Editing 1900 Summer Olympics

{{Short description|Multi-sport event in Paris, France}}
{{Redirect|Paris 1900|the 1947 French film|Paris 1900 (film){{!}}''Paris 1900'' (film)}}
{{Expand French|Jeux olympiques de 1900|date=August 2020|topic=sport}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Olympic games|1900|Summer|Olympics|
| image     = 1900 Olympic Games Poster Paris.jpg
| image_size= 165
| caption   = Poster for the fencing events at the 1900 Summer Olympics
| host_city = [[Paris]], France
| nations   = 26{{ref label|A|note1|a}}
| athletes  = 1226{{ref label|A|note1|b}}
| events    = 95 in 19 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (21 disciplines) {{ref label|A|note1|c}}
| opening   = 14 May 1900
| closing   = 28 October 1900
| stadium   = [[Vélodrome de Vincennes]]
| prev      = [[1896 Summer Olympics|Athens 1896]]
| next      = [[1904 Summer Olympics|St. Louis 1904]]
}}

The '''1900 Summer Olympics''' ({{langx|fr|Jeux olympiques d'été de 1900|link=no}}), today officially known as the '''Games of the II Olympiad''' ({{lang|fr|Jeux de la II<sup>e</sup> olympiade}}) and also known as '''Paris 1900''', were an international [[multi-sport event]] that took place in Paris, France, from 14 May to 28 October 1900. No opening or closing ceremonies were held.

At the [[Olympic Congress]] of 1894, which convened in the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne building]], [[Pierre de Coubertin]] proposed that the Olympic Games should take place in Paris in 1900. However, the delegates to the conference were unwilling to wait six years and lobbied to hold the first games in 1896. A decision was made to hold the [[1896 Summer Olympics|first Olympic Games]] in 1896 in Athens and have Paris host the second Games.

The Games were held as part of the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Exposition Universelle]] (World's Fair). In total, 1,226 competitors took part in 19 different sports.<ref name=IOC1900>{{cite web |title=Paris 1900 Summer Olympics |url= https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900 |publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref>{{ref label|A|note1|d}} This number relies on certain assumptions about which events were and were not "Olympic". Many athletes, some of whom had won events, were unaware they had competed in the [[Olympic Games]]. Women took part in the games for the first time, with sailor [[Hélène de Pourtalès]], born Helen Barbey in New York City,<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/paris/paris-facts.htm |title=Paris facts |year=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202418/https://www.parisdigest.com/paris/paris-facts.htm |archive-date=2018-09-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming the first female Olympic champion. The decision to hold competitions on a Sunday brought protests from many American athletes, who traveled as representatives of their colleges and were expected to withdraw rather than compete on their religious day of rest.

Most of the winners in 1900 did not receive medals but were given cups or trophies. Professionals competed in fencing, as was tradition, and [[Albert Robert Ayat]] (France), who won the [[épée]] for amateurs and masters, was awarded a prize of 3,000&nbsp;[[French franc|F]] (equivalent to {{Euro|link=yes}}{{Format price|{{#expr:({{Inflation|FR|3000|1900}} / 100 / {{FixedEuroRate|FRF}})}}}} in {{Inflation/year|FR}}{{Inflation/fn|FR}}). Some events were contested for the only time in the history of the Games, including [[Angling at the 1900 Summer Olympics|angling]],<ref>{{Cite book|first=Daniel |last= Mérillon|title=Rapports : Concours Internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sports |publisher=[[Imprimerie nationale]] |place=[[Paris]] |year=1901a |volume= 1 |id=T1  |url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/6404/rec/1}}</ref> [[Motor racing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|motor racing]],<ref name=joh>Journal of Olympic History, Special Issue – December 2008, The Official Publication of the International Society of Olympic Historians, p. 8, by Karl Lennartz, Tony Bijkerk and Volker Kluge</ref> [[Ballooning at the 1900 Summer Olympics|ballooning]],<ref name=joh13>Journal of Olympic History, Special Issue – December 2008, The Official Publication of the International Society of Olympic Historians, p. 13, by Karl Lennartz, Tony Bijkerk and Volker Kluge</ref> [[Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics|cricket]],<ref name=joh32>Journal of Olympic History, Special Issue – December 2008, The Official Publication of the International Society of Olympic Historians, p. 32, by Karl Lennartz, Tony Bijkerk and Volker Kluge</ref> [[Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics|croquet]],<ref name=joh33>Journal of Olympic History, Special Issue – December 2008, The Official Publication of the International Society of Olympic Historians, p. 33, by Karl Lennartz, Tony Bijkerk and Volker Kluge</ref> [[Basque pelota at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Basque pelota]],<ref name=joh52>Journal of Olympic History, Special Issue – December 2008, The Official Publication of the International Society of Olympic Historians, p. 52, by Karl Lennartz, Tony Bijkerk and Volker Kluge</ref> [[Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre obstacle event|200m swimming obstacle race]] and [[Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming|underwater swimming]].<ref name=joh77>Journal of Olympic History, Special Issue – December 2008, The Official Publication of the International Society of Olympic Historians, p. 77, by Karl Lennartz, Tony Bijkerk, and Volker Kluge</ref> This was also the only Olympic Games in history to use live animals (pigeons) as targets during the [[Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics|shooting event]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Carmichael |first=Emma |url=http://gawker.com/5929259/gawkers-guide-to-the-olympic-sports-youre-pretty-sure-dont-exist-shooting |title=Gawker's Guide to the Olympic Sports You're Pretty Sure Don't Exist: Shooting |publisher=Gawker |date=July 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506163708/https://gawker.com/5929259/gawkers-guide-to-the-olympic-sports-youre-pretty-sure-dont-exist-shooting |archive-date=May 6, 2013 }}</ref> The host nation of France fielded 72% of all athletes (720 of the 997) and won the most gold, silver and bronze medal placings. U.S. athletes won the second-most in each while fielding the fifth-most participants, 75. British athletes won the third-most in each while fielding the second most participants, 102.<ref>{{cite web|title=1900 Paris Medal Tally|url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/medal-tally/1900.htm|access-date=April 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215309/https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/medal-tally/1900.htm|archive-date=April 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Organization ==
The 1900 Games were held as part of the {{lang|fr|[[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Exposition Universelle]]|italic=no}}. The Baron de Coubertin believed this would help public awareness of the Olympics and submitted elaborate plans to rebuild the ancient site of [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], complete with statues, temples, stadia, and gymnasia. The director of the Exposition Universelle, Alfred Picard, thought holding an ancient sport event at the Exposition Universelle was an "absurd anachronism".<ref name=Googlebooks>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y11yO-0bNU4C&pg=PA172 Cropper, Corry: ''Playing at monarchy: sport as a metaphor in nineteenth-century France''] Accessed through [[Google Books]], Retrieved 1 March 2010</ref> After thanking de Coubertin for his plans, Picard filed them away and nothing more came of it.

