Editing 1871

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1871}}
{{Year nav|1871}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:A v Werner - Kaiserproklamation am 18 Januar 1871 (3. Fassung 1885).jpg|thumb|[[January 18]]: [[Proclamation of the German Empire]]]]
[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|thumb|[[March 18]]: [[Paris Commune]] formed]]
[[File:Chicago in Flames by Currier & Ives, 1871 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[October 8]]–[[October 10|10]]: [[Great Chicago Fire]]]]
{{Year article header|1871}}
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Events ==
=== January–March ===
* [[January 3]] – [[Franco-Prussian War]]: [[Battle of Bapaume (1871)|Battle of Bapaume]] – Prussians win a strategic victory.
* [[January 18]] – [[Proclamation of the German Empire]]: The member states of the [[North German Confederation]] and the south German states unite into a single [[nation state]], known as the [[German Empire]]. The [[King of Prussia]] is declared the first [[German Emperor]] as [[Wilhelm I of Germany]], in the [[Hall of Mirrors]] at the [[Palace of Versailles]]. The [[constitution of the German Confederation (1871)|Constitution of the German Confederation]] comes into effect. It abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence, and property ownership, but exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain in effect.
* [[January 21]] – [[Battle of Dijon (1870)|Battle of Dijon]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s group of French and Italian volunteer troops, in support of the [[French Third Republic]], win a battle against the Prussians.
* [[February 8]] – [[1871 French legislative election]] elects the first legislature of the [[French Third Republic]]; monarchists ([[Legitimists]] and [[Orleanists]]) favourable to peace with the [[German Empire]] gain a large majority. The [[French Parliament|National Assembly]] meets in [[Bordeaux]].
* [[February 9]] – The United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries is founded.
* [[February 21]] – The [[District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871]] is signed into law by U.S. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]].
* [[February 24]] – The [[Danish Women's Society]] is founded to promote women's rights in Denmark; on December 15 it adopts the style ''Dansk Kvindesamfund''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vores historie |publisher=Dansk Kvindesamfund |url=https://danskkvindesamfund.dk/historie/ |location=København |access-date=2020-01-20 |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125090544/https://danskkvindesamfund.dk/historie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[March 3]] – The first American civil service reform legislation is signed into law by U.S. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]], creating the [[United States Civil Service Commission]].<ref>"Civil Service Commission", in ''Landmark Legislation, 1774–2002: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties'', ed. by Stephen W. Stathis (Congressional Quarterly Press, 2003) p107</ref>
* [[March 16]] – [[Mokrani Revolt]] breaks out in [[French Algeria]] against colonial rule.
* [[March 18]] – Origin of the [[Paris Commune]]: Troops of the regular [[French Army]], sent by [[Adolphe Thiers]], ''Chef du pouvoir executive de la République française'', to seize cannons stored on the hill of [[Montmartre]], fraternise with civilians and the [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]], and two army generals are killed.  Regular troops are evacuated to [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]].
* [[March 21]]
** [[Otto von Bismarck]] becomes the first [[Chancellor of the German Empire]].
** [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne]] marries [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess Louise]], a daughter of Queen Victoria, at Windsor; she is the first legitimate daughter of a British monarch to marry a subject since 1515.
* [[March 22]]
** In [[North Carolina]], [[William Woods Holden|William Holden]] becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by [[Impeachment in the United States|impeachment]].
** The [[Marseille Commune]] is established in southern France.
** The [[United States Army]] issues an order for the abandonment of [[Fort Kearny]], [[Nebraska]].
* [[March 26]] – The [[Paris Commune]] is formally established in France.
* [[March 27]] – The first [[rugby union|Rugby Union]] International results in a 1–0 win, by Scotland over England.
* [[March 29]]
** The first [[Surgeon General of the United States]] ([[John Maynard Woodworth]]) is appointed.
** The [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London is opened by [[Queen Victoria]]; it incorporates a [[Royal Albert Hall Organ|grand organ]] by [[Henry Willis & Sons]], the world's largest at this time.

=== April–June ===
* [[April]] – The [[Stockholms Handelsbank]] is founded.
* [[April 4]] – The New Jersey Detective Agency is chartered, and the [[New Jersey State Detectives]] are initiated.
* [[April 10]] – In [[Brooklyn, New York]], [[P. T. Barnum]] opens his three-ring [[circus]], hailing it as "''The Greatest Show on Earth''".
* [[April 20]] – U.S. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] signs the [[Civil Rights Act of 1871]].
* [[April 24]] – [[Murder of Jane Clouson]], a servant girl, in [[Eltham]], England; her probable murderer is acquitted.
* [[May 4]] – The first supposedly [[Major League Baseball]] game is played in America.
* [[May 8]] – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by [[Ezra Sutton]], of the [[Cleveland Forest Citys]].
* [[May 10]] – The [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)|Treaty of Frankfurt]] is signed, confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. The provinces of [[Alsace]] and [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] are transferred from France to Germany.
* [[May 11]] – The first trial in the [[Tichborne case]] begins, in the London [[Court of Common Pleas (England)|Court of Common Pleas]].
* [[May 21]]
** French government troops enter Paris to overthrow the Commune, beginning "Bloody Week" (''[[Semaine sanglante]]''), leading to the deaths of over 20,000 Parisians and the arrests of over 38,000 more. 
