Editing 1860s

{{short description|Decade of the Gregorian calendar}}

[[File:1860s_Montage_2.png|thumb|335x335px|From top left, clockwise: Scottish physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] formulates the [[classical theory]] of [[electromagnetic radiation]], bringing together for the first time [[electricity]], [[magnetism]], and [[light]] as different manifestations of the same phenomenon; the [[Meiji Restoration]] leads to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure; the [[International Workingmen's Association]] is formed in 1864, aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing [[socialist]], [[communist]] and [[anarchist]] groups; the [[Battle of Avay]], fought in 1868 during the [[Paraguayan War]], the bloodiest inter-state war in Latin America's history; execution in 1867 of [[Maximilian I of Mexico]], ruler of the [[Second Mexican Empire]], established during the [[Second French intervention in Mexico]]; the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], the turning point of the [[American Civil War]], fought in the [[United States]] from 1861 to 1865, between the [[Northern United States|North]] (the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]) and the [[Southern United States|South]] (the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]) as a result of the long-standing [[Origins of the American Civil War|controversy]] over [[Slavery in the United States|the enslavement of black people]]; the [[Suez Canal]] is inaugurated in 1869; [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel]] meets Garibaldi near [[Teano]] in 1860, at the end of the [[Expedition of the Thousand]].]]

{{Decadebox|186}}

The '''1860s''' (pronounced "eighteen-sixties") was a [[decade]] of the [[Gregorian calendar]] that began on January 1, 1860 and ended on December 31, 1869.

The decade was noted for featuring numerous major societal shifts in the [[Americas]]. In [[North America]], the election of [[Abraham Lincoln and slavery|Free Soiler]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] to the [[President of the United States|presidency]] in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]] in the [[United States]] led to the [[Secession in the United States|secession]] of eleven [[Southern United States|southern]] [[U.S. state|states]] as the [[Confederate States of America]] (CSA). The resulting [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) would be among the first industrial wars, featuring advanced technology such as [[steel]] [[warship]]s and [[machine guns]]. The victory of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and subsequent [[abolitionism|abolition]] of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] would contribute to the decline of the [[Atlantic slave trade|global slave trade]]. Conflict in [[Mexico]] ensued after the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]] installed [[Maximilian of Mexico|Maximilian I]] as [[Emperor of Mexico]]; former President [[Benito Juárez|Benito Suarez]]  would regain his position in 1867 after a power struggle. 

In [[South America]], the [[Paraguayan War|Triple Alliance]] of the [[Empire of Brazil]], [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] in the [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870) would be among the bloodiest conflicts in the continent's history, leading to the death of almost 60% of the [[Paraguay]]an population.

In [[Europe]], the formation of the union of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867 and the ongoing campaign to [[Italian unification|unify Italy]] by [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia-Piedmont]] would affect the European [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]]. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] would continue engaging in a series of conflicts known as the [[New Zealand Wars]] with the indigenous [[Māori people|Māori]], with the [[New Zealand land confiscations]] beginning in 1863.

In Asia, the [[Meiji Restoration]] of 1868 would begin the process of transforming [[Japan]] into a global [[Empire of Japan|imperial power]]. The [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] of [[China]] would experience decline following its defeat to the [[British Empire|British]] in 1860 in the [[Second Opium War]]. In 1864, the [[Russian Empire]] would embark upon the [[Circassian genocide]] in the [[Caucasus]], leading to the deaths or expulsion of at least 75% of the [[Circassians|Circassian]] people.

The last living person from this decade was [[Oldest people#Chronological list of the oldest known living person since 1954|Nellie Spencer]], who died in 1982.