A committee was formed for the organization of the Games, consisting of some of the more able sports administrators of the day, and a provisional program was drawn up. Sports to be included at the games were [[track and field athletics]], [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[wrestling]], [[artistic gymnastics|gymnastics]], [[fencing]], [[savate|French]] and [[boxing|British boxing]], river and ocean [[yacht racing]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], [[golf]], [[lifesaving]], [[Archery at the Summer Olympics|archery]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[diving (sport)|diving]], and [[water polo]].

British and Irish sports associations and several influential American universities and sports clubs announced their desire to compete. Competitors from Russia and Australia also confirmed their intentions to travel to Paris.

[[File:Btv1b8433332t-p014 (cropped)1A Square.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vélodrome de Vincennes]]]]

On 9 November 1898, the [[Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques]] ("Union of the French Societies for Athletic Sports" or USFSA) announced that it would have the sole right to any organized sport held during the World's Fair. It was an empty threat, but [[Viscount]] Charles de La Rochefoucauld, the nominated head of the organizing committee, stepped down rather than be embroiled in the political battle.
The Baron de Coubertin, also secretary-general of the USFSA, was urged to withdraw from active involvement in running the Games and did so, only to comment later, "I surrendered—and was incorrect in doing so."

The [[IOC]] ceded control of the Games to a new committee to oversee every sporting activity connected to the 1900 Exposition Universelle. Alfred Picard appointed [[Daniel Mérillon]], the head of the French Shooting Association, as president of this organization in February 1899. Mérillon published an entirely different schedule of events, which resulted in many of those who had made plans to compete with the original program withdrawing and refusing to deal with the new committee.

Between May and October 1900, the new organizing committee held many sporting activities alongside the Paris Exposition. The term "Olympic" rarely used in sporting events. Indeed, the term "Olympic Games" was replaced by "''Concours internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sport''" ("International contests of physical exercises and of sport" in English) in the official report of the sporting events of the 1900 Exposition Universelle. The press reported competitions variously as "International Championships", "International Games", "Paris Championships", "World Championships" and "Grand Prix of the Paris Exposition".

These poorly organized games, along with those of 1904, were termed decades later by several historians "The Farcical Games."<ref>Howell, Maxwell L., and Reet N. Howell. "The 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games: The Farcical Games." Paper presented to the VI International Association of the History of Sport and Physical Education Seminar, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, July 1976.</ref> Years later, many competitors were unaware that they had competed in the Olympics.<ref name="Mallon"/>{{rp|ix}} While there is an Official Report of these Games,<ref name="report">{{cite book|title=Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900 a Paris. Concours Internationaux D'Exercices Physiques et de Sports. Rapports Publies Sous La Direction de M. D. Merillon.|author=Ministere du Commerce de L'Industrie des Postes et des Telegraphes|location = Paris|date=1902|publisher=Imprimerie Nationale}}</ref> complete records of results do not exist.<ref name="Mallon"/>{{rp|ix}} De Coubertin commented later to friends, "It's a miracle that the Olympic Movement survived that celebration".

[[File:Kraenzlein Hurdling.jpg|thumb|right|Alvin Kraenzlein<br />Winner of the 60&nbsp;m, the 110&nbsp;m hurdles, the 200&nbsp;m hurdles, and the long jump]]

== Highlights ==
* These Olympic Games were the first organised under the IOC Presidency of [[Pierre de Coubertin]]
* [[Alvin Kraenzlein]] (United States) won the [[60 metres]] (he was one of two people to ever win this event at the Olympic Games as it was withdrawn from Olympic competition after the [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904 Olympics]]), the [[110 metre hurdles]], the 200 metre [[hurdles]] and the [[long jump]] events; {{as of|2005|lc=y}}, these four individual gold medals are still a record for a [[track and field]] athlete. For his victory in the long jump, he was allegedly punched in the face by his rival [[Meyer Prinstein]], who was prevented from competing in the final by officials of [[Syracuse University]] because it was scheduled for a Sunday.
* American-born [[Hélène de Pourtalès]] became the first female Olympic champion as part of the Swiss winning team in the [[Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 1 to 2 ton|1-2 ton sailing]] event. Two months later, [[Charlotte Cooper (tennis)|Charlotte Cooper]] (UK) became the first woman to win an individual Olympic event after winning the women's singles [[tennis]] competition. She later went on to win the [[mixed doubles (tennis)|mixed doubles]] tournament.
* Three [[marathon]] runners from the United States contested the result saying the French runners who got first and second places took a short cut, and in fact they were the only contestants not spattered with mud.
* In the [[coxed pair]]s and [[Eight (rowing)|eights]] events in [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], crews replaced adult [[Coxswain (rowing)|coxswain]] with children. The identities and ages of these boys were not recorded but they are believed to have been among the youngest of all Olympic competitors.

== Sports ==
Before July 2021, the IOC had never decided which events were "Olympic".<ref name="KLWT">{{cite book|first1=Karl|last1=Lennartz|first2=Walter|last2=Teutenberg|title=Olympische Spiele 1900 in Paris|publisher=Agon-Sportverlag|location=Kassel, Germany|page=147|year=1995|isbn=3-928562-20-7|quote=In many works, it is read that the IOC later met to decide which events were Olympic and which were not. This is not correct and no decision has ever been made. No discussion of this item can be found in the account of any Session.}}</ref> In fact, Pierre de Coubertin had ceded that entire determination to the organizers. The IOC webpage for the 1900 Summer Olympics affirms a total of 95 medal events.<ref name=IOC1900 />{{ref label|A|note1|e}} Weightlifting and wrestling were dropped since the [[1896 Summer Olympics]], while 12 new sports were added.{{efn|Swimming and water polo are considered to be two disciplines within a single sport of ''aquatics'' in the Olympic context.}} Among the sports below, only croquet was not an international competition, being contested by French players only. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*Aquatics
**{{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=7|Format=d}}
**{{GamesSport|Water polo|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Archery|Events=7|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=23|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Basque pelota|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Cricket|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Croquet|Events=3|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Cycling|Events=3|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Equestrian|Format=d}}
**Driving <small>(2)</small>
**Jumping <small>(3)</small>
*{{GamesSport|Fencing|Events=7|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Football|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Golf|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Polo|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Rowing|Events=5|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Rugby union|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Sailing|Events=13|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Shooting|Events=8|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Tennis|Events=4|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Tug of war|Events=1|Format=d}}
}}