** The first [[rack railway]] in Europe, the [[Rigi Railways#History|Vitznau–Rigi Railway]] on [[Mount Rigi]] in Switzerland, is opened.
* [[May 27]] – French government troops massacre 147 [[Communards]] from Belleville, at [[Père-Lachaise Cemetery]] in Paris.
* [[May 28]] – [[Paris Commune]] falls to French government forces.
* [[June 1]] – [[Bombardment of the Selee River Forts]]: Koreans attack two United States Navy warships.
* [[June 10]] – [[United States expedition to Korea]]: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the [[United States Marine Corps]] in a punitive naval attack on the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] forts on [[Ganghwa Island]] in Korea, resulting in 250 Koreans dying and diplomatic failure to "open up" Korea.
* [[June 18]] – The [[Universities Tests Act 1871]] removes restrictions which have previously limited access to [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and [[Durham University|Durham]] universities to members of the [[Church of England]].
* [[June 27]] – The [[Meiji (era)|Meiji government]] officially adopts the [[Japanese yen#History|yen]] as Japan's modern unit of currency. Coins which have been made in advance with the date 1870 are released into circulation.
* [[June 29]] – [[Trade union]]s are legalized in the United Kingdom by the [[Trade Union Act 1871]].

=== July–September ===
* [[July 13]] – The first cat show is held at the [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] of [[London]].
* [[July 20]]
** [[British Columbia]] joins the [[Canadian Confederation|confederation]] of [[Canada]].
** [[C. W. Alcock]] proposes that "a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with [[The Football Association|the Association]]", giving birth to the [[FA Cup]] for [[Association football]] in England.
* [[July 21]]–[[August 26]] – The first ever photographs of [[Yellowstone National Park]] region are taken by photographer [[William Henry Jackson]], during the [[Hayden Geological Survey of 1871]].
* [[July 22]] – The foundation stone of the first [[Tay Bridge]] is laid;<ref>''BBC History'', July 2011, p12</ref> the bridge collapses as a train crosses in a storm eight years later.
* [[July 28]] – The ''Annie'' becomes the first boat ever launched on [[Yellowstone Lake]], in the Yellowstone National Park region.
* [[August 7]] – Banco de Concepcion, predecessor of [[Itaú Unibanco]], a major [[financial services]] provider in [[South America]], is founded in [[Chile]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* [[August 9]] – One of the few known [[major hurricane]]s to strike [[Hawaii]] causes significant damage on the islands of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]] and [[Maui]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Businger |first1=Steven |last2=Nogelmeier |first2=M. Puakea |last3=Chinn |first3=Pauline W. U. |last4=Schroeder |first4=Thomas |s2cid=52996353 |title=Hurricane with a History: Hawaiian Newspapers Illuminate an 1871 Storm |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |date=1 February 2018 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0333.1 |bibcode=2018BAMS...99..137B|url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/64849 }}</ref>
* [[August 29]] – The [[abolition of the han system]] is carried out in Japan.
* [[August 31]] – [[Adolphe Thiers]] becomes President of the French Republic.
* [[September 2]] – [[Whaling disaster of 1871]]: The ''Comet'', a [[brig]] used by whalers, becomes the first of 33 ships to be crushed in the Arctic ice by an early freeze.<ref>{{cite book |first=Edward |last=Joesting |title=Kauai: The Separate Kingdom |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1988 |page=171}}</ref> Remarkably, all 1,219 people on the abandoned ships are rescued without a single loss of life.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Taliaferro |title=In a Far Country: The True Story of a Mission, a Marriage, a Murder, and the Remarkable Reindeer Rescue of 1898 |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2007 |page=179}}</ref>
* [[September 3]] – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of the [[Tammany Hall]] political machine and "Boss" [[William M. Tweed]], its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the '[[Committee of Seventy (New York City)|Committee of Seventy]]' to reform local politics.<ref name="Snay">{{cite book |first=Mitchell |last=Snay |title=Horace Greeley and the Politics of Reform in Nineteenth-Century America |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |page=172}}</ref>
* [[September 25]] – [[West Chester University]] ([[List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]) is charted as West Chester Normal School <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY AND HERITAGE AT 150 YEARS: WEST CHESTER UNIVERSITY PREPARES FOR ITS SESQUICENTENNIAL |url=https://www.wcupa.edu/communications/newsroom/2020/12.2teaser150.aspx#:~:text=Although%20its%20roots%20date%20back,first%20classes%20in%20September%201871. |website=wcupa.edu |publisher=WCUPA |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref>

=== October–December ===
* [[October 5]]
** The ''Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani'' (later''Società Astronomica Italiana'') is established in [[Rome]], the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to [[astrophysics]].
* [[October 7]] – The [[Peshtigo fire]] begins and destroys the town of [[Peshtigo, Wisconsin]], and kills as many as 2,500 people, becoming the deadliest wildfire in United States history. 
* [[October 8]] – The [[Great Chicago Fire]] breaks out in [[Chicago, Illinois]] and burns for 2 days, killing 300 people, destroying 17,500 buildings and leaving 100,000 people homeless.
