to Debs as the "[[Ferdinand Lassalle]] of the twentieth century".<ref name="socialist" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Mailly |first=William |author-link=William Mailly |date=1904 |title=Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party |publisher=[[Socialist Party of America]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karsner |first=David |author-link=David Karsner |date=1919 |title=Debs - Authorized Life and Letters}}</ref>

The Socialists raised $32,700 during the campaign. Debs received 402,810 votes, which was over four times the number that he had received in 1900, and he received his largest amount of support from [[1904 United States presidential election in Illinois|Illinois]].<ref name="socialist" /> Debs received more votes than Parker in counties such as [[Rock Island County|Rock Island]] in Illinois and [[Skamania County|Skamania]] in [[1904 United States presidential election in Washington|Washington]], and outpolled Roosevelt in some Southern counties.

=== Minor party nominations ===

==== Continental Party ====
The Continental Party met in Chicago on August 31, 1904. They nominated Austin Holcomb as their presidential candidate. Initially, George H. Shibley was nominated for vice-president. He turned down the nomination, however, and A. King was nominated in his stead.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hinshaw |first=Seth |title=Ohio Elects the President: Our State's Role in Presidential Elections 1804-1996 |publisher=Book Masters, Inc |year=2000 |location=Mansfield |pages=74}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 8, 1904 |title=Won't Be Continental Party Nominee |pages=5 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/96402797 |access-date=June 2, 2022|id={{ProQuest|96402797}} }}</ref>

==== Populist Party ====
The [[People's Party (United States)|Populist Party]] held their national convention in Springfield, Illinois from July 4 to 6, 1904. Unsatisfied with the Democratic Party's nomination of Alton Parker for president, they chose to nominate their own candidates to contest the office. After two ballots, [[Thomas E. Watson|Thomas Watson]] was selected as the party's presidential candidate and [[Thomas Tibbles]] was selected as his running mate.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!Presidential ballot!!1st!!2nd!!Vice-presidential ballot!!1st
|-
![[Thomas E. Watson]]!!334!!698!! [[Thomas Tibbles|Thomas H. Tibbles]] !!698
|-
![[William V. Allen]]!!319!!0!! !!
|-
![[Samuel Williams (American politician)|Samuel W. Williams]] !!45!!0!! !!
|}

==== Prohibition Party ====
The [[Prohibition Party]] met in Indianapolis from June 29 to July 1. The convention was attended by 758 delegates representing 39 states. [[Silas C. Swallow]] was selected as the party's presidential candidate and [[George Washington Carroll|George W. Carrol]] was selected as the vice-presidential candidate.<ref name=":0" />

==== Socialist Labor Party ====
The [[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor Party]] met at the [[Grand Central Palace]] in [[New York City]] from July 2 to July 8. Their convention was attended by 38 delegates representing 18 states. Those delegates nominated [[Charles Hunter Corregan|Charles H. Corregan]] and William W. Cox for president and vice-president respectively.<ref name=":0" />

==== National Liberty Party ====
The National Liberty Party met in St. Louis, Missouri from July 5 to 6 to nominate a presidential slate. While 28 delegates attended the convention and elected to nominate Stanley P. Mitchell and William C. Payne as their candidates, the party ultimately did not contest the election after Mitchell declined the nomination.<ref name=":0" />

==General election==
===Campaign===
[[File:1904Dem-button.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Parker campaign button]]
The campaigning done by both parties was much less vigorous than it had been in [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]] and [[1900 United States presidential election|1900]]. The campaign season was pervaded by goodwill, and it went a long way toward mending the damage done by the previous class-war elections. This was due to the fact that Parker and Roosevelt, with the exception of charisma, were so similar in political outlook.

So close were the two candidates that few differences could be detected. Both men were for the gold standard; though the Democrats were more outspokenly against imperialism, both believed in fair treatment for the Filipinos and eventual liberation; and both believed that labor unions had the same rights as individuals before the courts. The radicals in the Democratic Party denounced Parker as a conservative; the conservatives in the Republican Party denounced Theodore Roosevelt as a radical.