{{notelist}}

== Venues ==
14 venues were used at the 1900 Summer Olympics to host 20 sports.
{{Location map+ |France Paris and inner ring|alt=Map of Paris with Olympic venues marked |caption=Map of Paris with Olympic venues marked. [[Satory]] is further west, off-map. [[Compiègne]] and [[Le Havre]] are not shown. |float=right |width=600 |places=
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Vélodrome de Vincennes]] |background=white |position=bottom|lat_deg=48.826331|lon_deg=2.411528}}
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Tuileries Garden]] |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=48.863640|lon_deg=2.326881}}
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Puteaux]] |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=48.876164 |lon_deg=2.242541}}
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=48.885439
|lon_deg=2.268914}}
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=Croix-Catelan Stadium |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=48.864524  |lon_deg=2.256932}}
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Bois de Vincennes]] |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=48.837487  |lon_deg=2.439171}}
      {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Bois de Boulogne]] |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=48.864722|lon_deg=2.250833}}
    {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Boulogne-Billancourt]] |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=48.8352|lon_deg=2.2409}}
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=Place de Breteuil |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=48.846669 |lon_deg=2.311555}}
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Seine]]: rowing, water polo, swimming |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=48.900638|lon_deg=2.278011}}
     {{Location map~ |France Paris and inner ring|label=[[Satory]] |background= white|mark=Red Arrow Left.png |position=right|lat_deg=48.786389|lon_deg=2.15}}
}}
{{Location map+ |France |alt=Map of northern France with Olympic venues marked |caption=Map of France with Olympic venues marked. |float=right |width=300|places=
     {{Location map~ |France |label=[[Compiègne]] |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=49.411591|lon_deg=2.843525}}
     {{Location map~ |France |label=[[Le Havre]] |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=49.483445 |lon_deg=0.096371}}
     {{Location map~ |France |label=Paris |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=48.854835  |lon_deg=2.329473}}
     {{Location map~ |France |label=[[Satory]] |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=48.783489  |lon_deg=2.107616}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=780px
!width=40%|Venue
!class="unsortable" width=45%|Sports
!width=10%|Capacity
!class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]] (Place de Breteuil)
| [[Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Equestrian]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref name=osg1900-16>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf 1900 Summer Olympics official report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012428/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf |date=2008-05-28 }} p. 16. Accessed 14 November 2010. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bois de Boulogne]]
| [[Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Croquet]], [[Polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Polo]], [[Tug of war at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Tug of war]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref>[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/CRO/mixed-singles-one-ball.html Sports-reference.com Summer Olympics Paris 28 June 1900 croquet mixed singles one-ball results.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928120412/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/CRO/mixed-singles-one-ball.html |date=28 September 2018 }} Accessed 14 November 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/POL/mens-polo.html Sports-reference.com Summer Olympics Paris 28 May-2 June 1900 men's polo results.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201082442/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/POL/mens-polo.html |date=1 December 2017 }} Accessed 20 February 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/TOW/mens-tug-of-war.html Sports-reference.com Summer Olympics Paris 16 July 1900 tug-of-war men's results.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123531/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/TOW/mens-tug-of-war.html |date=28 September 2018 }} Accessed 14 November 2010.</ref>
|-
| [[Bois de Vincennes]]
| [[Archery at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Archery]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref>[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/ARC/mens-au-chapelet-33-metres.html Sports-reference.com Summer Olympics Paris 27 May – 14 August 1900 men's archery au chapelet 33&nbsp;m results.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001075312/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/ARC/mens-au-chapelet-33-metres.html |date=1 October 2017 }} Accessed 14 November 2010.</ref>
|-
| [[Boulogne-Billancourt]]
| [[Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Shooting]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref name=osg1900-16 />
|-
| [[Compiègne]]
| [[Golf at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Golf]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref name=osg1900-15>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf 1900 Summer Olympics official report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012428/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf |date=2008-05-28 }} p. 15. Accessed 14 November 2010. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
|-
| [[RCF Paris|Croix-Catelan Stadium]]
| [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref name=osg1900-15 />
|-
| [[Le Havre]]
| [[Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Sailing]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref name=osg1900-16 />
|-
| [[Meulan-en-Yvelines]]
| [[Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Sailing]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref>[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/SAI/mixed-open.html Sports-reference.com Summer Olympics Paris 20 May 1900 sailing mixed open results.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703030818/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/SAI/mixed-open.html |date=3 July 2017 }} Accessed 14 November 2010.</ref>
|-
| [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]]
| [[Basque pelota at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Basque pelota]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref>[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/PEL/mens-two-man-teams-with-cesta.html Sports-reference.com Summer Olympics Paris 14 June 1900 men's basque pelota two-teams results.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303111058/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/PEL/mens-two-man-teams-with-cesta.html |date=3 March 2018 }} Accessed 14 November 2010.</ref>
|-
| [[Puteaux]]
| [[Tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Tennis]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref>[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/TEN/mens-singles.html Sports-reference.com Summer Olympics Paris 6-11 July 1900 tennis men's singles results.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701161008/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1900/TEN/mens-singles.html |date=1 July 2017 }} Accessed 14 November 2010.</ref>
|-
| [[Satory]]
| [[Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Shooting]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref name=osg1900-16 />
|-
| [[Seine]]
| [[Rowing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Rowing]], [[Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Swimming]], and [[Water polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Water polo]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf 1900 Summer Olympics official report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012428/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf |date=2008-05-28 }} pp. 17-18. Accessed 14 November 2010. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tuileries Garden]]
| [[Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Fencing]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref name=osg1900-16 />
|-
| [[Vélodrome de Vincennes]]
| [[Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Cricket]], [[Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Cycling]], [[Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Football]], [[Gymnastics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]], and [[Rugby union at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Rugby union]]
| align=right|Not listed.
| align=center|<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf 1900 Summer Olympics official report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012428/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf |date=2008-05-28 }} pp. 15-16. Accessed 14 November 2010. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
|}

== Sport-by-sport overview ==
The standard of competition at the Games was variable. Despite a poor-quality track, a strong
contingent of top-class American collegiate athletes ensured the track and field competitions were of the highest quality. The tennis gold medalists were all former [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] champions; swimming and fencing events were of a good standard; and even polo, a minority sport for the social elite, was well represented by some of the best players in the game. Other sports were noticeably weak in both quality and depth. Only athletics, swimming and fencing had competitors from more than ten nations.

=== Archery ===
{{Main|Archery at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
The history of the archery competition at the 1900 Olympics is one of confusion. The [[IOC]] currently lists six events with Olympic status, but a case has been made that as many as eight other events equally deserve to be considered part of official Olympic history. About 150 archers competed in the six events that later had official status conferred.  However, as many as 5,000 were involved in archery competition in conjunction with the [[1900 World's Fair]]. [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[Hubert Van Innis]] took two gold medals and one silver and would add to his tally twenty years later in [[1920 Summer Olympics|Antwerp]].

=== Athletics ===
[[File:Ray Ewry.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ray Ewry]], the winner of the standing high jump and standing long jump.]]
{{Main|Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
The [[track and field]] events were held at the home of the [[RCF Paris|Racing Club de France]] at the Croix-Catelan stadium in [[Bois de Boulogne]]. No track was laid and races took place on an uneven field of grass littered with trees. Additional events were held for professionals and a series of handicap races also took place. These are not considered official Olympic events.

==== The sprints ====
In the seven events contested over 400 metres or less, the United States took 13 out of a possible 21 medals. Athletes from [[Columbia University]], [[Princeton University]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania]] all won gold medals. Indeed, two would-be dentists from the University of Pennsylvania were among the stars of the Games. [[Alvin Kraenzlein]] won 4 individual gold medals, a feat that has never repeated, while [[Walter Tewksbury]] took five medals including two golds. The hurdles in the 400&nbsp;m hurdle race were {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}}-long telegraph poles arranged on the track and the race, uniquely in Olympic competition, had a water jump on the final straight. Adolphe Klingelhoeffer, who had Brazilian citizenship in 1900, competed for France in three events.