** [[Continental AG]] is founded as ''Continental-Caoutchouc und Gutta-Percha Compagnie'' in [[Hanover]], Germany.
* [[October 11]] – [[Heinrich Schliemann]] begins the [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavation]] of [[Troy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schliemann |first=Heinrich |title=Ilios |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028248593 |publisher=Harper |location=New York |language=en |year=1881 |page=21 |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] – The [[Criminal Tribes Act]] is enacted by the [[British Raj]] in India, naming over 160 communities as "[[Denotified Tribes]]", allegedly habitually criminal (it will be repealed in [[1949]], after Indian independence).
* [[October 20]] – The [[Royal Regiment of Artillery]] forms the first regular Canadian army units, when they create two [[Artillery battery|batteries]] of [[garrison]] artillery, which later become the [[Royal Canadian Artillery]].
* [[October 24]] – [[Chinese massacre of 1871]]. In [[Los Angeles]]' [[Chinatown, Los Angeles|Chinatown]], 19 [[China|Chinese]] [[immigrants]] are killed by a mob of 500 men.
* [[October 26]] – Liberian President [[Edward James Roye]] is deposed in [[1871 Liberian coup d'état|a coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn|first1= Elwood D.|last2=Beyan|first2=Amos J.|last3=Burrowes|first3=Carl Patrick|date=2000|title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |trans-title=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC|language=English |location= |isbn=9781461659310|page=90|publisher= Scarecrow Press}}</ref>
* [[October 27]]
** British forces march into the [[Griqualand West#Diggers Republic (1870–71)|Klipdrift Republic]] and annex the territory as [[Griqualand West#Direct British rule (1871–1880)|Griqualand West Colony]].
** [[Henri, Count of Chambord]], refuses to be crowned "King Henry V of France" until France abandons its tricolor, and returns to the old Bourbon flag.
** [[Boss Tweed]] of [[Tammany Hall]] is arrested for bribery, ending his grip on New York City.
* c. November – The [[South Improvement Company]] is formed in Pennsylvania by [[John D. Rockefeller]] and a group of major United States railroad interests, in an early effort to organize and control the American petroleum industry.
* [[November 5]] – [[Wickenburg Massacre]]: Six men travelling by stagecoach, in the [[Arizona Territory]], are reportedly murdered by [[Yavapai people]].
* [[November 7]] – The London–Australia [[telegraph]] cable is brought ashore at [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1871 Java – Port Darwin Cable |url=http://atlantic-cable.com/Cables/1871Java-PortDarwin/ |work=History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications |date=2014-11-05 |access-date=2015-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105222157/http://atlantic-cable.com/Cables/1871Java-PortDarwin/ |archive-date=January 5, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[November 10]] – [[Henry Morton Stanley]], Welsh-born correspondent for the ''[[New York Herald]]'', locates missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. [[David Livingstone]] in [[Ujiji]], near [[Lake Tanganyika]], and greets him by saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" (according to his later account).<ref name="Stanley">{{cite book |last=Stanley |first=Henry Morton |date=1872 |edition=1984 |chapter=XI. Through Uhawendi, Uvinza, and Uhha, to Ujiji |title=How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures, and Discoveries in Central Africa; Including Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone |location=London |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ddKYqb6A6gsC/page/411/mode/2up 412] |isbn=9780705415132}}</ref>
* [[November 17]]
** The [[National Rifle Association of America]] is granted a charter by the state of New York.
** [[George Biddell Airy]] presents his discovery that [[astronomical aberration]] is independent of the local medium.
* [[December 10]] – German chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] tries to ban [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the [[separation of church and state]].
* [[December 15]] – The [[Deseret Telegraph Company]] office in [[Pipe Spring National Monument|Pipe Spring]] begins service with a message keyed by [[Ella Stewart Udall|Ella Stewart]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKoy |first=Kathleen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsD9o6SQQ6UC&q=%22The%20first%20message%20was%20sent%20from%20there%20on%20December%2015,%201871.%22 |title=Cultures at a Crossroads: An Administrative History of Pipe Spring National Monument |publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior|U. S. Department of the Interior]], [[National Park Service]], Intermountain Region |year=2000 |pages=35}}</ref> It is the first telegraph sent from [[Arizona Territory]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Boren |first=Ray |date=February 28, 2013 |title=A Visit to Pioneer Oasis: Arizona's Pipe Spring |work=Deseret News |url=https://www.deseret.com/2013/2/28/20515246/a-visit-to-pioneer-oasis-arizona-s-pipe-spring |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109160947/https://www.deseret.com/2013/2/28/20515246/a-visit-to-pioneer-oasis-arizona-s-pipe-spring#a-year-round-water-source-and-range-lands-south-of-the-vermilion-cliffs-drew-pioneer-cattlemen-to-pipe-spring-in-the-mid-1800s-however-drought-and-over-grazing-turned-the-once-grassy-plain-into-a-terrain-dominated-by-sagebrush-and-tumbleweeds-by-the-late-19th-century |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>
* [[December 19]] – The city of [[Birmingham, Alabama]], is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns.
* [[December 24]] – The opera ''[[Aida]]'' opens in Cairo, Egypt.
* [[December 25]] – [[Reading F.C.]] is formed as an [[Association football]] club in England.