During the campaign, there were a couple of instances in which Roosevelt was seen as vulnerable. In the first place, [[Joseph Pulitzer]]'s ''New York World'' carried a full-page story about alleged corruption in the Bureau of Corporations. President Roosevelt admitted certain payments had been made, but denied any "blackmail." Secondly, in appointing [[George B. Cortelyou]] as his campaign manager, Roosevelt had purposely used his former Secretary of Commerce and Labor. This was of importance because Cortelyou, knowing the secrets of the corporations, could extract large contributions from them. The charge created quite a stir and in later years was proven to be sound. In 1907, it was disclosed that the insurance companies had contributed rather too heavily to the Roosevelt campaign. Only a week before the election, Roosevelt himself called [[E. H. Harriman]], the railroad king, to [[Washington, D.C.]], for the purpose of raising funds to carry [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="TheyAlso" />

Insider money, however, was spent on both candidates. Parker received financial support from the [[J. P. Morgan|Morgan]] banking interests, just as [[Bourbon Democrat]] [[Grover Cleveland|Cleveland]] had before him. [[Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)|Thomas W. Lawson]], the Boston millionaire, charged that [[New York State Senate|New York state Senator]] [[Patrick H. McCarren|Patrick Henry McCarren]], a prominent Parker backer, was on the payroll of [[Standard Oil]] at the rate of twenty thousand dollars a year. Lawson offered Senator McCarren $100,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|0.1|1904|fmt=c|r=1}} million today) if he would disprove the charge.<ref name="www2.cddc" /> According to one account, "No denial of the charge was ever made by the Senator." One paper even referred to McCarren as "the Standard Oil serpent of Brooklyn politics."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theboweryboys.blogspot.com/2009/02/patrick-mccarren-how-politican-became.html |title=The Bowery Boys: New York City History |website=Theboweryboys.blogspot.com |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>

===Results===
[[Image:McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg|200px|thumb|left|"The Mysterious Stranger" – A political cartoon showing [[Missouri]] having left the [[Solid South]] by voting Republican.]]

29.7% of the voting age population and 65.5% of eligible voters participated in the election.{{sfn|Abramson|Aldrich|Rohde|1995|p=99}} Theodore Roosevelt won a landslide victory, taking every Northern and Western state.

Roosevelt was the first Republican to carry the state of Missouri since [[Ulysses S. Grant]] in [[1868 United States presidential election|1868]]. In voting Republican, Missouri repositioned itself from being associated with the [[Solid South]] to being seen as a [[Missouri bellwether|bellwether]] ''swing state'' throughout the 20th century. The vote in [[Maryland]] was extremely close. For the first time in that state's history, secret paper ballots, supplied at public expense, and without political symbols of any kind, were issued to each voter. Candidates for electors were listed under the presidential and vice presidential candidates for each party; there were four parties recognized in the election: Democratic, Republican, Prohibition, and Socialist. Voters were free to mark their ballots for up to eight candidates of any party. While Roosevelt's victory nationally was quickly determined, the election in Maryland remained in doubt for several weeks. On November 30, Roosevelt was declared the statewide victor by just 51 votes.  However, as voters had voted for individual [[Electoral College (United States)|presidential electors]], only one Republican elector, [[Charles Bonaparte (Attorney General)|Charles Bonaparte]], survived the tally.  The other seven top vote recipients were Democrats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000031/000000/html/00000001.html |title=Too Close to Call: Presidential Electors and Elections in Maryland featuring the Presidential Election of 1904 |website=Msa.maryland.gov |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>

[[File:PresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|right|thumb|400px|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of red are for Roosevelt (Republican), shades of blue are for Parker (Democratic), and shades of green are for Watson (Populist).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WaaAAAAIAAJ |title=The Presidential Vote, 1896-1932 – Google Books |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=August 12, 2014|year=1934|isbn=9780804716963 }}</ref>]]

Roosevelt won the election by more than 2.5 million popular votes, making him the first president to win a primarily two-man race by more than a million votes. Roosevelt won 56.4% of the popular vote; that, along with his popular vote margin of 18.8%, was the largest recorded between [[James Monroe]]'s [[1820 United States presidential election|uncontested re-election in 1820]] and the election of [[Warren G. Harding]] in [[1920 United States presidential election|1920]]. Of the 2,754 counties making returns, Roosevelt carried 1,611 (58.50%) and won a majority of votes in 1,538; he and Parker were tied in one county (0.04%).