==== Middle- and long-distance races ====
United States dominance in sprinting was matched in the longer track races by United Kingdom. Only [[George Orton]], who won Canada's first Olympic title in the shorter of the two [[Steeplechase (athletics)|steeplechases]], ruined a perfect record for the British. Orton won his title less than an hour after placing third in the 400-metre hurdles.

==== The Marathon ====
[[File:Marathon des JO de Paris 1900, arrivée de Michel Théato.jpg|thumb|left|Arrival of [[Michel Théato]] during the [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|marathon]], an event which he won, photographed by Jules Beau]]
The most contentious of all the events in these Games began and ended in the Bois de Boulogne. Intended to follow the track of the [[Thiers wall|old city wall]], the course was poorly marked out and runners often got lost and had to double back on themselves before continuing. On some parts of the course, runners had to contend with distractions from cars, bicycles, pedestrians and animals. [[Arthur L. Newton|Arthur Newton]] of the United States finished fifth but stated he had not been passed by any other runner during the race. Another American, [[Dick Grant|Richard Grant]], claimed he was run down by a cyclist as he made ground on the leaders. French honour seemed to have been satisfied when [[Michel Théato]] crossed the finish line and a military band struck up [[La Marseillaise]]. However, modern research has revealed that Théato was born in [[Luxembourg]] and maintained [[Luxembourgian]] citizenship throughout his life.

==== Field events ====
[[File:Rudolf Bauer 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Rudolf Bauer of Hungary won the discus]]
The [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[discus throw]]er [[Rudolf Bauer (athlete)|Rudolf Bauer]] was the only non-American crowned as Olympic Champion. American domination was even greater in the field events than the track events, with outstanding performances coming from [[Ray Ewry]] and [[Irving Baxter]]. Ewry started his Olympic career with a sweep of the three standing jumps, while Baxter finished second to Ewry three times and won both the [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|regular high jump]] and [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault|pole vault]]. [[Meyer Prinstein]] became the first Jewish Olympic gold medalist in the [[triple jump]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

=== Basque pelota ===
[[File:Pelota1900.jpg|thumb|left|A competitor at the Pelota tournament]]
{{Main|Basque pelota at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
The [[Basque pelota#Chistera (basket)|chistera]] form of the game was played at this, the sport's only appearance at full Olympic level. Two pairs entered and the Spanish partnerships of Amezola and Villota became their nations' first Olympic champions. The [[Basque pelota#Hand-pelota|mano]] form of the game and a chistera tournament for professional players were contested unofficially.

=== Cricket ===
[[File:Cricket 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Poster of the only Olympic cricket match]]
{{Main|Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
After the withdrawal of teams from the Netherlands and Belgium, only two teams played in the cricket tournament. A team made up of players from the Albion Cricket Club and the Standard Athletic Club, two Paris clubs consisting almost exclusively of British expatriates, played a touring team from the southwest of England. The Devon and Somerset Wanderers were no more than a team of competent club cricketers (made up from [[Blundells School]] old boys and members of Castle Cary Cricket Club), and only [[Montagu Toller]] and [[Alfred Bowerman]] were deemed good enough to play at county level for Somerset. The game was played before a small crowd at the [[Vélodrome de Vincennes]]. An emphatic second innings bowling performance from Toller captured victory for the visitors as time appeared to be running out for them. If the French had held out for five more minutes the game would have been a draw.<ref>{{cite news |last=Joint |first=Laura |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2008/08/21/devon_cricket_olympic_gold_feature.shtml |title=When Devon's cricketers won Olympic gold |publisher=BBC |date=21 August 2008 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911094310/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2008/08/21/devon_cricket_olympic_gold_feature.shtml |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Knowledge of the game would have been lost but for the forethought of [[John Symes (cricketer)|John Symes]], a member of the victorious team, who kept a scorecard in his own writing.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

=== Croquet ===
{{Main|Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
The croquet tournament was notable as it marked the first appearance of women at Olympic level. Madame [[Desprès]], Madame [[Jeanne Filleul-Brohy|Filleul-Brohy]] and Mademoiselle [[Marie Ohier|Ohier]] were eliminated in the first round of competition. All players were French. A single paying spectator attended the tournament, an elderly English gentleman who travelled from [[Nice]] for the early stages. An unofficial two-ball handicap competition was also held. This was also the only Olympiad where croquet was part of the official programme, though there was the variant called [[roque at the 1904 Summer Olympics]].

=== Cycling ===
{{Main|Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
The home nation won six of the nine medals available, including one that was initially awarded to Great Britain until this was reversed in 2024.<ref name="change">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/15/nx-s1-5005958/olympics-reassigns-1900-medal-from-britain-to-france |title=Olympics reassigns a 1900 medal—and its winner—from Britain to France |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en-US |first=Bill |last=Chappell |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> A number of unofficial events were held for both amateurs and professionals.

=== Equestrian ===
{{Main|Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
Equestrian sport made its debut at the Olympic Games with three jumping events being held, plus two other events. The Italian rider [[Gian Giorgio Trissino (equestrian)|Gian Giorgio Trissino]] won a gold and a silver. He narrowly missed making Olympic history by winning two medals in the same event. Competing with two different horses in the high jump, he jointly won the gold medal and finished in 4th place on his second horse.

=== Fencing ===
[[File:ItaloSantelli1900Olympics.jpg|thumb|left|Italo Santelli (left) and Jean-Baptiste Mimiague competing in the masters foil event. Mimiague won both bouts between the two.]]
{{Main|Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
Nineteen nations were represented in the fencing competition, which was held in a field near
the cutlery exhibit at the [[1900 World's Fair]].  French fencers dominated the proceedings but both Cuba and Italy also took titles. The early rounds of the foil competitions were judged on style rather than the actual result of the contest. This meant that some fencers were eliminated without losing a contest while others were defeated and still progressed to the next rounds.

=== Football ===
{{Main|Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
The first football champions at the Olympics were the London amateurs of [[Upton Park F.C.]]  A crowd of around 500 spectators saw them defeat their French rivals.

=== Golf ===
{{Main|Golf at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
[[Margaret Ives Abbott]], a student of art from Chicago, played in and won a nine-hole golf
tournament on an October Tuesday in Paris. She died in 1955 without being aware that the
tournament was part of the Olympic Games and she had become America's first ever female
Olympic champion.

=== Gymnastics ===
{{Main|Gymnastics at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
135 gymnasts took part in a competition that involved elements from [[track and field]] and
[[Powerlifting|weightlifting]] as well as gymnastic disciplines.

=== Polo ===
{{Main|Polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
Eight separate tournaments were held in 1900 as part of the [[1900 World's Fair]]. Only the Grand Prix Internationale de l'Exposition is counted as an official medal event. Entries were from clubs rather than countries, and the winning Foxhunters club comprised English, Irish and American players.

Mexico won its first medal in this sport, a bronze won by Guillermo Hayden Wright, Marquez de Villavieja and three brothers: Eustaquio de Escandón y Barron, Pablo de Escandón y Barron and Manuel de  Escandón y Barron.