==Politics and wars==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1860s}}
[[File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]] being executed (1867), marking the end of the [[Second Mexican Empire]]]]

=== Wars ===
* [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French occupation of Mexico]] (1863–1867). Replacement of [[President of Mexico]] [[Benito Juárez]] (1861–1863) at first with [[Juan Nepomuceno Almonte]] (1863–1864) and then by Emperor [[Maximilian of Mexico]] (1864–1867) with the establishment of the [[Second Mexican Empire]]. Juárez eventually manages to recover his position (1867–1872).
*On 18 October 1860, the first [[Convention of Peking]] formally ended the [[Second Opium War]].
* The [[American Civil War]] which lasted from [[1861]] to [[1865]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/19407/American-Civil-War | title=American Civil War | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>
* The [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870) starts in [[South America]], with the invasion of [[Paraguay]] by the [[Treaty of the Triple Alliance|Triple Alliance]] ([[Empire of Brazil]], [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]). It will kill almost 60% of the country's population.
* The main phase of the [[New Zealand Wars]] between British colonials and the [[Māori people|Māori]] population begins with the [[First Taranaki War]] in 1860. The most significant campaign is the [[Invasion of the Waikato]] in 1863, which sees some 14,000 British and colonial troops engaged.
* The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] under [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] [[Second Schleswig War|invaded Denmark in 1864]], which ended in the division of Schleswig, [[Schleswig-Holstein Question|the location of a pro-German revolt]], between Prussia and the [[Austrian Empire]]. Though Prussia and Austria had both fought side by side in this war, Prussia later attacked Austria in [[Austro-Prussian War|the Austro-Prussian war of 1866]]. The technological and logistical superiority of Prussia's armed forces obliterated Austria and its allies, the former also having to deal with [[Third Italian War of Independence|Prussia's ally Italy in Venice]]. By the end of these conflicts, Prussia was seen as the most powerful state in [[Germany]], and had total hegemony over the other German states. The [[North German Confederation|NGF]] was formed after the Austro-Prussian war, uniting the states of north Germany, and Prussia soon led it into another conflict with [[Franco-Prussian War|France]].
* The [[Bhutan War]] between the [[British Empire]] and [[history of Bhutan|Bhutan]] lasted from 1864 to 1865. It ended in a British victory and the loss of some Bhutanese territory to [[British India]].
* The [[British Expedition to Abyssinia]] was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the [[British Empire]] against the [[Ethiopian Empire]].
* Conclusion of the [[Russo-Circassian War]] (1763–1864) resulting in Russian victory and subsequent [[Circassian genocide]] and [[Circassian diaspora|diaspora]].

===Internal conflicts===
[[Image:Thure de Thulstrup - Battle of Antietam.jpg|250px|[[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Antietam]] by [[Thure de Thulstrup]]|thumb]]
*The '''Federal War''' was a [[civil war]] (1859–1863) in [[Venezuela]] between the [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative]] party and the [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal]] party over the monopoly the Conservatives held over government positions and land ownership, and their intransigence to granting any reforms. It was the biggest and bloodiest civil war that [[Venezuela]] had since its [[Venezuelan War of Independence|independence]]. Hundreds of thousands died in the violence of the war, or from [[hunger]] or [[disease]], in a country with a population of just over a million people
* [[American Civil War]] fought between the remaining [[United States|United States of America]] under [[President of the United States|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] and the self-declared [[Confederate States of America]] under [[President of the Confederate States|President]] [[Jefferson Davis]] (April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865) and Vice President [[Alexander Stephens]].
** Beginning of the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] era under President [[Andrew Johnson]] (1865–1869).
* 1863–64 [[January Uprising]] in the [[Russian Empire]].
* On 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year [[Taiping Rebellion]].
* 1862–1877 [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Tongzhi Hui Revolt]] in [[Qing dynasty]] of China.
* 1868–1869 [[Boshin War]] in [[Japan]], fought between the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] and those seeking to return political power to the [[Imperial Court in Kyoto|Imperial Court.]]