[[Thomas E. Watson|Thomas Watson]], the Populist candidate, received 117,183 votes and won nine counties (0.33%) in his home state of Georgia. He had a majority in five of the counties, and his vote total was double the Populist showing in 1900 but less than one eighth of the party's total in [[1892 United States presidential election|1892]].

Parker carried 1,133 counties (41.14%) and won a majority in 1,057. The distribution of the vote by counties reveals him to have been a weaker candidate than [[William Jennings Bryan]], the party's nominee [[1900 United States presidential election#Results|four years earlier]], in every section of the nation, except for the deep South, where Democratic dominance remained strong, due in large part to pervasive [[Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disfranchisement]] of blacks.<ref name="Presidential Elections">Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data, Donald R. Deskins Jr., Hanes Walton Jr., and Sherman C. Puckett, p. 281.</ref>  In 17 states, the Parker&ndash;Davis ticket failed to carry a single county, and outside the South carried only 84.<ref name="Presidential Vote">The Presidential Vote, 1896-1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pp. 11–12.</ref>

This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado, Nebraska, and Nevada until 1920.

5.24% of Roosevelt's votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 29% of the vote in that region.{{sfn|Sherman|1973|p=263}}

[[File: United States Electoral College 1904.svg]]

{{start U.S. presidential ticket box| pv_footnote=| ev_footnote=}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Theodore Roosevelt]] (incumbent)| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]| state=[[New York (state)|New York]]| pv=7,630,457| pv_pct=56.42%| ev=336| vp_name=[[Charles W. Fairbanks]]| vp_state=[[Indiana]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Alton B. Parker]]| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]| state=New York| pv=5,083,880| pv_pct=37.59%| ev=140| vp_name=[[Henry Gassaway Davis]]| vp_state=[[West Virginia]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Eugene V. Debs]]| party=[[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]]| state=Indiana| pv=402,810| pv_pct=2.98%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Benjamin Hanford]]| vp_state=New York}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Silas C. Swallow]]| party=[[Prohibition Party|Prohibition]]| state=[[Pennsylvania]]| pv=259,102| pv_pct=1.92%| ev=0| vp_name=[[George Washington Carroll]]| vp_state=[[Texas]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Thomas E. Watson]]| party=[[People's Party (United States)|Populist]]| state=[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]| pv=114,070| pv_pct=0.84%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Thomas Tibbles]]| vp_state=[[Nebraska]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Charles Hunter Corregan]]| party=[[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor]]| state=New York| pv=33,454| pv_pct=0.25%| ev=0| vp_name=[[William Wesley Cox]]| vp_state=[[Illinois]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=1,229| pv_pct=0.01%}}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=13,525,002| ev=476| to_win=239}}

'''Source (popular vote):''' {{Leip PV source 2| year=1904| as of=July 28, 2005}}

'''Source (electoral vote):''' {{National Archives EV source| year=1904| as of=July 31, 2005}}

{{bar box
|title=Popular vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|'''Roosevelt'''|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|56.42}}
{{bar percent|Parker|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|37.59}}
{{bar percent|Debs|#CD3700|2.98}}
{{bar percent|Swallow|#ff9955|1.92}}
{{bar percent|Watson|#008000|0.84}}
{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.26}}
}}
{{bar box
|title=Electoral vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|'''Roosevelt'''|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|70.59}}
{{bar percent|Parker|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|29.41}}
}}

===Geography of results===
[[File:1904 Electoral Map.png|650px|thumb|left]]
<gallery perrow="3" widths="500px" heights="317px">
Image:1904 United States presidential election results map by county.svg|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
</gallery>

