Editing 1904 Summer Olympics

{{short description|Multi-sport event in Saint Louis, Missouri, US}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox Olympic games|1904|Summer|Olympics|
| image      = 1904summerolympicsposter.jpg
| image_size = 155
| caption    = Advertisement for the 1904 Summer Olympics and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
| host_city  = [[St. Louis]], United States
| nations    = 13
| athletes   = 648 (642 men, 6 women)
| events     = 95 in 16 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (18 disciplines)
| opening    = 1 July 1904
| closing    = 23 November 1904
| opened_by  = [[David R. Francis]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games f the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=September 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>
| stadium    = [[Washington University in St. Louis]] [[Francis Olympic Field]]
| prev       = [[1900 Summer Olympics|Paris 1900]]
| next       = [[1908 Summer Olympics|London 1908]]
}}

The '''1904 Summer Olympics''' (officially the '''Games of the III Olympiad''' and also known as '''St. Louis 1904''') were an international [[multi-sport event]] held in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], United States, from 1 July to 23 November 1904. Many events were conducted at what is now known as [[Francis Field (St. Louis County, Missouri)|Francis Field]] on the campus of [[Washington University in St. Louis]]. This was the first time that the [[Olympic Games]] were held outside Europe.

Tensions caused by the [[Russo–Japanese War]] and difficulties in traveling to St. Louis resulted in very few top-class athletes from outside the United States and Canada taking part in the 1904 Games. Only 69–74 of the 651 athletes who competed came from outside North America, and only between 12 and 15 nations were represented in all. Some events subsequently combined the U.S. national championship with the Olympic championship.<ref name=athletes_number>{{cite web|title=The Olympic Summer Games Factsheet|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/The_Olympic_Summer_Games.pdf|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref> The current three-medal format of gold, silver and bronze for first, second and third place was introduced at the 1904 Olympics.

==Background==
[[Chicago, Illinois]], initially won the bid to host the 1904 Summer Olympics,<ref name="stead1901">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/americanizationo01stea#page/340/mode/2up | title=The Americanization of the World | publisher=Horace Markley | author=Stead, W. T. | year=1901 | pages=341}}</ref> but the organizers of the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]] in [[St. Louis]] opposed the scheduling of another international event for the same time frame in a different city, perceiving such a prospect as a [[Competition (economics)|competitive threat]] that would divert potential attendees and the revenues that they would bring.  The Louisiana Purchase Exposition's organizers responded by developing plans for including large-scale international sports activities in their own event, informing the Chicago OCOG{{what?|date=October 2024}} that unless the Olympics were moved to St. Louis, such that persons interested in both events could attend each, the Louisiana Purchase Expedition's organizers would conduct and publicize competitions on a scale eclipsing that of the Olympics, retaining and attracting enough attendees and revenues that the Olympics' hosts and backers would not recoup their investment.  [[Pierre de Coubertin]], founder of the modern Olympic movement, then intervened and awarded the Games to St. Louis.

==The Games==
===Highlights===
[[Boxing]], [[dumbbells]], [[catch wrestling]] (which later became [[freestyle wrestling]]), and the [[decathlon]] made their debuts. The swimming events were held in a temporary pond near Skinker and Wydown Boulevards, where "lifesaving demonstrations" of unsinkable lifeboats for ocean liners took place.

One of the most remarkable athletes was the American gymnast [[George Eyser]], who won six medals even though his left leg was made of wood, and [[Frank Kugler]] won four medals in freestyle wrestling, weightlifting and tug of war, making him the only competitor to win a medal in three different sports at the same Olympic Games.
[[File:1904 tug of war.jpg|thumb|left|280px|A [[tug of war]] competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics]]
Chicago runner [[James Lightbody]] won the [[steeplechase (athletics)|steeplechase]] and the 800&nbsp;m and then set a natural world record in the 1500&nbsp;m. [[Harry Hillman]] won both the 200&nbsp;m and 400&nbsp;m hurdles and also the flat 400&nbsp;m. [[Sprint (running)|Sprinter]] [[Archie Hahn (athlete)|Archie Hahn]] was champion in the 60&nbsp;m, 100&nbsp;m and 200&nbsp;m. In this last race, he set an Olympic record in 21.6, a natural record that stood for 28 years. In the [[Discus throw|discus]], after American [[Martin Sheridan]] had thrown exactly the same distance as his compatriot, [[Ralph Rose]] (39.28&nbsp;m), the judges gave them both an extra throw to decide the winner. Sheridan won the decider and claimed the gold medal. [[Ray Ewry]] again won all three standing jumps.<ref name="1904 Summer Olympics">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/editions/3|title=1904 Summer Olympics|work=Olympedia}}</ref><ref name="Evan Andrews">{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/8-unusual-facts-about-the-1904-st-louis-olympics|title=8 Unusual Facts About the 1904 St. Louis Olympics|publisher=history.com|author=Evan Andrews|date=August 29, 2014}}</ref>