===Prominent political events===
[[File:1859-60 CE world map.PNG|thumb|250px|Political map of the world in 1860]]
* [[Italian Unification]] under King [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the [[Papal States]] (March 17, 1861 – September 20, 1870).
* [[Emancipation reform of 1861|Abolition of serfdom]] in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] by tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] (1861).
*[[Meiji Restoration]] in [[Japan]] (1866–1869). [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], 15th and last of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa shōguns]] loses control to the [[Meiji Emperor]]. A series of reforms follows. The [[samurai]] class fails to survive while the ''[[daimyō]]s'' turn to [[politics]].
* The [[Dominion]] of [[Canada]] is created by the [[British North America Act]] on July 1, 1867.
* [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Compromise]] between [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], hence creating the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in 1867.
* The [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|"La Gloriosa"]]revolution in [[Spain]] (1868). Queen [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] is deposed.

==Assassinations and attempts==
{{expand section|date=July 2018}}
Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"
!Year
!Date
!Name
!Position
!Culprits
!Country
!Description
!Image 
|-
|1860
|March 24
|[[Ii Naosuke]]
|[[Tairō]] of the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]]
|17 young samurai loyalists
|[[Japan]] 
|While Naosuke was at staying at the [[Edo Castle]] a group of 17 [[Sakuradamon Incident (1860)|loyalist ambushed and was decapitated.]]
|[[File:Ii Naosuke.jpg|frameless|283x283px]]
|-
|1861
|October 23
|[[Jorge Córdova]]
|[[president of Bolivia]]
|Colonel Plácido Yáñez
|[[Bolivia]] 
|Jorge was captured by Colonel Plácido Yáñez and executed along with 50 other prisoners.
|[[File:12 - Jorge Córdova (CROPPED).jpg|frameless|234x234px]]
|-
|1862
|January 11 
|[[José Santos Guardiola]]
|[[President of Honduras]]
|unknown presidential guard 
|[[Honduras]] 
|Jose was sleeping with his wife [[Ana Arbizú y Flores]] when an unknown assassin shot him and fled. 
|[[File:Jose Santos Guardiola.jpg|frameless|200x200px]]
|-
|1863
|May 12
|[[Radama II]]
|[[List of Imerina monarchs|King of Madagascar]]
|Men led by [[Rainivoninahitriniony]]
|[[Madagascar]]
|Radama's absolutism in pursuing dramatic reforms in disregard of the advice of his ministers ultimately turned them against him. In a coup led by his prime minister, Rainivoninahitriniony, Radama II was strangled on May 12, 1863.
|[[File:Radama II with crown.jpg|frameless|180x180px]]
|-
|1863
|October 30
|[[Serizawa Kamo]]
|chief of [[Shinsen-gumi]]
|likely [[Hijikata Toshizō|Hijikata]], [[Okita Sōji|Okita]], [[Yamanami Keisuke]], [[Inoue Genzaburō|Inoue]], [[Harada Sanosuke|Harada]] or [[Tōdō Heisuke|Tōdō]] and [[Saitō Hajime|Saitō]]
|[[Japan]]
|While sleeping with a woman named Oume he was assassinated by an unknown assassin.
|
|-
|1865
|March 27
|[[Manuel Isidoro Belzu|Manuel Isidoro Belzu Humérez]]
|[[President of Bolivia]]
|A group of men led by [[Mariano Melgarejo]]
|[[Bolivia]] 
|When Belzu entered the [[Palacio Quemado]] for a meeting with Mariano Melgarejo he was ambushed by Melgarejo and a group of men who murdered him.
|[[File:CAMPERO(1874) pg97 ULTIMO INSTANTES DEL GENERAL BELZU.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1865
|April 14
|[[Abraham Lincoln]]
|[[President of the United States|President of America]]
|[[John Wilkes Booth]] 
|[[United States of America]]
|On the night of April 14th of 1865, John Wilkes Booth sneaked into [[Ford's Theatre]] and assassinated the President whilst he watched ''[[Our American Cousin|Our America Cousin]].'' 
|[[File:Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg|alt=Image of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth.|frameless]]
|-
|1868
|February 19 
|[[Venancio Flores]] and [[Bernardo Berro|Bernardo Prudencio Berro]]
|[[President of Uruguay]] 
|Group of unknown assassins
|[[Uruguay]] 
|Four days after stepping down as President, Flores and Berro were murdered by a group of unidentified assassins in [[Montevideo]].
|[[File:Asesinato del general Venancio Flores.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1868
|April 7
|[[Thomas D'Arcy McGee]]
|Member of the [[Canadian Parliament]]<nowiki/>for [[Montreal West (electoral district)|Montreal West]]
|[[Patrick J. Whelan]] 
|[[Canada]] 
|McGee was entering a boarding house in [[Ottawa]] when he was shot in the head by a Catholic [[Fenian]] sympathizer.
|[[File:ThomasDArcyMcGee.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1868
|October 22
|[[James M. Hinds]] 
|Member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Arkansas]]'s [[Arkansas's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] district
|George Clark 
|[[United States]]
|En route to a campaign event for [[Ulysses S. Grant|Grant]] near the village of [[Indian Bay, Arkansas|Indian Bay]] in [[Monroe County, Arkansas|Monroe County]], Clark shot Hinds and fellow Republican politician [[Joseph Brooks (politician)|Joseph Brooks]] in the back with a shotgun. Brooks managed to stay on his horse and ride to the event to bring back assistance, before his death Hinds wrote a message to his wife revealing the killers identity as secretary of the Monroe County Democratic Party and local Klansman, George Clark.
|[[File:James M. Hinds (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1868
|December 10
|[[Sakamoto Ryōma]] and [[Nakaoka Shintarō]]
|[[Japan|Japanese]] ''[[samurai]]'' and influential figure of the ''[[Bakumatsu]]''
|unknown assassin 
|[[Tokugawa Shogunate]]
|Ryōma and Shintarō where eating in the Ōmiya Inn when an unknown broke in and killed the men and the bodyguards. 
|[[File:Sakamoto Ryōma2.jpg|frameless|202x202px]]
|-
|1869
|December 7
|[[Ōmura Masujirō]]
|military leader and theorist
|unknown assassin
|[[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
|Omura was stabbed in a [[Kyoto]] inn and died in Osaka. 
|[[File:Masujiro Omura cropped.jpg|frameless]]
|}
{{Clear}}