====Cartographic gallery====
<gallery perrow="4" widths="200px" heights="157px">
Image:PresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|Map of presidential election results by county
Image:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|Map of Republican presidential election results by county
Image:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
Image:OtherPresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|Map of "other" presidential election results by county
Image:CartogramPresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|[[Cartogram]] of presidential election results by county
Image:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county
Image:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county
Image:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1904Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county
</gallery>

===Results by state===
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1904&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=1904 Presidential General Election Data - National|website=Uselectionatlas.org|access-date=April 26, 2013}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
|States/districts won by [[Alton B. Parker|Parker]]/[[Henry G. Davis|Davis]]
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
|States/districts won by [[Theodore Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]/[[Charles W. Fairbanks|Fairbanks]]
|}<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! colspan=2 |
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Theodore Roosevelt<br>Republican
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Alton B. Parker<br>Democratic
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Eugene V. Debs<br>Socialist
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Silas Swallow<br>Prohibition
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Thomas Watson<br>Populist
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Charles Corregan<br>Socialist Labor
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Margin
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| State total
|-
! align=center | State
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | #
!
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Alabama|Alabama]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| 22,472
| 20.66
| -
| 79,797
| 73.35
| 11
| 853
| 0.78
| -
| 612
| 0.56
| -
| 5,051
| 4.64
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -57,325
| -52.70
| 108,785
| style="text-align:center;" | AL
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Arkansas|Arkansas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 46,860
| 40.25
| -
| 64,434
| 55.35
| 9
| 1,816
| 1.56
| -
| 993
| 0.85
| -
| 2,318
| 1.99
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -17,574
| -15.10
| 116,421
| style="text-align:center;" | AR
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in California|California]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| 205,226
| 61.84
| 10
| 89,404
| 26.94
| -
| 29,535
| 8.90
| -
| 7,380
| 2.22
| -
| 2
| 0.00
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 115,822
| 34.90
| 331,878
| style="text-align:center;" | CA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Colorado|Colorado]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| 134,661
| 55.26
| 5
| 100,105
| 41.08
| -
| 4,304
| 1.77
| -
| 3,438
| 1.41
| -
| 824
| 0.34
| -
| 335
| 0.14
| -
| 34,556
| 14.18
| 243,667
| style="text-align:center;" | CO
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Connecticut|Connecticut]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| 111,089
| 58.12
| 7
| 72,909
| 38.15
| -
| 4,543
| 2.38
| -
| 1,506
| 0.79
| -
| 495
| 0.26
| -
| 575
| 0.30
| -
| 38,180
| 19.98
| 191,128
| style="text-align:center;" | CT
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Delaware|Delaware]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 23,705
| 54.05
| 3
| 19,347
| 44.11
| -
| 146
| 0.33
| -
| 607
| 1.38
| -
| 51
| 0.12
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 4,358
| 9.94
| 43,856
| style="text-align:center;" | DE
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Florida|Florida]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| 8,314
| 21.48
| -
| 26,449
| 68.33
| 5
| 2,337
| 6.04
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 1,605
| 4.15
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -18,135
| -46.85
| 38,705
| style="text-align:center;" | FL
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Georgia|Georgia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 24,004
| 18.33
| -
| 83,466
| 63.72
| 13
| 196
| 0.15
| -
| 685
| 0.52
| -
| 22,635
| 17.28
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -59,462
| -45.40
| 130,986
| style="text-align:center;" | GA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Idaho|Idaho]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 47,783
| 65.84
| 3
| 18,480
| 25.46
| -
| 4,949
| 6.82
| -
| 1,013
| 1.40
| -
| 353
| 0.49
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 29,303
| 40.37
| 72,578
| style="text-align:center;" | ID
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Illinois|Illinois]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 27
| 632,645
| 58.77
| 27
| 327,606
| 30.43
| -
| 69,225
| 6.43
| -
| 34,770