* [[December 26]] – [[Thespis (opera)|''Thespis'']], the first of the [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] operas, premières in London. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not collaborate again for four years.

=== Date unknown ===
* In South Africa
** [[Gold]] is discovered at Pilgrim's Creek in the [[Pilgrim's Rest, Mpumalanga|Pilgrim's Rest]] area.
** An {{Convert|83.50|carat|g|adj=on}} diamond is discovered, resulting in a [[diamond rush]], and the town of [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|New Rush]] springs up; Colonial Commissioners arrive there on November 17.
* The [[Harvard Summer School]] is founded.
* The [[Shinto shrine]] of [[Izumo-taisha]] in Japan is designated as an Imperial shrine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=Richard |year=1959 |title=The Imperial House of Japan |page=125}}</ref>
* Modern "[[neoclassical economics]]" is initiated by publication of [[William Stanley Jevons]]'s ''Theory of Political Economy'' and [[Carl Menger]]'s ''[[Principles of Economics (Menger)|Principles of Economics]] (Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre)''.

== Births ==

=== January–February ===
[[File:(Portrait of James Weldon Johnson) (LOC) - Flickr - The Library of Congress.jpg|110px|thumb|[[James Weldon Johnson]]]]
[[File:Friedrich Ebert face.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Friedrich Ebert]]]]
[[File:BIRDIE BLYE.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Birdie Blye]]]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R98911, Heinrich Mann.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Heinrich Mann]]]]
[[File:Morgenstern-h420.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Christian Morgenstern]]]]
[[File:Ernst Stromer.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach]]]]
* [[January 1]] – [[Manuel Gondra]], Paraguayan author and journalist, 21st [[President of Paraguay]] (d. [[1927]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Manuel Gondra|author2=Carlos E. Castañeda|author3=Jack Autrey Dabbs|title=Calendar of the Manuel E. Gondra Manuscript Collection, the University of Texas Library|publisher=Editorial Jus|year=1952|page=xv}}</ref>
* [[January 7]] – [[Émile Borel]], French mathematician, politician (d. [[1956]])
* [[January 8]] – [[William O. Taylor]], American newspaper executive (d. [[1955]])
* [[January 17]] – [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty]], British admiral (d. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty – The Last Naval Hero: An Intimate Biography |last=Roskill |first=Captain Stephen Wentworth |location=London |publisher=Collins |year=1980 |isbn=0-689-11119-3 | page=20}}</ref>
* [[January 19]] – [[Frederick Maurice (military historian)|Frederick Maurice]],  [[British Army]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]], [[Correspondent|military correspondent]], writer and academic (d. [[1951]])
* [[January 20]] – [[Fabián García]], Mexican-American [[Horticulture|horticulturist]] (d. [[1948]])
* [[January 30]] – [[Wilfred Lucas]], Canadian-born actor (d. [[1940]])
* [[February 4]] 
** [[Friedrich Ebert]], [[President of Germany]] (d. [[1925]])
** [[Heinrich Schnee]], [[Germans|German]] lawyer, colonial civil servant, politician, writer, and association official (d. [[1949]])
* [[February 6]] – [[C. V. Kunhiraman]], Indian social reformer, journalist and the founder of ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'' daily (d. [[1949]])
* [[February 9]] – [[Howard Taylor Ricketts]], American pathologist (d. [[1910]])
* [[February 14]] – [[Florence Roberts (actress, born 1871)|Florence Roberts]], American stage actress (d. [[1927]])
* [[February 18]] – [[Harry Brearley]], English inventor (d. [[1948]])
* [[February 25]] – [[Lesya Ukrainka]], born Larysa Petrivna Kosach, Ukrainian writer; political, civil and feminist activist (d. [[1913]])
* [[February 26]] – [[Matti Turkia]], Finnish politician (d. [[1946]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Kansanedustajat: Matti Turkia |url=https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/911650.aspx |publisher=[[Parliament of Finland]] |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725145056/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/911650.aspx |archive-date=25 July 2020 |location=Helsinki, Finland |language=fi}}</ref>
* [[February 27]] – [[Otto Praeger]], American postal official, implemented U.S. Airmail (d. [[1948]])
* [[February 28]] 
** [[Manuel Díaz Rodríguez]], Venezuelan writer and politician (d. [[1927]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Solé | first = Carlos A | title = Latin American writers | publisher = Scribner | location = New York | year = 1989 | isbn = 9780684185972 | page=431}}</ref>
** [[Arthur Charles Fox-Davies]], British expert on [[heraldry]] (d. [[1928]])

=== March–April ===
* [[March 1]] 
** [[Ben Harney]], American composer and pianist (d. [[1938]])
** [[Hermann Kallenbach]], Lithuanian-born Jewish South African architect (d. [[1945]])
** [[Oskar Heinroth]], German biologist and zoologist (d. [[1945]])
* [[March 4]] – [[Boris Galerkin]], Russian mathematician (d. [[1945]])