=== Rowing ===
{{Main|Rowing at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
Competitions were held on the [[River Seine]]. The coxed fours event descended into disarray after the officials changed the qualifying criteria for the final several times, culminating in two finals: the first final was held without the original qualifiers, who boycotted the race to protest the decision to run six boats on a course laid out for four boats. Following this, officials decided to run another final for the boycotting crews. Both events are considered official Olympic competitions.

In a number of events, crews saw the advantage of having ultra-lightweight coxswains and recruited local boys for race days. Most of these remain a mystery; some could have been under ten years old.

=== Rugby union ===
[[File:Rugby1900.jpg|thumb|right|Scoreboard with result of France-Germany rugby game]]
<!-- Missing image removed: [[File:Frantz reichel 1903.jpg|thumb|left|Frantz Reichel of France, athlete in 1896, member of winning Olympic rugby team in 1900]] -->
{{Main|Rugby union at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
Three teams competed in the Rugby tournament. A French representative team defeated a team from the German city of [[Frankfurt]] and [[Moseley Wanderers]] from England. The Moseley team had played a full game of rugby in England the day before they made the journey to Paris. They arrived in the morning, played the match in the afternoon and were back in their home country by the next morning. The proposed game between the British and German sides was cancelled, and both are credited as silver medalists. The Franco-Haitian centre [[Constantin Henriquez]] become the first black gold medalist.

=== Sailing ===
[[File:Sailing1900.jpg|thumb|left|The Olympic regatta]]
{{Main|Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
The 1900 sailing regatta differs from every other Olympic regatta in a number of ways.
In most classes, there were two distinct "finals", boats were assigned time handicaps according to their weight within each class and cash prizes were handed out to the winner of each race. The [[IOC]] initially recognized the winner of the first race in each class as Olympic champion except in the case of the 10-20 ton class, which was decided on aggregate time over three races. However currently the participants of both first and second races in 3 classes (0-0.5t, 1-2t and 2-3t) are present in the <ref name=IOC1900Sailing>{{cite web|title=Paris 1900 Sailing Results|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/results/sailing|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> as medalists, so the second races in these 3 classes were recognized by the IOC, as recommended by Olympic historian [[Bill Mallon]].<ref name="Mallon"/> To support the recognition of a total of 95 medal events per Mallon's suggestion, one more race in each of 2 other classes (0.5-1t and 3-10t) has been recognized by the IOC. Thus, for five of the eight events, two gold, two silver and two bronze medals were retrospectively awarded. Races were held at both [[Meulan]] and [[Le Havre]] and medals shared among five nations. France and Great Britain were the most successful of the countries involved. A number of people named as members of medal-winning crews by the [[IOC]] have been proved not to have competed; others have their participation seriously questioned by historical research.

=== Shooting ===
{{Main|Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
Switzerland's [[Konrad Stäheli]] was the outstanding marksman of the Games, taking a trio of titles and leading his country to the top of the shooting medal table. The medals were shared between six different nations. There is a debate as to whether the live pigeon shooting event was a full Olympic event, Belgian Leon Lunden shot twenty-one birds on his way to the championship. Up to thirty unofficial shooting events were also held, most involving professional marksmen. Research has shown that one of the medal events in the IOC database (25m rapid fire pistol, also called military pistol cat. 6) was contested by professionals.<ref name="Mallon"/>

=== Swimming ===
[[File:Swimming 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Swimming race in the river Seine]]
{{Main|Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
The muddied waters of the [[Seine]] hosted the swimming events in 1900. Run with the current, the races produced very fast times by the standards of the day. [[John Arthur Jarvis]] of Great Britain, [[Frederick Lane]] of Australia and the German [[Ernst Hoppenberg]] each won two titles. Lane received a 50-pound bronze statue of a horse as a prize. A couple of unusual events were held. The obstacle race required both swimming underneath and climbing over rows of boats while Charles de Venville stayed submerged for over a minute to
win the underwater swimming event.

=== Tennis ===
[[File:Charlotte Cooper.jpg|thumb|left|Charlotte Cooper, the first individual female Olympic champion]]
{{Main|Tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
[[File:Tennis_women_1900.jpg|alt=|thumb|French contestant at the 1900 Olympic Games tennis tournament, at the Tennis court Cercles des Sports de l'Ile de Puteaux, Paris. Cover page of magazine ''La vie au grand air'', No 97 from July 22, 1900.]]
A high-quality men's tournament saw three past or future [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] champions reach the semi-finals. [[Laurence Doherty]] reached the final when older brother [[Reginald Doherty|Reggie]] stepped aside and let his sibling advance to the final. The two refused to play each other in what they considered a minor tournament. On the 11th of July a landmark was reached in the history of the Olympic Games. [[Charlotte Cooper (tennis)|Charlotte Cooper]], already three times Wimbledon champion, took the singles championship to become the first individual female Olympic champion, also winning the mixed doubles event.

=== Tug of war ===
[[File:Tug of war.jpg|thumb|right|A combined Swedish/Danish team beats France for Gold in the tug of war]]
{{Main|Tug of  war at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
A combined Sweden/Denmark team, made up of three competitors from each country, defeated the French team to win the title. One of the members of the French team was a Colombian citizen. They were left as the only participating teams; the United States  had entered but were forced to scratch as three of their team were involved in the final of the hammer. [[Edgar Aabye]] was a journalist covering the Games for the Danish newspaper [[Politiken]] and was asked to join the team when another puller was taken ill.

=== Water polo ===
{{Main|Water polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
Osborne Swimming Club, representing Great Britain, were unchallenged in the tournament, scoring 29 goals and conceding only 3 in their 3 matches. In the final, they limited the number of shots on goal to avoid humiliating their opponents. One of its team members, [[Victor Lindberg]], was from New Zealand, while [[Thomas William Burgess]] of the bronze medal-winning Libellule de Paris team represented Great Britain in the swimming events.

== Olympic status of sports and events ==
The 1900 Games were not governed by a specific Olympic organizing committee, but were instead held as an appendage to the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 World's Fair]]. An enormous number of events was held, though many fall short of the standards later required for Olympic championship status.

After the several initial editions of the Olympic Games, decisions as to which Olympic events were termed "official" and which had "unofficial" or "demonstration" status were usually left to the Olympic organizing committees and/or the [[IOC]]. In the early Olympic Games, however, no decision as to the official status of any event was made at the time of the Games.

While a document from 1912 exists, listing results from the 1900 Games, and formed the original basis of the results of the Paris games in the IOC database, the reliability and authenticity of this paper has been questioned by Olympic historians.<ref name=status>"Olympic or not?" – article by Herman de Wael – Journal of Olympic History – January 2003</ref> Further complicating matters, the IOC has never determined which events were Olympic and which were not.<ref name="KLWT"/>

All events satisfying all four of the retrospective selection criteria (restricted to amateurs, international participation, open to all competitors and without handicapping) are now regarded by historians as Olympic events, except for ballooning, while croquet, motorboating and boules satisfied three of these criteria (as only French athletes competed).