| 3.23
| -
| 6,725
| 0.62
| -
| 4,698
| 0.44
| -
| 305,039
| 28.34
| 1,076,499
| style="text-align:center;" | IL
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Indiana|Indiana]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| 368,289
| 53.99
| 15
| 274,345
| 40.22
| -
| 12,013
| 1.76
| -
| 23,496
| 3.44
| -
| 2,444
| 0.36
| -
| 1,598
| 0.23
| -
| 93,944
| 13.77
| 682,185
| style="text-align:center;" | IN
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Iowa|Iowa]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 308,158
| 63.39
| 13
| 149,276
| 30.71
| -
| 14,849
| 3.05
| -
| 11,603
| 2.39
| -
| 2,207
| 0.45
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 158,882
| 32.69
| 486,093
| style="text-align:center;" | IA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Kansas|Kansas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| 212,955
| 64.81
| 10
| 86,174
| 26.23
| -
| 15,869
| 4.83
| -
| 7,306
| 2.22
| -
| 6,257
| 1.90
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 126,781
| 38.59
| 328,561
| style="text-align:center;" | KS
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Kentucky|Kentucky]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 205,457
| 47.13
| -
| 217,170
| 49.82
| 13
| 3,599
| 0.83
| -
| 6,603
| 1.51
| -
| 2,521
| 0.58
| -
| 596
| 0.14
| -
| -11,713
| -2.69
| 435,946
| style="text-align:center;" | KY
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 5,205
| 9.66
| -
| 47,708
| 88.50
| 9
| 995
| 1.85
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -42,503
| -78.84
| 53,908
| style="text-align:center;" | LA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| 65,432
| 67.44
| 6
| 27,642
| 28.49
| -
| 2,102
| 2.17
| -
| 1,510
| 1.56
| -
| 337
| 0.35
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 37,790
| 38.95
| 97,023
| style="text-align:center;" | ME
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 109,497
| 48.83
| 1
| 109,446
| 48.81
| 7
| 2,247
| 1.00
| -
| 3,034
| 1.35
| -
| 1
| 0.00
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 51
| 0.02
| 224,229
| style="text-align:center;" | MD
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
| 257,822
| 57.92
| 16
| 165,746
| 37.24
| -
| 13,604
| 3.06
| -
| 4,279
| 0.96
| -
| 1,294
| 0.29
| -
| 2,359
| 0.53
| -
| 92,076
| 20.69
| 445,109
| style="text-align:center;" | MA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| 364,957
| 69.51
| 14
| 135,392
| 25.79
| -
| 9,042
| 1.72
| -
| 13,441
| 2.56
| -
| 1,159
| 0.22
| -
| 1,036
| 0.20
| -
| 229,565
| 43.72
| 525,027
| style="text-align:center;" | MI
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Minnesota|Minnesota]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| 216,651
| 73.98
| 11
| 55,187
| 18.84
| -
| 11,692
| 3.99
| -
| 6,253
| 2.14
| -
| 2,103
| 0.72
| -
| 974
| 0.33
| -
| 161,464
| 55.13
| 292,860
| style="text-align:center;" | MN
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| 3,280
| 5.59
| -
| 53,480
| 91.07
| 10
| 462
| 0.79
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 1,499
| 2.55
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -50,200
| -85.49
| 58,721
| style="text-align:center;" | MS
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Missouri|Missouri]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
| 321,449
| 49.93
| 18
| 296,312
| 46.02
| -
| 13,009
| 2.02
| -
| 7,191
| 1.12
| -
| 4,226
| 0.66
| -
| 1,674
| 0.26
| -
| 25,137
| 3.90
| 643,861
| style="text-align:center;" | MO
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Montana|Montana]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 34,932
| 54.21
| 3
| 21,773
| 33.79
| -
| 5,676
| 8.81
| -
| 335
| 0.52
| -
| 1,520
| 2.36
| -
| 208
| 0.32
| -
| 13,159
| 20.42
| 64,444
| style="text-align:center;" | MT
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 138,558
| 61.38
| 8
| 52,921
| 23.44
| -
| 7,412
| 3.28
| -
| 6,323
| 2.80
| -
| 20,518
| 9.09
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 85,637
| 37.94
| 225,732
| style="text-align:center;" | NE
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Nevada|Nevada]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 6,864
| 56.66
| 3
| 3,982
| 32.87
| -
| 925
| 7.64
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 344
| 2.84
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 2,882
| 23.79
| 12,115
| style="text-align:center;" | NV
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 54,163
| 60.07
| 4
| 34,074
| 37.79
| -
| 1,090
| 1.21
| -
| 750
| 0.83
| -
| 83
| 0.09
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 20,089
| 22.28
| 90,161
| style="text-align:center;" | NH
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in New Jersey|New Jersey]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 245,164
| 56.68
| 12
| 164,566
| 38.05
| -
| 9,587
| 2.22
| -
| 6,845
| 1.58
| -
| 3,705
| 0.86
| -
| 2,680
| 0.62
| -
| 80,598
| 18.63
| 432,547
| style="text-align:center;" | NJ
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in New York|New York]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 39
| 859,533
| 53.13
| 39
| 683,981
| 42.28
| -
| 36,883
| 2.28
| -
| 20,787
| 1.28
| -
| 7,459
| 0.46
| -
| 9,127
| 0.56
| -
| 175,552
| 10.85
| 1,617,770
| style="text-align:center;" | NY
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in North Carolina|North Carolina]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 82,442