The team representing [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] was awarded a total of two medals, both won by Irish athletes. The top non-U.S. athlete was [[Emil Rausch]] of [[German Empire|Germany]], who won three swimming events. [[Zoltán Halmay]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[Charles Daniels (swimmer)|Charles Daniels]] of the United States each won two swimming gold medals. [[Galt Football Club]] from Canada won the gold medal in [[association football|football]].<ref name="1904 Summer Olympics"/><ref name="Evan Andrews"/>

===Anthropology Days===
[[File:Ainu archery - anthropological day - 1904 olympics.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|An [[Ainu people|Ainu]] man competing in an archery contest during "[[Anthropology Days]]"]]
The organizers of the World's Fair held "[[Anthropology Days]]" on August 12 and 13. Since the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Paris Exposition]], [[human zoo]]s, as a key feature of world's fairs, functioned as demonstrations of anthropological notions of race, progress, and civilization. These goals were followed also at the 1904 World's Fair. Fourteen hundred indigenous people from Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and North America were displayed in anthropological exhibits that showed them in their natural habitats. Another 1600 indigenous people displayed their culture in other areas of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (LPE), including on the fairgrounds and at the Model School, where [[Indian Residential School|American Indian boarding schools]] students demonstrated their successful [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|assimilation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-1904-olympic-marathon-may-have-been-the-strangest-ever-14910747/|title=The 1904 Olympic Marathon May Have Been the Strangest Ever|publisher=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|author=Karen Abbott|date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> The sporting event itself took place with the participation of about 100 paid indigenous men (no women participated in Anthropology Days, though some, notably the [[Fort Shaw Indian School]] girls basketball team, did compete in other athletic events at the LPE). Contests included "baseball throwing, shot put, running, broad jumping, weight lifting, pole climbing, and tugs-of-war before a crowd of approximately ten thousand".<ref>Parezo, N. J. (2008). p. 59.</ref> According to theorist [[Susan Brownell]], world's fairs – with their inclusion of human zoos – and the Olympics were a logical fit at this time, as they "were both linked to an underlying cultural logic that gave them a natural affinity".<ref>Brownell, Susan, ed. (2008). p. 29.</ref> Also, one of the original intentions of Anthropology Days was to create publicity for the official Olympic events.<ref>Parezo, N. J. (2008). p. 84.</ref><ref>Brownell, Susan, ed. (2008). p. 34.</ref>

==Sports==
The 1904 Summer Olympic program featured 16 sports encompassing 95 events in 18 disciplines. Swimming, diving and water polo are considered three disciplines of the same sport, ''aquatics''. In July 2021 the IOC accepted the recommendation of Olympic historian Bill Mallon regarding which sports and events should be considered as Olympic.<ref name="Analysis and Summaries">{{Cite web | title=1904 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries | url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1904.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708103043/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1904.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2011 }}</ref> The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*Aquatics
**{{GamesSport|Diving|Events=2|Format=d}}
**{{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=9|Format=d}}
**{{GamesSport|Water polo|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Archery|Events=6|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=25|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=7|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Cycling|Events=7|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Fencing|Events=5|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Football|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Golf|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Events=11|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Lacrosse|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Roque|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Rowing|Events=5|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Tennis|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Tug of war|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Wrestling|Events=7|Format=d}}
}}

===New sports===
[[File:Francis Field 1904.jpg|thumb|right|280px|[[Francis Olympic Field]], [[Washington University in St. Louis]], 1904]]
Boxing made its Olympic debut at the St. Louis Games. The sport has since featured at every Summer Olympics, except for the [[1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Stockholm Games]].