* [[March 5]] – [[Rosa Luxemburg]], German politician (d. [[1919]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Rosa Luxemburg Murder Case Reopened|last=Wroe|first=David|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/6840393/Rosa-Luxemburg-murder-case-reopened.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/6840393/Rosa-Luxemburg-murder-case-reopened.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=18 December 2009|access-date=30 November 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[March 6]] – [[Afonso Costa]], Portuguese lawyer, professor, politician and 3-time [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] (d. [[1937]])
* [[May 10]] – [[Edward FitzGerald (mountaineer)|Edward FitzGerald]], American-born [[Mountaineering|mountaineer]] and soldier of British descent (d. [[1931]])
* [[March 12]] – [[Kitty Marion]], German-born actress and women's rights activist in England and the United States (d. [[1944]])
* [[March 15]] 
** [[Constantin Argetoianu]], 41st Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[1955]])
** [[James B. A. Robertson]], American lawyer, judge and the fourth [[governor of Oklahoma]] (d. [[1938]])
* [[March 17]] – [[Konstantinos Pallis]], Greek general (d. [[1941]])
* [[March 19]] 
** [[Schofield Haigh]], English cricketer (d. [[1921]])
** [[John Henry Taylor]], English professional golfer (d. [[1963]])
** [[Baroness Mary Vetsera]] (d. [[Mayerling Incident|1889]])
* [[March 24]] – [[Birdie Blye]], American pianist (d. [[1935]])
* [[March 26]] – [[Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole]], Hawaiian royalty and politician (d. [[1922]])
* [[March 27]] – [[Heinrich Mann]], German writer (d. [[1950]])
* [[March 28]] – [[Herman van Roijen (born 1871)|Herman van Roijen]], Dutch diplomat (d. [[1933]])
* [[March 29]] – [[Aleksei Chichibabin]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Russia|Russian]] organic chemist (d. [[1945]])
* [[March 31]] – [[Arthur Griffith]], [[President of Ireland]] (d. [[1922]])
* [[April 1]] – [[F. Melius Christiansen]], [[Norway|Norwegian]]-born violinist and [[choral conductor]] (d. [[1955]])
* [[April 3]] – [[John Wren]], Australian business man (d. [[1953]])
* [[April 4]] – [[Luke McNamee]], American admiral (d. [[1952]])
* [[April 6]] – [[Giorgi Mazniashvili]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] general and prominent military figures in the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] (d. [[1937]])
* [[April 7]] – [[Charlotte Maxeke]], South African religious leader, social and political activist (d. [[1939]])
* [[April 8]] – [[Clarence Hudson White]], American photographer (d. [[1925]])
* [[April 12]] – [[Ioannis Metaxas]], Prime Minister of Greece (d. [[1941]])
* [[April 13]] – [[Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius]], Lithuanian author, [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop and blessed (d. [[1927]])
* [[April 15]] – [[Jonathan Zenneck]], German physicist, electrical engineer (d. [[1959]])

=== May–June ===
* [[May 2]] – [[Francis P. Duffy]], Canadian-born American Catholic priest (d. [[1932]])
* [[May 3]] – [[Emmett Dalton]], American outlaw, train robber and member of the [[Dalton Gang]] (d. 1937)
* [[May 6]]
** [[Victor Grignard]], French chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] laureate (d. [[1935]])
** [[Christian Morgenstern]], German author (d. [[1914]])
* [[May 7]] – [[Gyula Károlyi]], 29th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[1947]])
* [[May 9]] – [[Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia]], third son of [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]], [[Maria Fyodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Maria of Russia]] and brother of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] (d. [[1899]])
* [[May 14]] – [[Walter Stanley Monroe]], businessman, politician, and former [[List of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador#Dominion Prime Ministers of Newfoundland (1907–1934)|Prime Minister]] of [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] (d. [[1952]])
* [[May 19]] – [[Walter Russell]], American artist (d. [[1963]])
* [[May 26]] – [[Camille Huysmans]], Belgian politician and former [[prime minister of Belgium]] (d. 1968)
* [[May 27]] – [[Georges Rouault]], French painter, graphic artist (d. [[1958]])
* [[May 28]] – [[Teriimaevarua III]], last [[Queen regnant|Queen]] of [[Bora Bora]] (d. [[1932]])
* [[June 5]] 
** [[Nicolae Iorga]], 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[1940]])<ref>Victor Iova, "Tabel cronologic", in N. Iorga, ''Istoria lui Mihai Viteazul'', Vol. I, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1979, pp. xxvii.  {{OCLC|6422662}}</ref>
** [[Michele Angiolillo]], [[Italian anarchist]] (d. [[1897]])
* [[June 7]] – [[Khwaja Salimullah]], fourth [[Nawab of Dhaka]] and one of the leading Muslim politicians during the [[British Raj|British rule in India]] (d. [[1915]])
* [[June 8]] – [[Howard Gould]], American financier and the son of [[Jay Gould]] (d. [[1959]])
* [[June 11]] – [[Walter Cowan]], British admiral (d. [[1956]])
* [[June 12]] 