| 39.67
| -
| 124,091
| 59.71
| 12
| 124
| 0.06
| -
| 342
| 0.16
| -
| 819
| 0.39
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -41,649
| -20.04
| 207,818
| style="text-align:center;" | NC
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in North Dakota|North Dakota]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 52,595
| 75.12
| 4
| 14,273
| 20.39
| -
| 2,009
| 2.87
| -
| 1,137
| 1.62
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 38,322
| 54.73
| 70,014
| style="text-align:center;" | ND
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Ohio|Ohio]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| 600,095
| 59.75
| 23
| 344,674
| 34.32
| -
| 36,260
| 3.61
| -
| 19,339
| 1.93
| -
| 1,392
| 0.14
| -
| 2,633
| 0.26
| -
| 255,421
| 25.43
| 1,004,393
| style="text-align:center;" | OH
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Oregon|Oregon]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 60,455
| 67.06
| 4
| 17,521
| 19.43
| -
| 7,619
| 8.45
| -
| 3,806
| 4.22
| -
| 753
| 0.84
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 42,934
| 47.62
| 90,154
| style="text-align:center;" | OR
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 34
| 840,949
| 68.00
| 34
| 337,998
| 27.33
| -
| 21,863
| 1.77
| -
| 33,717
| 2.73
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 2,211
| 0.18
| -
| 502,951
| 40.67
| 1,236,738
| style="text-align:center;" | PA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 41,605
| 60.60
| 4
| 24,839
| 36.18
| -
| 956
| 1.39
| -
| 768
| 1.12
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 488
| 0.71
| -
| 16,766
| 24.42
| 68,656
| style="text-align:center;" | RI
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in South Carolina|South Carolina]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 2,554
| 4.63
| -
| 52,563
| 95.36
| 9
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 1
| 0.00
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -50,009
| -90.73
| 55,118
| style="text-align:center;" | SC
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in South Dakota|South Dakota]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 72,083
| 71.09
| 4
| 21,969
| 21.67
| -
| 3,138
| 3.09
| -
| 2,965
| 2.92
| -
| 1,240
| 1.22
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 50,114
| 49.42
| 101,395
| style="text-align:center;" | SD
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 105,363
| 43.40
| -
| 131,653
| 54.23
| 12
| 1,354
| 0.56
| -
| 1,889
| 0.78
| -
| 2,491
| 1.03
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -26,290
| -10.83
| 242,750
| style="text-align:center;" | TN
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Texas|Texas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
| 51,242
| 21.90
| -
| 167,200
| 71.45
| 18
| 2,791
| 1.19
| -
| 4,292
| 1.83
| -
| 8,062
| 3.45
| -
| 421
| 0.18
| -
| -115,958
| -49.55
| 234,008
| style="text-align:center;" | TX
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Utah|Utah]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 62,446
| 61.42
| 3
| 33,413
| 32.86
| -
| 5,767
| 5.67
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 29,033
| 28.56
| 101,672
| style="text-align:center;" | UT
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Vermont|Vermont]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 40,459
| 77.97
| 4
| 9,777
| 18.84
| -
| 859
| 1.66
| -
| 792
| 1.53
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 30,682
| 59.13
| 51,888
| style="text-align:center;" | VT
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Virginia|Virginia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 48,180
| 36.95
| -
| 80,649
| 61.84
| 12
| 202
| 0.15
| -
| 1,379
| 1.06
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -32,469
| -24.90
| 130,410
| style="text-align:center;" | VA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Washington (state)|Washington]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| 101,540
| 69.95
| 5
| 28,098
| 19.36
| -
| 10,023	
| 6.91
| -
| 3,229
| 2.22
| -
| 669
| 0.46
| -
| 1,592
| 1.10
| -
| 73,442
| 50.60
| 145,151
| style="text-align:center;" | WA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in West Virginia|West Virginia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| 132,620
| 55.26
| 7
| 100,855
| 42.03
| -
| 1,573
| 0.66
| -
| 4,599
| 1.92
| -
| 339
| 0.14
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 31,765
| 13.24
| 239,986
| style="text-align:center;" | WV
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 280,315
| 63.21
| 13
| 124,205
| 28.01
| -
| 28,240
| 6.37
| -
| 9,872
| 2.23
| -
| 560
| 0.13
| -
| 249
| 0.06
| -
| 156,110
| 35.20
| 443,441
| style="text-align:center;" | WI
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1904 United States presidential election in Wyoming|Wyoming]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 20,489
| 66.72
| 3
| 8,930
| 29.08
| -
| 1,072
| 3.49
| -
| 217
| 0.71
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 11,559
| 37.64
| 30,708
| style="text-align:center;" | WY
|-
! TOTALS:
! 476
! 7,630,557
! 56.42
! 336
! 5,083,880
! 37.59
! 140
! 402,810
! 2.98
! -
! 259,103
! 1.92
! -
! 114,062
! 0.84
! -
! 33,454
! 0.25
! -
! 2,546,677
! 18.83
! 13,525,095
| style="text-align:center;" | US
|}</div>