While [[wrestling]] made a return, it was exclusively the newly debuted [[catch wrestling]] (which later became [[freestyle wrestling]]) as opposed to [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman style]] of the [[1896 Summer Olympics]]. Five nations were represented, with each of the 42 competitors having resided in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wrestling at the 1904 Summer Olympics |url=https://www.olympedia.org/editions/3/sports/WRE |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.olympedia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nash |first=John S. |date=2012-10-20 |title=Olympic History: Catch-As-Catch-Can Wrestling? Yep |url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/2012/10/20/3529094/the-martial-chronicles-the-forgotten-olympic-history-of-catch-as |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Cageside Seats |language=en}}</ref> Later editions would have both styles of wrestling in their programs.

===Demonstration sports===
[[Basketball at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Basketball]], [[Hurling at the 1904 Summer Olympics|hurling]], [[American football at the 1904 Summer Olympics|American football]] and [[Gaelic football at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Gaelic football]] were featured as unofficial sports. There was a demonstration bout of women's boxing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gbboxing.org.uk/womens-boxing/ |title=Women's Boxing |work=[[GB Boxing]] |access-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824180308/http://www.gbboxing.org.uk/womens-boxing/ |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Baseball at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Baseball]] is also noted by the [[World Baseball Softball Confederation]] to have appeared at the Games,<ref name="WBSC">{{cite web | title=Baseball in the Olympics: A sport with an Olympic history that starts with Royals trying to play with an orange | website=World Baseball Softball Confederation | date=2022-07-14 | url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/news/baseball-in-the-olympics-a-sport-with-an-olympic-history-that-starts-with-royals-trying-to-play-with-an-orange | access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref> though it does not appear in the list compiled by Olympic historian [[Bill Mallon]]<ref name="Analysis and Summaries"/> and any results are not known.

==Venues==
{{Location map+ |United States St. Louis|alt=Map of St. Louis with Olympic venues marked |caption=Map of [[St. Louis]] with Olympic venues marked. Creve Coeur Lake is located further west. |float=right |width=400 |places=
     {{Location map~ |United States St. Louis|label=[[Creve Coeur Lake]] |background= white|mark=Red Arrow Left.png |position=right|lat_deg=38.714|lon_deg=-90.398}}
     {{Location map~ |United States St. Louis|label=[[Francis Olympic Field]] |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=38.647778|lon_deg=-90.313611}}
     {{Location map~ |United States St. Louis|label=[[Francis Gymnasium]] |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=38.648806|lon_deg=-90.31475}}
     {{Location map~ |United States St. Louis|label=[[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]] |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=38.6389|lon_deg=-90.2846}}
     {{Location map~ |United States St. Louis|label=[[Glen Echo Country Club]] |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=38.701111|lon_deg=-90.300556}}
}}
Five sports venues were used for the 1904 Summer Olympics. The venues included Glen Echo Country Club, the first [[golf course]] constructed west of the [[Mississippi River]], which had opened in 1901.<ref name=gecc /> Three Olympic sports were hosted at Forest Park, the site of the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]] which was being held concurrently with the Olympics: the Life Saving Exhibition Lake at Forest Park was used for the diving, swimming, and water polo events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1904/DIV/mens-springboard.html |title=Diving at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games: Men's Springboard |website=Sports Reference |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418125526/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1904/DIV/mens-springboard.html |archive-date=April 18, 2020 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1904/SWI/ |title=Swimming at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games |website=Sports Reference |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417044731/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1904/SWI/ |archive-date=April 17, 2020 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref name=wp>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1904/WAP/mens-water-polo.html |title=Water Polo at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games: Men's Water Polo |website=Sports Reference |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418125222/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1904/WAP/mens-water-polo.html |archive-date=April 18, 2020 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