** [[Ernst Stromer]], German paleontologist (d. [[1952]])
** [[Lu Zhengxiang]], Chinese [[diplomat]] and a [[Roman Catholic]] priest and monk (d. [[1949]])
* [[June 13]] – [[Princess Hélène of Orléans]], member of the deposed [[House of Orléans|Orléans royal family]] of France (d. [[1951]])
* [[June 14]] – [[Jacob Ellehammer]], Danish inventor (d. [[1946]])
* [[June 17]] – [[James Weldon Johnson]], American author, politician, diplomat, critic, journalist, poet, anthologist, educator, lawyer, songwriter and early civil rights activist (d. [[1938]])
* [[June 18]] – [[Edmund Breese]], American actor (d. [[1936]])
* [[June 23]] – [[Jantina Tammes]], Dutch plant biologist (d. [[1947]])
* [[June 26]] – [[Reginald R. Belknap]], United States Navy rear admiral (d. [[1959]])

=== July–August ===
[[File:Marcel Proust vers 1895.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Marcel Proust]]]]
[[File:Orville Wright-1928.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Orville Wright]]]]
[[File:Ernest Rutherford LOC.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ernest Rutherford]]]]
[[File:Pietro Badoglio 3.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Pietro Badoglio]]]]
* [[July 2]] – [[Wilhelm von Mirbach]], German diplomat (d. [[1918]])
* [[July 5]] – [[Claus Schilling]], German medical researcher and war criminal (d. [[1946]])
* [[July 10]] – [[Marcel Proust]], French writer (d. [[1922]])
* [[July 13]] – [[John Norton-Griffiths]], British engineer, army officer, and politician (d. [[1930]])
* [[July 17]] – [[Lyonel Feininger]], German painter (d. [[1956]])
* [[July 18]] – [[Sada Yacco]], Japanese stage actress (d. [[1946]])
* [[July 22]] – [[Aarnoud van Heemstra]], Dutch [[nobleman]], [[jurist]] and politician (d. [[1951]])
* [[July 25]] – [[Richard Turner (Canadian Army officer)|Richard Turner]], Canadian soldier (d. [[1961]])
* [[August 1]] – [[John Lester]], American [[cricket]]er (d. [[1969]])
* [[August 3]] – [[Oldest people|Augusta Holtz]], Polish-American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1871 (d. [[1986]])
* [[August 4]] – [[Lillian Smith (trick shooter)|Lillian Smith]], American [[Exhibition shooting|trick shooter]] and [[trick rider]] (d. [[1930]])
* [[August 12]] 
** [[Gustavs Zemgals]], 2nd President of Latvia (d. [[1939]])
** [[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada]], Cuban writer, politician, diplomat, and sixth [[President of Cuba]] (d. [[1939]])
* [[August 13]] – [[Karl Liebknecht]], German politician (d. [[1919]])
* [[August 14]] – [[Guangxu Emperor]] of China (d. [[1908]])
* [[August 19]]
** [[Orville Wright]], American aviation pioneer, co-inventor of the airplane with brother Wilbur (d. [[1948]])
** [[Joseph E. Widener]], American art collector (d. [[1943]])
* [[August 23]] – [[Sofia Panina]], Russian politician (d. [[1956]])
* [[August 25]] – [[Nils Edén]], 15th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1945]])
* [[August 26]] – [[Edward Lavin Girroir]], Canadian politician (d. [[1932]])
* [[August 27]] – [[Theodore Dreiser]], American writer (d. [[1945]])
* [[August 29]] – [[Albert François Lebrun]], French politician (d. [[1950]])
* [[August 30]] – [[Ernest Rutherford]], New Zealand physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (d. [[1937]])
* [[August 31]] 
** [[Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Ernst II]], last reigning duke of [[Saxe-Altenburg]] and German general in [[World War I]] (d. [[1955]])
** [[Syed Hasan Imam]], [[Indian people|Indian]] [[politician]] and served as President of the [[Indian National Congress]] (d. [[1933]])

=== September–October ===
* [[September 1]] – [[J. Reuben Clark]], Under Secretary of State for U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] (d. [[1961]])
* [[September 7]] – [[Francis Aylmer Maxwell]], [[British Indian Army|British-Indian Army]] officer in the [[Second Boer War]] and [[First World War|WWI]] (d. [[1917]])
* [[September 10]]
** [[Thomas Adams (architect)|Thomas Adams]], British urban planner (d. [[1940]])
** [[Charles Collett]], English [[Great Western Railway]] chief mechanical engineer (d. [[1952]])
* [[September 11]] – [[Scipione Borghese, 10th Prince of Sulmona|Scipione Borghese]], Italian aristocrat, industrialist, politician, explorer, mountain climber and race driver (d. [[1927]])
* [[September 13]] – [[Alma Kruger]], American actress (d. [[1960]])
* [[September 15]] – [[Aloysius, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]]
* [[September 17]] – [[Eivind Astrup]], Norwegian Arctic explorer (d. [[1895]])
* [[September 19]] 
** [[Frederick Ruple]], Swiss-born American portrait painter (d. [[1938]])
** [[Gösta Lilliehöök (1871–1952)|Gösta Lilliehöök]], Swedish Army officer (d. [[1952]])
** [[Magnus Johnson]], American politician (d. [[1936]])
* [[September 22]] – [[Gaskell Romney]], American [[patriarch]] of the [[Romney family]] (d. [[1955]])
* [[September 23]] – [[František Kupka]], Czech painter and [[graphic artist]] (d. [[1957]]) 
* [[September 24]] – [[Lottie Dod]], English athlete (d. [[1960]])
* [[September 26]] – [[Winsor McCay]], American cartoonist, animator (d. [[1934]])