===States that flipped from Democratic to Republican===
*[[Colorado]]
*[[Idaho]]
*[[Maryland]]
*[[Missouri]]
*[[Montana]]
*[[Nevada]]

===States that flipped from Republican to Democratic===
*[[Maryland]]

===Close states===
[[File:Presidential Electoral Votes of 1904 by Strobridge Lithographing Company (1908).jpg|thumb|A poster created by the [[Strobridge Lithographing Company]] of the election results]]
Margin of victory less than 1% (8 electoral votes):
#<span style="color:blue;">'''Maryland, 0.02% (51 votes)'''</span>

Margin of victory less than 5% (31 electoral votes):
#<span style="color:blue;">'''Kentucky, 2.69% (11,713 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''Missouri, 3.90% (25,137 votes)'''</span>

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (3 electoral votes):
#<span style="color:red;">'''Delaware, 9.94% (4,358 votes)'''</span>

Tipping point state:
#<span style="color:red;">'''New Jersey, 18.63% (80,598 votes)'''</span>

====Statistics====
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)
#'''<span style="color:red;">[[Keweenaw County, Michigan]] 94.55%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:red;">[[Mercer County, North Dakota]] 93.68%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:red;">[[Logan County, North Dakota]] 93.61%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:red;">[[McIntosh County, North Dakota]] 92.70%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:red;">[[Zapata County, Texas]] 92.48%</span>'''

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)
#'''<span style="color:blue;">[[Horry County, South Carolina]] 100.00%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">[[Georgetown County, South Carolina]] 100.00%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">[[Fairfield County, South Carolina]] 100.00%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">[[Madison Parish, Louisiana]] 100.00%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">[[Potter County, Texas]] 100.00%</span>'''