Of the three events that satisfied three criteria, only croquet has been accorded Olympic status.<ref name="Mallon"/> In this regard, one of the ten croquet players, [[Marcel Haëntjens]], had been believed to be Belgian, and the croquet events were thus considered as international. Despite the Flemish name, it was discovered in recent times that Haëntjens was French.

Like all the Olympic events widely regarded as official, there were other events conducted during the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 World's Fair]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/olympic/other.htm |title=Demonstration and unofficial sports |publisher=GBRathletics |access-date=February 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219030419/http://www.gbrathletics.com/olympic/other.htm |archive-date=February 19, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Soltis |first=Greg |url=http://www.livescience.com/2782-olympic-events-history.html |title=Olympic Events Through History |publisher=LiveScience |date=July 27, 2012 |access-date=February 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222203733/http://www.livescience.com/2782-olympic-events-history.html |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="KLWT"/>
* [[Angling at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Angling]]
* [[Ballooning at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Ballooning]] (hydrogen-filled, non-fueled<ref name="reportb">{{cite book|title=Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900 a Paris. Concours Internationaux D'Exercices Physiques et de Sports. Rapports Publies Sous La Direction de M. D. Merillon.|author=Ministere du Commerce de L'Industrie des Postes et des Telegraphes|location = Paris|date=1902|publisher=Imprimerie Nationale|pages=178, 250–275}}</ref>)
* [[Baseball at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Baseball]]
* [[Boules at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Boules]]
* [[Cannon shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Cannon shooting]]
* [[Fire fighting at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Fire fighting]]
* [[Kite flying at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Kite flying]]
* [[Life saving at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Life saving]]
* [[Longue paume at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Longue paume]]
* [[Military exercise at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Military exercise]]
* [[Motor racing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Motor racing]]
* [[Motorcycle racing at the Summer Olympics|Motorcycle racing]]
* [[Pigeon racing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Pigeon racing]]
* [[Water motorsports at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Water motorsports]]

Scholastic and military events were also held across a range of sports. Four planned competitions were not organized due to a lack of participants: {{ill|balle au tamis|fr}}, [[field hockey]], [[jeu de paume]] and [[lacrosse]].<ref name="Drevon 2000">{{cite book | last=Drevon | first=A. | title=Les Jeux olympiques oubliés: Paris 1900 | publisher=CNRS | year=2000 | isbn=978-2-271-05838-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJyBAAAAMAAJ | language=fr | access-date=2024-01-28 | page=31}}</ref>

== Participating nations ==
[[File:1900 Olympic games countries.PNG|thumb|Participating countries]]
[[File:1900 Summer olympics team numbers.png|thumb|Number of athletes from each country]]
According to the International Olympic Committee, 26 nations sent competitors to this edition.<ref name=IOC1900 />{{ref label|A|note1|f}} The concept of "national teams" chosen by [[National Olympic Committee]]s did not exist at this point in time.

When counting the number of participating countries in the early Olympic Games, the IOC does not take into account otherwise unrepresented countries whose citizens competed for other countries. Modern research shows<ref name="Mallon"/> that at the 1900 Olympics, the athletes of at least four otherwise unrepresented countries competed for other countries in both individual and team sports. [[George Orton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/66202 |title=George Orton |publisher=Olympedia.org |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> gold medalist in 2500 metres steeplechase event and bronze medalist in 400 metres hurdles event, and [[Ronald J. MacDonald]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/66143 |title=Ronald MacDonald |publisher=Olympedia.org |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> both of Canada, competed for the U.S. athletics team. Orton ran for the University of Pennsylvania and was therefore assumed to be American, but he always considered himself a Canadian. [[Michel Théato]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/68519 |title=Michel Théato |publisher=Olympedia.org |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> the winner of the marathon, competed for the French athletics team. He was a Luxembourger; however, this was only discovered decades later. [[Francisco Henríquez de Zubiría]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/127263 |title=Francis Henríquez de Zubiria |publisher=Olympedia.org |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/COL/summer/1900/ |title=Colombia at the 1900 Paris Summer Games |publisher=Sports Reference |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112446/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/COL/summer/1900/ |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of Colombia was a silver medal-winner on the French tug of war team. [[Victor Lindberg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/80393 |title=Victor Lindberg |publisher=Olympedia.org |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/NZL/summer/1900/ |title=New Zealand at the 1900 Paris Summer Games |publisher=Sports Reference |access-date=November 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011601/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/NZL/summer/1900/ |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of New Zealand was a gold medal-winner on the British water polo team. The IOC website lists all of them in the results section under their nationalities,<ref name=IOC1900Results>{{cite web|title=Paris 1900 Results|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/results|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> but does not include their countries among the 26 participating countries.

{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Participating [[:Category:Nations at the 1900 Summer Olympics|National Olympic Committees]]
|-
|
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagIOC|ARG|1900 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|AUS|1900 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|AUT|1900 Summer|13}}
* {{flagIOC|BEL|1900 Summer|78}}
* {{flagIOC|BOH|1900 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|CUB|1900 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|DEN|1900 Summer|13}}
* {{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer|720}} '''(host)'''
* {{flagIOC|GER|1900 Summer|76}}
* {{flagIOC|GBR|1900 Summer|102}}
* {{flagIOC|GRE|1900 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|HAI|1900 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|HUN|1900 Summer|20}}
* {{flagIOC|IND|1900 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|IRI|1900 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|ITA|1900 Summer|24}}
* {{flagIOC|MEX|1900 Summer|4}}
* {{flagIOC|NED|1900 Summer|29}}
* {{flagIOC|NOR|1900 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|PER|1900 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|ROU|1900 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|RU1|1900 Summer|4}}
* {{flagIOC|ESP|1900 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|SWE|1900 Summer|10}}
* {{flagIOC|SUI|1900 Summer|18}}
* {{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer|75}}
{{div col end}}
Iran was called Persia at the time.

Otherwise unrepresented countries whose athletes competed for other countries:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagIOC|CAN|1900 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|LUX|1900 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|COL|1900 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|NZL|1900 Summer|1}}
{{div col end}}
|}
Some sources also list athletes from the following nation as having competed at these Games: 
* {{flagIOC|BRA|1900 Summer}} – Adolphe Klingelhoeffer was the son of a Brazilian diplomat, and although he was born and raised in Paris, he had Brazilian citizenship in 1900, and maintained this citizenship until at least the 1940s per French athletics historian Alain Bouille. As this was discovered in late 2008, his participation is usually attributed to France.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kl/adolphe-klingelhoeffer-1.html |title=Adolphe Klingelhoeffer| publisher=Sports Reference |access-date=2009-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505203745/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kl/adolphe-klingelhoeffer-1.html|url-status= dead |archive-date=2012-05-05}}</ref>

Debuting nations at the games included [[Argentina]], [[Belgium]], [[Bohemia]], [[Cuba]], [[Haiti]], [[India]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Iran|Persia]], [[Peru]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]] and [[Spain]].

Nations that participated in the previous games in Athens 1896 but were absent in Paris 1900 included [[Bulgaria]] and [[Chile]].