* [[September 27]] – [[Grazia Deledda]], Italian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1936]])
* [[September 28]] – [[Pietro Badoglio]], Italian field marshal, prime minister (d. [[1956]])
* [[September 30]] – [[Adolphe Stoclet]], Belgian engineer, financier and noted collector (d. [[1949]])
* [[October 2]] – [[Cordell Hull]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1955]])
* [[October 3]] – [[Kim Bo-hyon]], paternal grandfather of [[Kim Il Sung]], great-grandfather of [[Kim Jong Il]], and great-great-grandfather of [[Kim Jong Un]] (d. [[1955]])
* [[October 5]] – [[Sulejman Delvina]], Albanian politician (d. [[1932]])
* [[October 10]] – [[David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford|David Lindsay]], British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and art connoisseur (d. [[1940]])
* [[October 11]] – [[Sidney Dillon Redmond]], American civic leader, physician, lawyer, and politician (d. [[1948]])
* [[October 14]] – [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]], Austrian [[composer]], [[Conducting|conductor]], and teacher (d. [[1942]])
* [[October 19]] – [[Walter Bradford Cannon]], American physiologist (d. [[1945]])
* [[October 11]] – [[Harriet Boyd Hawes]], American archaeologist (d. [[1945]])
* [[October 17]] – [[Dénes Berinkey]], 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[1944]])
* [[October 20]] – [[Atul Prasad Sen]], Bengali composer, lyricist, singer, lawyer, philanthropist, social worker, educationist and writer (d. [[1934]])
* [[October 25]] – [[John Gough (British Army officer)|John Gough]], British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. [[1915]])
* [[October 27]] – [[Vatslav Vorovsky]], Russian [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]], [[Marxist]] revolutionary, literary critic, publicist and [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet]] diplomat (d. [[1923]])
* [[October 30]]
** [[Buck Freeman]], American baseball player (d. [[1949]])
** [[Paul Valéry]], French poet (d. [[1945]])

=== November–December ===
* [[November 1]] – [[Stephen Crane]], American writer (d. [[1900]])
* [[November 12]] – [[Dagmar Hansen]], Danish [[cabaret]]-singer, stage-performer and Denmark's first "[[pin-up girl]]" (d. [[1959]])
* [[November 13]] – [[Vladislav F. Ribnikar]], Serbian journalist (d. [[1914]])
* [[November 14]] – [[Wajed Ali Khan Panni]], Bengali aristocrat and philanthropist (d. [[1936]])<ref name="rcv">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Panni, Wazed Ali Khan|author=Mir Shamsur Rahman}}</ref>
* [[November 10]]  
** [[Winston Churchill (novelist)|Winston Churchill]], American best-selling novelist (d. [[1947]])
** [[Sachchidananda Sinha]], Indian lawyer, parliamentarian, and journalist (d. [[1950]])
* [[November 18]] – [[Amadeu Vives i Roig]], Spanish-Catalan composer and writer (d. [[1932]])
* [[November 23]] – [[William Watt (Australian politician)|William Watt]], Australian politician, [[Premier of Victoria]] (d. [[1946]])
* [[November 26]] – [[Luigi Sturzo]], Italian [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priest]] and politician (d. [[1959]])
* [[November 27]] – [[Giovanni Giorgi]], Italian physicist and [[Electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] (d. [[1950]])
* [[December 9]] – [[Joe Kelley]], American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame|Baseball Hall of Famer]] (d. [[1943]])
* [[December 13]] – [[Emily Carr]], Canadian artist (d. [[1945]])
* [[December 14]] – [[August von Hayek]], Austrian physician and botanist (d. [[1928]])
* [[December 16]] – [[Manuel Fernández Silvestre]], Spanish general (d. [[1921]])
* [[December 17]] – [[Virginia Fábregas]], Mexican actress (d. [[1950]])<ref name="virginia">{{cite web |title=Virginia Fábregas |url=http://rotonda.segob.gob.mx/work/models/Rotonda/Resource/contenidos/P34t.html |publisher=Rotonda de las Personas Ilustres |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714124242/http://rotonda.segob.gob.mx/work/models/Rotonda/Resource/contenidos/P34t.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[December 29]] – [[Meyer London]], American politician (d. [[1926]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni]], Moroccan [[sharif]] and tribal leader (d. [[1925]])
* [[Sevasti Qiriazi]], Albanian educator, women's rights activist (d. [[1949]])
* [[Zhang Jinghui]], Chinese general and politician, second and final [[Prime Minister of Manchukuo]] (d. [[1959]])
* [[Armando Falconi]], Italian [[Stage actor|stage]] and [[film actor]] (d. [[1954]])
* [[Cyrus Avery]], creator of [[U.S. Route 66|US Route 66]] (d. [[1963]])
* [[Hasan Rıza Pasha]], general in the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Army]] (d. [[1913]])
* [[Isfandiyar Khan]], [[Khan of Khiva]] between September 1910 and 1 October 1918 (d. [[1918]])
* [[R. Ramachandra Rao]], Indian civil servant, mathematician and social and political activist (d. [[1936]])
* [[Konstantinos Spanoudis]], Greek politician and journalist (d. [[1941]])

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored) levels.jpg|110px|thumb|[[John Herschel]]]]
[[File:Samuel Taylor.png|thumb|110px|[[Samuel Harvey Taylor]]]]