== Disasters and natural events ==

* 1860 to 1861 – [[Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861]]
* 1860 to 1861 – the Black Winter of 1860-1861 in [[Qajar Iran]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazemi |first=Ranin |date=2017-05-01 |title=The Black Winter of 1860–61: War, Famine, and the Political Ecology of Disasters in Qajar Iran |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article-abstract/37/1/24/271/The-Black-Winter-of-1860-61War-Famine-and-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=24–48 |doi=10.1215/1089201x-3821285 |issn=1089-201X}}</ref>
* 1862 – the [[Great Flood of 1862]], the largest flood in the [[recorded history]] of [[California]], [[Oregon]], and [[Nevada]], inundated the western [[United States]] and portions of [[British Columbia]] and [[Mexico]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guinn |first=J. M. |date=1890 |title=Exceptional Years: A History of California Floods and Drought |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41167825 |journal=Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles (1890) |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=33–39 |doi=10.2307/41167825 |jstor=41167825 |issn=2163-2995}}</ref>
* [[1865 flooding of Bucharest]], Romania, the result of snowmelt
* April 27, 1865 - The Steamboat [[Sultana (steamboat)|Sultana]] explodes due to overcrowding putting pressure on a patched boiler which makes it explode and instantly sink, killing up to 1800 people in the worst maritime disaster in [[US]] History.
* May 12, 1866 – the [[1866 Bingöl earthquake]] struck the [[Ottoman Empire]], associated with faulting along the East Anatolian Fault
* 1866 to 1868 – famine in [[French Algeria]], 820,000 died<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slobodkin |first=Yan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z73LEAAAQBAJ&dq=famine+in+algeria&pg=PT1 |title=The Starving Empire: A History of Famine in France's Colonies |date=2023-11-15 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-7236-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* December 18, 1867 – the [[1867 Keelung earthquake]] and tsunami, affected the northern coast of [[Taiwan]]
* 1867 to 1869 – the [[Swedish famine of 1867–1869]]
* October 4–5, 1869 – the [[1869 Saxby Gale]], a Category 2 hurricane struck [[Canada]]'s [[Bay of Fundy]] region<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}}</ref>