Creve Coeur Lake became the first park of [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.co.st-louis.mo.us/plan/factbook2002/Parks.pdf |title=Parks in St. Louis County, Missouri |date=2002 |publisher=St. Louis County Department of Parks and Recreation |website=co.st-louis.mo.us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625025940/https://www.co.st-louis.mo.us/plan/factbook2002/Parks.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2006 |page=103 |access-date=October 4, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Lake has hosted rowing regattas since 1882 and still hosts them as of 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1882/06/25/102784028.pdf|title=CONTESTS AT THE OARS; THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY REGATTA—ROWING AT PAWTUCKET|date=June 25, 1882|work=The New York Times|access-date=2010-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003548/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1882/06/25/102784028.pdf|archive-date=2021-03-08|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/715829492.html?dids=715829492:715829492&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+11%2C+1885&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=SPORTING+AFFAIRS.&pqatl=google|title=SPORTING AFFAIRS|date=May 11, 1885|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=2010-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024133450/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/715829492.html?dids=715829492:715829492&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+11%2C+1885&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=SPORTING+AFFAIRS.&pqatl=google|archive-date=October 24, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Francis Olympic Field and Gymnasium are still in use on the [[Washington University in St. Louis]] campus as of 2021.<ref name=field>[http://www.wustl.edu/community/visitors/tour/danforth/francis-field.html Washington University in St. Louis profile of Francis Field.] – accessed November 23, 2018.</ref><ref name=gym>[http://www.wustl.edu/community/visitors/tour/danforth/francis-gym.html Washington University in St. Louis profile of Francis Gymnasium.] – accessed November 23, 2018.</ref> An ornamental gate commemorating the 1904 Games was constructed outside the stadium immediately after the Exposition.<ref name=field /> A swimming pool was added to the gymnasium in 1985.<ref name=gym /> Forest Park, constructed in 1876, is still in use as of 2021 and attracts over 12 million visitors annually.<ref>[http://stlouis.missouri.org/citygov/parks/forestpark/ St. Louis, Missouri city profile of Forest Park.] – accessed November 23, 2018.</ref> Glen Echo Country Club remains in use as a golf course today as of 2021.<ref name=gecc />

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=780px
!width=40%|Venue
!class="unsortable" width=45%|Sports
!width=10%|Capacity
!class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|| [[Creve Coeur Lake Memorial Park|Creve Coeur Lake]] || [[Rowing at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Rowing]] ||align="right"|Not listed
| align=center|<ref name=Spalding>{{cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1904/1904Spal.pdf |title=Official Report of the Olympic Games of 1904 (in Spalding's Official Athletic Almanac for 1905) |date=January 1905 |editor=J. E. Sullivan |work=LA84 Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829191500/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1904/1904Spal.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |access-date=October 4, 2010 |page=213}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Francis Olympic Field]]|| [[Archery at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Archery]], [[Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Athletics]], [[Cycling at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Cycling]], [[Football at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Football]], [[Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]], [[Lacrosse at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Lacrosse]], [[Roque at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Roque]], [[Tennis at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Tennis]], [[Tug of war at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Tug of war]], [[Weightlifting at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]], [[Wrestling at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || align="right"|19,000
| align=center|<ref>J. E. Sullivan, ed. (January 1905). pp. 222–9, 233–47.</ref>
|-
|| [[Francis Gymnasium]] || [[Boxing at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Boxing]], [[Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Fencing]]|| align="right"|Not listed
| align=center|<ref>J. E. Sullivan, ed. (January 1905). pp. 231, 245.</ref>
|-
|| [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]] || [[Diving at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Diving]], [[Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Swimming]], [[Water polo at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Water polo]] || align="right"|Not listed
| align=center|<ref>J. E. Sullivan, ed. (January 1905). pp. 229, 231.</ref>
|-
|| [[Glen Echo Country Club]] || [[Golf at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Golf]]|| align="right"|Not listed
| align=center|<ref name=gecc>{{cite web|url=http://golfclubatlas.com/in-my-opinion/glen-echo-country-club|last=Healey|first=Jim|title=Glen Echo County Club|website=golfclubatlas.com|date=19 March 2009 |access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref>
|}

==Participating nations==
[[File:1904 Summer Olympic games countries.png|thumb|400px|Participants.
<br /><span style="color:#1e90ff;">'''Blue'''</span> = Participated for the first time
<br /><span style="color:#00ff7f;">'''Green'''</span> = Previously participated
<br />Host city ([[St Louis]]) marked by yellow square]]

[[File:1904 Summer olympics team numbers.png|thumb|400px|Number of athletes from each country]]