* [[January 8]] – [[José Trinidad Cabañas]], Honduran general, president and national hero (b. [[1805]])
* [[January 13]] – [[Kawakami Gensai]], Japanese swordsman of the [[Bakumatsu]] period (b. [[1834]])
* [[January 15]] – [[Edward C. Delavan]], [[American temperance movement]] leader (b. [[1793]])
* [[January 19]] – [[William Denison|Sir William Denison]], Governor of New South Wales (b. [[1804]])
* [[January 25]] – [[Jeanne Villepreux-Power]], French [[marine biology|marine biologist]] (b. [[1794]])
* [[February 10]] – [[Étienne Constantin de Gerlache]], 1st Prime Minister of Belgium (b. [[1785]])
* [[February 12]] – [[Alice Cary]], American poet, sister of Phoebe Cary (b. [[1820]])
* [[February 20]] – [[Paul Kane]], Irish-born painter (b. [[1810]])
* [[February 22]] – [[Charles Shaw (British Army officer)|Sir Charles Shaw]], British army officer and police commissioner (b. [[1795]])
* [[February 23]] – [[Amanda Cajander]], Finnish medical reformer (b. [[1827]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Hautausmaita |website=Hautausmaita |url=http://haudat.genealogia.fi/php/haudat1f.php?coun=fi&lang=fi&code=163&id=20242 |language=fi |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524153835/http://haudat.genealogia.fi/php/haudat1f.php?coun=fi&lang=fi&code=163&id=20242 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[March]] – [[Emma Fürstenhoff]], Swedish florist (b. [[1802]])
* [[March 18]] – [[Augustus De Morgan]], English professor of mathematics, mathematician (b. [[1806]])
* [[March 28]] – [[Nora Hood]], Aboriginal Australian religious figure (b. {{circa|[[1836]]}})
* [[April 7]]
** [[Prince Alexander John of Wales]] (b. [[April 6]], prematurely)
** [[Wilhelm von Tegetthoff]], Austrian admiral (b. [[1827]])
* [[April 30]] – [[Jane Clouson]], teenaged British murder victim (b. [[1854]])
* [[May 11]] – [[John Herschel]], English astronomer (b. [[1792]])
* [[May 12]] – [[Elzéar-Henri Juchereau Duchesnay]], Canadian politician (b. [[1809]])
* [[May 18]] – [[Constance Trotti]], Belgian salonnière, culture patron (b. [[1800]])
* [[May 21]] – [[Antonija Höffern]], Slovene noblewoman and educator (b. [[1803]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glonar |first=Joža |date=2013 |title=Höffern, Antonija, pl. (1803–1871) |url=https://www.slovenska-biografija.si/oseba/sbi233529/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=Slovenian Biographical Lexicon |publisher=[[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] |language=sl}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] – [[Jarosław Dąbrowski]], Polish general (b. [[1836]])
* [[June 9]] – [[Anna Atkins]], British botanist (b. [[1799]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso by Henri Lehmann.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso]]]]
* [[July 5]] – [[Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso]], Italian noble, patriot, writer and journalist (b. [[1808]])
* [[July 6]] – [[Castro Alves]], Brazilian poet and playwright (b. [[1847]])
* [[July 15]] – [[Tad Lincoln]], youngest son of American President Abraham Lincoln (b. [[1853]])
* [[July 31]] – [[Phoebe Cary]], American poet, sister to Alice Cary (b. [[1824]])
* [[August 9]] – [[John Paterson (Australian politician)|John Paterson]], politician in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (b. [[1831]])
* [[September 16]] – [[Jan Erazim Vocel]], Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (b. [[1803]])
* [[September 20]] – [[John Patteson (bishop)|John Patteson]], Anglican bishop, missionary (martyred) (b. [[1827]])
* [[September 21]] – [[Charlotte Elliott]], English hymnwriter (b. [[1789]])
* [[September 23]] – [[Louis-Joseph Papineau]], Canadian politician (b. [[1786]])
* [[October 4]] – [[Sarel Cilliers]], [[Voortrekkers|Voortrekker]] leader, preacher (b. [[1801]])
* [[October 7]] – [[John Fox Burgoyne|Sir John Burgoyne]], British field marshal (b. [[1782]])
* [[October 16]] – [[Martha Hooper Blackler Kalopothakes]], American missionary, journalist, translator (b. [[1830]])
* [[October 18]] – [[Charles Babbage]], English mathematician, inventor (b. [[1791]])
* [[October 29]] – [[Andrea Debono]], Maltese trader and explorer (b. [[1821]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Prominent Sengleans |url=http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm |website=Senglea Local Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216070552/http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm |archive-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
* [[November 2]] – [[Athalia Schwartz]], Danish writer, journalist and educator (b. [[1821]])
* [[November 22]] – [[Oscar James Dunn]], Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (b. [[1825]])
* [[December 21]] – [[Luise Aston]], German author, feminist (b. [[1814]])
* [[December 28]] – [[John Henry Pratt]], English clergyman, mathematician (b. [[1809]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* ''Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1871'' (1873), comprehensive collection of facts [https://books.google.com/books?id=LJ4YAAAAIAAJ&q=intitle:annual+intitle:cyclopedia online edition]

[[Category:1871| ]]