[[Austria]] and [[Hungary]] competed as two sovereign countries. The polity known as [[Austria-Hungary]] is mistakenly considered a single sovereign country, while in reality was two sovereign states in [[real union]] with a single monarch who was titled both emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.

At the time, [[Bohemia]] was part of [[Austria]], while [[Australia at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Australia]], [[Canada at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Canada]] and [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics|India]] were all part of the [[British Empire]].

Further to this, modern nations could be considered to have competed in some form in 1900, as Algeria, Croatia, Ireland, Poland and Slovakia had athletes compete, though these nations would not gain independence until many years later (Poland in 1918, the Irish Free State in 1922, Algeria in 1962, and Croatia and Slovakia in 1992).

Algeria sent four gymnasts who competed for France, while all of Ireland was considered a part of Great Britain: Irish athletes competed in athletics, polo, sailing and tennis. Further, a Polish fencer represented Russia, a Croatian fencer represented Austria, and two Slovakian athletes competed for Hungary.<ref name="Mallon"/>

=== Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ===
The concept of "national teams" chosen by [[National Olympic Committee]]s did not exist at this point in time.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="border:0;"
|-
! Country
! Athletes
|-
| {{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 720
|-
| {{flagIOC|GBR|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 102
|-
| {{flagIOC|BEL|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 78
|-
| {{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 75
|-
| {{flagIOC|GER|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 76
|-
| {{flagIOC|NED|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 29
|-
| {{flagIOC|ITA|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 24
|-
| {{flagIOC|HUN|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 20
|-
| {{flagIOC|SUI|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 18
|-
| {{flagIOC|AUT|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 13
|-
| {{flagIOC|DEN|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 13
|-
| {{flagIOC|SWE|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 10
|-
| {{flagIOC|ESP|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 8
|-
| {{flagIOC|BOH|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 7
|-
| {{flagIOC|NOR|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 7
|-
| {{flagIOC|MEX|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 4
|-
| {{flagIOC|RU1|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 4
|-
| {{flagIOC|GRE|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 3
|-
| {{flagIOC|AUS|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| {{flagIOC|CAN|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| {{flagIOC|HAI|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| {{flagIOC|ARG|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|CUB|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|IND|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|IRI|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|LUX|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|PER|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|ROM|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|COL|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|NZL|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="text-align:right; border:0px; background:#fff;"| '''Total''' ||style="text-align:center; border:0px; background:#fff;"| '''1226'''
|-
|}

== Medal count ==
[[File:Olympic medals Paris 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Gilt silver, [[silver]], and [[bronze]] medals for the 1900 Olympic Games in the Olympic Museum collection]]
{{Main|1900 Summer Olympics medal table}}

The 1900 Olympics is unique in being the only Olympic Games to feature rectangular medals, which were designed by {{sortname|Frédérique|Vernon}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paris 1900 The Medals |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/medal-design |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> [[gilt-silver|Gilt silver]] medals were awarded for 1st place in shooting, lifesaving, automobile racing and gymnastics.<ref name="Olympic Medals: a reference guide">{{cite book |last1=Greensfelder |first1=Jim |last2=Vorontsov |first2=Oleg |last3=Lally |first3=Jim |title=Olympic Medals: a reference guide |date=1998 |publisher=GVL Enterprises |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref name=IOCFactsheetMedals>{{cite web |title=Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf |website=Olympic Studies Centre |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903041318/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whilst 2nd place [[silver]] medals were awarded in shooting, rowing, yachting, tennis, gymnastics, sabre, fencing, equestrian and athletics.<ref name="Olympic Medals: a reference guide"/> With 3rd place [[bronze]] medals being awarded in gymnastics, firefighting and shooting.<ref name=IOCFactsheetMedals /><ref name="Olympic Medals: a reference guide"/> In many sports, however, medals were not awarded. With most of the listed prizes were cups and other similar trophies.<ref name="Mallon"/>{{rp|9}} The [[International Olympic Committee]] has retrospectively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to all competitors who earned 1st, 2nd and 3rd-place finishes, respectively, in order to bring early Olympics in line with current awards.<ref name="Mallon"/>

For the first Olympic Games (until Antwerp in 1920), it is difficult to give the exact number of medals awarded to some countries, due to the fact that teams were composed of athletes from different countries. For Olympic Games before 1908 there is no universally accepted definition of nationality, and medal tables may vary depending on the chosen definition. For example, Australian [[Stanley Rowley]] competed as part of a team selected by the [[Amateur Athletic Association]] of England. The concept of "national teams" chosen by [[National Olympic Committee]]s did not exist at this point in time.

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1900 Games.<ref name=IOC1900MedalTable>{{cite web|title=Paris 1900 - Medal Table|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/olympic-results|website=Olympics.com|publisher=International Olympic Committee}} Select "Paris 1900", select "Go to medal table" to arrive at ''"Paris 1900 Medal Table"''</ref><ref name="Mallon"/>

'''Key'''
{{legend2|#ccf|Host nation (France)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{Medals table
 | caption        = 
 | host           = 
 | show_limit     = 
 | remaining_text = 
 | flag_template  = flagIOCteam
 | event          = 1900 Summer
 | team           = 
 | gold_FRA = 27 | silver_FRA = 38 | bronze_FRA = 37 | host_FRA = yes 
 | gold_USA = 19 | silver_USA = 14 | bronze_USA = 15
 | gold_GBR = 15 | silver_GBR = 8 | bronze_GBR = 9
 | gold_ZZX = 8 | silver_ZZX = 5 | bronze_ZZX = 6 
 | gold_BEL = 6 | silver_BEL = 7 | bronze_BEL = 4
 | gold_SUI = 6 | silver_SUI = 2 | bronze_SUI = 1
 | gold_GER = 4 | silver_GER = 3 | bronze_GER = 2
 | gold_ITA = 3 | silver_ITA = 2 | bronze_ITA = 0
 | gold_AUS = 2 | silver_AUS = 0 | bronze_AUS = 3
 | gold_DEN = 1 | silver_DEN = 3 | bronze_DEN = 2
}}
{{notelist}}