Athletes from thirteen nations competed in St. Louis. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of known competitors for each nation.<ref name="Mallon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1904.pdf|title=1904 Olympic Games – Analysis and Summaries|last=Mallon|first=Bill|year=1998|access-date=August 8, 2011|publisher=LA84 Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708103043/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1904.pdf|archive-date=July 8, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the difficulty of getting to St. Louis in 1904, and European tensions caused by the [[Russo-Japanese War]], only 69–74 athletes from outside North America participated in the Olympics.
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Participating [[:Category:Nations at the 1904 Summer Olympics|National Olympic Committees]]
|-
|
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{flagIOC|AUS|1904 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|AUT|1904 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|CAN|1904 Summer|56}}
* {{flagIOC|CUB|1904 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|FRA|1904 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|GER|1904 Summer|22}}
* {{flagIOC|GBR|1904 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|GRE|1904 Summer|14}}
* {{flagIOC|HUN|1904 Summer|4}}
* {{flagIOC|NOR|1904 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|RSA|1904 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|SUI|1904 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|USA|1904 Summer|526}} '''(host)'''
{{div col end}}
|}

===Disputed===
Some sources also list athletes from the following nations as having competed at these Games:
* {{flagIOC|ITA|1904 Summer|1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ITA/summer/1904/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042116/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ITA/summer/1904/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-04-17 |title=Italy at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games |work=Sports Reference}}</ref>
* [[file:Flag_of_Newfoundland_(1870–1904).svg|border|22px]] [[Newfoundland Colony]] (1)<!-- note that the dominion of Newfoundland was only created in 1907 --><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/NFL/summer/1904/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092409/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/NFL/summer/1904/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-04-17 |title=Newfoundland at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games |work=Sports Reference}}</ref>

====Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="border:0;"
|-
! Country
! Athletes
|-
| {{flagIOC|USA|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 528
|-
| {{flagIOC|CAN|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 56
|-
| {{flagIOC|GER|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 22
|-
| {{flagIOC|GRE|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 14
|-
| {{flagIOC|RSA|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 8
|-
| {{flagIOC|HUN|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 4
|-
| {{flagIOC|GBR|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 3
|-
| {{flagIOC|AUS|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 3
|-
| {{flagIOC|CUB|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 3
|-
| {{flagIOC|AUT|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| {{flagIOC|NOR|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| {{flagIOC|SUI|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| {{flagIOC|FRA|1904 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="text-align:right; border:0px; background:#fff;"| '''Total''' ||style="text-align:center; border:0px; background:#fff;"| '''648'''
|-
|}

==Medal count==
{{main|1904 Summer Olympics medal table}}
These are the nations that won medals at the 1904 Games.
[[File:Silver medal of 1904 Summer Olympics.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The silver medal of the 1904 Olympics for the 800 meter run]]

{{Medals table
 | caption        = 
 | host           = 
 | show_limit     = 
 | remaining_text = 
 | flag_template  = flagIOC
 | event          = 1904 Summer
 | team           = 
 | gold_USA = 77 | silver_USA = 79 | bronze_USA = 78 | host_USA = yes 
 | gold_GER = 4 | silver_GER = 5 | bronze_GER = 6
 | gold_CAN = 4 | silver_CAN = 1 | bronze_CAN = 1
 | gold_CUB = 3 | silver_CUB = 0 | bronze_CUB = 0
 | gold_HUN = 2 | silver_HUN = 1 | bronze_HUN = 1
 | gold_NOR = 2 | silver_NOR = 0 | bronze_NOR = 0
 | gold_AUT = 1 | silver_AUT = 1 | bronze_AUT = 1
 | gold_GBR = 1 | silver_GBR = 1 | bronze_GBR = 0
 | gold_SUI = 1 | silver_SUI = 0 | bronze_SUI = 2
 | gold_GRE = 1 | silver_GRE = 0 | bronze_GRE = 1
 | gold_ZZX = 1 | silver_ZZX = 0 | bronze_ZZX = 0
 | gold_AUS = 0 | silver_AUS = 3 | bronze_AUS = 1
 | gold_FRA = 0 | silver_FRA = 1 | bronze_FRA = 0
}}

===Notes on medalists===
The nationalities of some medalists were disputed, as many American athletes were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted [[U.S. citizenship]]. In July 2021, the IOC accepted the recommendations of Olympic historian [[Bill Mallon]], and adjusted their database with regard to the following cases:

* In 2009, historians from the [[International Society of Olympic Historians]] discovered that cyclist [[Frank Bizzoni]], believed to be an American, was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904: he received U.S. citizenship in 1917.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&q=Frank+Bizzoni+1904 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |last1=Grasso |first1=John |last2=Mallon |first2=Bill |last3=Heijmans |first3=Jeroen |date=May 2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |edition=5th |isbn=978-1-4422-4859-5 |page=284}}</ref>
* Two Norwegian-American wrestlers, [[Charles Ericksen]] and [[Bernhoff Hansen]] won gold medals. In 2012, Norwegian historians found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22, 1905, while Hansen probably never received American citizenship. The historians therefore petitioned the IOC to have the athletes registered as Norwegians.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/ol2012/nyheter/her-er-norges-ukjente-ol-gullvinner-1.8281024|work=NRK|title=Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie|date=August 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.svd.se/sport/usas-os-guld-var-egentligen-norges_7422064.svd|work=Svenska Dagbladet|title=USA-guld 1904 var Norges|date=August 14, 2012}}</ref> In May 2013, it was reported that the [[Norwegian Olympic Committee]] had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in the IOC's medal database,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nettavisen.no/sport/kampsport/article3617871.ece|work=Nettavisen|title=Norges OL-historie skrives på nytt|date=May 3, 2013|access-date=May 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212143710/http://www.nettavisen.no/sport/kampsport/article3617871.ece|archive-date=December 12, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was done.
* Swimmer and multi-medalist [[Francis Gailey]] competed in 1904 as an Australian. He immigrated to America in 1906, sailing to San Francisco on the SS Sonoma, and worked as a banker in California, living for a time in Ontario, Canada, where he married Mary Adams, and finally settled in southern California in 1918, managing orange-grove plantations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://corporate.olympics.com.au/F50BFE65-5056-B031-6AE23D104E37B9A4 |title=Australian Olympic Committee: Australia's lost Olympian won four medals |access-date=August 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816132721/http://corporate.olympics.com.au/F50BFE65-5056-B031-6AE23D104E37B9A4 |archive-date=August 16, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Multi-medalist [[Frank Kugler]] of Germany, a member of the St. Louis Southwest Turnverein team, was granted U.S. citizenship in 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ku/frank-kugler-1.html |title=Frank Kugler |website=Sports Reference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417075738/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ku/frank-kugler-1.html |archive-date=April 17, 2020 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>
* [[Gustav Tiefenthaler]] was born in Switzerland, but the family moved to the United States when he was a child: he represented the South Broadway AC in St. Louis. At the Olympics, Tiefenthaler wrestled one bout and lost, but earned a bronze medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ti/gustav-tiefenthaler-1.html |title=Gustav Tiefenthaler |website=Sports Reference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110633/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ti/gustav-tiefenthaler-1.html |archive-date=April 18, 2020 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>
* French-American [[Albert Corey]] won silver medals in the [[Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|marathon]], and in the team race as part of a mixed team (together with four undisputed Americans).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/st-louis-1904/athletics |title=St Louis 1904 Athletics - Results & Videos |access-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027093923/https://www.olympic.org/st-louis-1904/athletics |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Austrian-American gymnast [[Julius Lenhart]] won gold and silver medals in individual events and gold medal in team competition as a part of the mixed team.

The IOC also counted one gold, one silver, and two bronze medals won by the American fencer [[Albertson Van Zo Post]] for Cuba instead of the United States: the IOC also showed [[Charles Tatham (fencer)|Charles Tatham]] as Cuban for individual fencing events and American for the team event, but he was an American.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/st-louis-1904/fencing |title=St. Louis 1904 Fencing Results |website=Olympic.org |access-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{IOC seealso|games=1904 Summer Olympics }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IOC games|games=1904 Summer Olympics }}
*[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1904/1904lucas.pdf The Olympic Games 1904, Charles J.P. Lucas]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110829191500/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1904/1904Spal.pdf Spalding's Athletic Almanac for 1905]
*[http://collections.mohistory.org/search/custom_search?text=%221904+Olympics%22&images_only=on Photos of the 1904 Olympics from the Missouri History Museum]

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{{s-bef|before=[[1900 Summer Olympics|Paris]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=III Olympiad<br/>[[St. Louis]]|years=1904}}
{{s-aft|after=[[1908 Summer Olympics|London]]}}
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