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Populist)
#'''<span style="color:green;">[[Glascock County, Georgia]] 69.38%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:green;">[[McDuffie County, Georgia]] 58.59%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:green;">[[McIntosh County, Georgia]] 56.55%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:green;">[[Jackson County, Georgia]] 55.29%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:green;">[[Johnson County, Georgia]] 53.05%</span>'''

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
* [[Newspaper endorsements in the 1904 United States presidential election]]
* [[1904 United States House of Representatives elections]]
* [[1904–05 United States Senate elections]]
* [[Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Works cited==
* {{cite book|last1=Abramson |first1=Paul |last2=Aldrich |first2=John |last3=Rohde |first3=David |title=Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |date=1995 |isbn=0871878399}}
* {{cite book|last=Sherman |first=Richard |title=The Republican Party and Black America From McKinley to Hoover 1896-1933 |publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]] |date=1973 |isbn=0813904676}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Doss |first=Richard B. |title=Democrats in the Doldrums: Virginia and the Democratic National Convention of 1904 |journal=[[Journal of Southern History]] |year=1954 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=511–529 |doi=10.2307/2954738 |jstor=2954738 }}
* {{cite book| last=Gould| first=Lewis L.| title=The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt| year=1991| location=Lawrence| publisher=University Press of Kansas| isbn=0-7006-0435-9| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyoftheo0000goul}}
* {{cite book| last=Harbaugh| first=William Henry| title=Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt | url=https://archive.org/details/powerresponsibil00harb| url-access=registration|year=1961 |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Cudahy }}
* {{cite book| last=Morris| first=Edmund|author-link = Edmund Morris (writer)| title=[[Theodore Rex (book)|Theodore Rex]]| year=2001 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-394-55509-0 }} ''Biography of Roosevelt during the years 1901–1909.''
* [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|Schlesinger, Arthur Meier]], and Fred L. Israel, eds. ''History of American presidential elections, 1789-1968. Vol. 3.'' (1971), history of the campaign by William Harbaugh, with primary documents.
* Shoemaker, Fred C. "Alton B. Parker: the images of a gilded age statesman in an era of progressive politics" (MA thesis, The Ohio State University, 1983) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160604012408/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/osu1232194791/inline online].

===Primary sources===
* ''Republican Campaign Text-book, 1904'' (1904), handbook for Republican speakers and editorialists; full of arguments, speeches and statistics [https://books.google.com/books?id=s-8GAAAAMAAJ online free]
* Chester, Edward W  ''A guide to political platforms'' (1977) [https://archive.org/details/guidetopolitical0000ches online]
* Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. ''National party platforms, 1840-1964'' (1965) [https://archive.org/details/nationalpartypla00port online 1840-1956]

==External links==
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/election1904.html Presidential Election of 1904: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress
*[http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1904.htm 1904 popular vote by counties]
*[http://www.theodoreroosevelt.com TheodoreRoosevelt.com]
*[http://news.hrvh.org/cgi-bin/newshrvh?a=d&d=kingstondaily19040709.2.2 Newspaper Article about Judge Parker Nomination For President]
*[http://news.hrvh.org/cgi-bin/newshrvh?a=d&d=kingstondaily19040623.2.3 Newspaper Article about President Roosevelt Nomination For President]
* [http://www.countingthevotes.com/1904/ Election of 1904 in Counting the Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016063659/http://www.countingthevotes.com/1904/ |date=October 16, 2015 }}

{{1904 United States presidential election}}
{{State results of the 1904 U.S. presidential election}}
{{Theodore Roosevelt}}
{{United States presidential elections}}
{{Socialist Party of America}}
{{Authority control}}
{{1904 United States elections}}

[[Category:1904 United States presidential election| ]]
[[Category:Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt]]
[[Category:Theodore Roosevelt]]
[[Category:Charles W. Fairbanks]]
[[Category:November 1904 in the United States]]