===Podium sweeps===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Sport
!Event
!NOC
!Gold
!Silver
!Bronze
|-
|21 May
|[[Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Fencing]] 
|[[Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's foil|Men's foil]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Émile Coste]]
|[[Henri Masson (fencer)|Henri Masson]]
|[[Marcel Boulenger]]
|-
|29 May
|[[Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Fencing]]
|[[Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's masters foil|Men's masters foil]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Lucien Mérignac]]
|[[Alphonse Kirchhoffer]]
|[[Jean-Baptiste Mimiague]]
|-
|31 May
|[[Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] 
|[[Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Hacks and hunter combined|Hacks and hunter combined]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[:fr:Louis Napoléon Murat|Louis Napoléon Murat]]
|[[Victor Archenoul]]
|[[Robert de Montesquiou]]
|-
|14 June
|[[Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Fencing]]
|[[Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's masters épée|Men's masters épée]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Albert Robert Ayat]]
|[[Émile Bougnol]]
|[[Henri Laurent]]
|-
|28 June
|[[Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Croquet]] 
|[[Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Singles, one ball|Singles, one ball]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Gaston Aumoitte]]
|[[Georges Johin]]
|[[Chrétien Waydelich]]
|-
|11 July
|[[Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Croquet]] 
|[[Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Singles, two balls|Singles, two balls]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Chrétien Waydelich]]
|[[Maurice Vignerot]]
|[[Jacques Sautereau]]
|-
|11 July
|[[Tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Tennis]]
|[[Tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{flagIOC|GBR|1900 Summer}}
|[[Laurence Doherty]]
|[[Harold Mahony]]
|[[Reginald Doherty]]<br />[[Arthur Norris]]
|-
|14 July
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] 
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles|Men's 110 metres hurdles]]
|{{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Alvin Kraenzlein]]
|[[John McLean (athlete)]]
|[[Frederick Moloney]]
|-
|15 July
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] 
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put|Men's shot put]]
|{{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Richard Sheldon (athlete)|Richard Sheldon]]
|[[Josiah McCracken]]
|[[Robert Garrett]]
|-
|16 July
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 4000 metres steeplechase|Men's 4000 metres steeplechase]]
|{{flagIOC|GBR|1900 Summer}}
|[[John Rimmer (athlete)|John Rimmer]]
|[[Charles Bennett (athlete)|Charles Bennett]]
|[[Sidney Robinson (athlete)|Sidney Robinson]]
|-
|16 July
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] 
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump|Men's triple jump]]
|{{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Myer Prinstein]]
|[[James Brendan Connolly]]
|[[Lewis Sheldon]]
|-
|16 July
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing high jump|Men's standing high jump]]
|{{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Ray Ewry]]
|[[Irving Baxter]]
|[[Lewis Sheldon]]
|-
|16 July
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] 
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing triple jump|Men's standing triple jump]]
|{{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Ray Ewry]]
|[[Irving Baxter]]
|[[Robert Garrett]]
|-
|16 July
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|Men's hammer throw]]
|{{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer}}
|[[John Flanagan (hammer thrower)|John Flanagan]]
|[[Truxtun Hare]]
|[[Josiah McCracken]]
|-
|30 July
|[[Gymnastics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]] 
|[[Gymnastics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Men's all around]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Gustave Sandras]]
|[[Noël Bas]]
|[[Lucien Démanet]]
|-
|4 August
|[[Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Shooting]]
|[[Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 metre rapid fire pistol|Men's 20 metre rapid fire pistol]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Maurice Larrouy (sport shooter)|Maurice Larrouy]]
|[[Léon Moreaux]]
|[[Eugène Balme]]
|-
|14 August
|[[Archery at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Archery]] 
|[[Archery at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Au Chapelet 50 metres|Au Chapelet 50 metres]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Eugène Mougin]]
|[[Henri Helle]]
|[[Émile Mercier (archer)|Émile Mercier]]
|-
|24 August
|[[Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Sailing]]
|[[Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 0 to .5 ton|0 to .5 ton]]
|{{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Pierre Gervais]]<br />[[Émile Sacré (sailor)|Émile Sacré]]
|[[François Texier]]<br />[[Auguste Texier]]<br />[[Robert Linzeler]]<br />[[Jean-Baptiste Charcot]]
|[[Henri Monnot]]<br />[[Léon Tellier]]<br />[[Gaston Cailleux]]<br />[[Pierre Gervais]]
|-
|3 October
|[[Golf at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Golf]]
|[[Golf at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Women's individual|Women's individual]]
|{{flagIOC|USA|1900 Summer}}
|[[Margaret Abbott]]
|[[Pauline Whittier]]
|[[Daria Pratt]]
|}

== See also ==
{{IOC seealso|games=1900 Summer Olympics }}

== Notes ==
* {{note label|A|A|a}}{{note label|A|A|b}}{{note label|A|A|c}}{{note label|A|A|d}}{{note label|A|A|e}}{{note label|A|A|f}} At an earlier time the IOC database for the 1900 Summer Olympics listed 85 medal events, 24 participating countries and 997 athletes (22 women, 975 men).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/content/results-and-medalists/eventresultpagegeneral/?athletename=&country=&sport2=&games2=1900%2f1&event2=&mengender=true&womengender=true&mixedgender=true&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=true&olympicrecord=false&teamclassification=true&individualclassification=true&winter=true&summer=true |title=Event Results |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224150828/http://www.olympic.org/content/results-and-medalists/eventresultpagegeneral/?athletename=&country=&sport2=&games2=1900%2f1&event2=&mengender=true&womengender=true&mixedgender=true&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=true&olympicrecord=false&teamclassification=true&individualclassification=true&winter=true&summer=true |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Olympic historian and author, [[Bill Mallon]],<ref name="Mallon">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inAwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | author = Mallon, Bill | year = 1998 | title = The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. | location = Jefferson, North Carolina | isbn = 978-0-7864-4064-1}}</ref>{{rp|25–28}} whose studies have shed light on the topic, suggested the number 95 events satisfying all four retrospective selection criteria (restricted to amateurs, international participation, open to all competitors and without handicapping) and now should be considered as Olympic events. In July 2021, the IOC upgraded its complete online database of all Olympic results explicitly to incorporate the data of the Olympic historians website, ''Olympedia.org'', thus accepting Mallon's recommendation (based on four applied criteria) for events of the 1900 Olympic Games. The eleven events, the results of which had nevertheless been shown within the earlier IOC database, have been added over the former total of 85. Оne shooting event (20 metre military pistol, which was an event for professionals) has been removed. Acceptance of Mallon's recommendation increased the number of events to 95, and also entailed increasing the number of participation countries up to 26 and athletes up to 1226. After upgrading of the IOC online database the IOC web site results section contains 95 events.<ref name=IOC1900Results /> The IOC webpage for the 1900 Summer Olympics shows a total of 95 medal events, 26 participating countries and 1226 athletes.<ref name=IOC1900 /> Furthermore, the IOC factsheet "The Games of the Olympiad" of November 2021 refers to 95 events, but still refers to old numbers of participating countries (24) and athletes (997).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Factsheets/The-Games-of-the-Olympiad.pdf |title=Factsheet – The Games of the Olympiad |page=1 |date=16 November 2021 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717170215/https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Factsheets/The-Games-of-the-Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IOC games|games=1900 Summer Olympics }}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012428/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1900/1900.pdf Official Report]
* [http://www.gbrathletics.com/olympic/other.htm GB Athletics website – Olympic Games Medallists – Other Sports – Demonstration & Unofficial Sports]

{{S-start}}
{{s-sports|soly}}
{{s-bef|before=[[1896 Summer Olympics|Athens]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=II Olympiad<br/>Paris|years=1900}}
{{s-aft|after=[[1904 Summer Olympics|St. Louis]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Olympic Games}}
{{Nations at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
{{Events at the 1900 Summer Olympics}}
{{1900 Summer Olympic venues}}
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[[Category:1900 Summer Olympics| ]]
[[Category:1900 in multi-sport events|Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:1900 in French sport|Olympic Games]]
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[[Category:1900 in Paris]]
[[Category:Summer Olympics by year]]
[[Category:Exposition Universelle (1900)]]