==Science and technology==
[[File:Caisse dynamite nobel paulilles expo.JPG|220px|thumb|[[Alfred Nobel]] invents [[dynamite]] in Sweden, patenting it in 1867]]
* The [[Metropolitan Railway]], the world's first underground railway, opens in London in 1863.<ref name="theg_Asho">{{Cite web |title=A short history of world metro systems – in pictures |last=Lin |first=Luna |work=the Guardian |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=1 June 2021 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/sep/10/-sp-history-metro-pictures-london-underground-new-york-beijing-seoul}}</ref>
* The ''[[French submarine Plongeur|Plongeur]]'', the first mechanically powered [[submarine]] in the world, is launched in 1863 after three years of construction.
* The United States’ [[first transcontinental railroad]] is completed in 1869.
* The [[Suez Canal]] in [[Egypt]] is opened in 1869.
* [[Carl Wilhelm Borchardt]] discovers and proves [[Cayley's formula]] in [[graph theory]] in 1860.
* The first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] is successfully laid in 1866, enabling almost instant communication between America and Europe.
* [[Alfred Nobel]] invents [[dynamite]] in Sweden, patenting it in 1867.
* [[James Clerk Maxwell]] publishes his [[Maxwell's equations|equations]] that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that [[light]] is a form of [[electromagnetic radiation]]
* [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]] develops [[antiseptic]] methods for use in surgery in 1867, introducing [[phenol|carbolic acid]] as an antiseptic, turning it into the first widely used surgical antiseptic in surgery, and publishing ''[[Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery]]''. As a result, deaths from infections due to surgery greatly decrease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/health/medical-advances-timeline|title=Medical Advances Timeline|website=www.infoplease.com}}</ref>
* [[Gregor Mendel]] formulates [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendel's laws of inheritance]], the basis for [[genetics]], in a two-part paper written in 1865 and published in 1866, although it is largely ignored until 1900.
* [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] develops the modern [[periodic table]]
* [[Helium]] was first ''detected'' during the total [[solar eclipse]] of August 18, 1868, in parts of [[India]]. It was the first eclipse expedition in which a [[spectroscope]] was used.
* [[J. Norman Lockyer]] and [[Pierre Janssen]] are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun's ''prominences''. They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse.
* [[1862 International Exhibition]] in [[London]], England and [[International Exposition (1867)|1867 International Exposition]] in [[Paris]].
*[[Louis Pasteur]] develops a technique of food preservation known as [[Pasteurization]], advancing understanding of the [[Germ theory of disease]].

==Establishments==
[[File:Unterzeichnung 1. Genferkonvention.jpg|thumb|220px|The signing of the [[First Geneva Convention]] by some of the major European powers in 1864]]
[[File:ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Thomas Henry Huxley|T. H. Huxley]]'s [[1860 Oxford evolution debate|famous debate in 1860]] with [[Samuel Wilberforce]] was a key moment in the wider acceptance of [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[evolution]]]]
* The [[London Fire Brigade]] was established in 1865.
* [[Florence Nightingale]] founds school for nurses in 1860.
* [[Purdue University]] in [[West Lafayette, Indiana]], USA opens its doors on May 6, 1869, for the first time under a land grant from the [[Morrill Act]].

== Religion ==
* Within [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]], reaction against [[higher criticism]] and the liberal movement in [[Europe]]
* The [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] becomes officially established in 1863 in [[Battle Creek, Michigan|Battle Creek]], [[Michigan]].
* The Christian Mission, later renamed the [[Salvation Army]], is co-founded by [[William Booth|William]] and [[Catherine Booth]] in [[London]] in 1865.
* [[Bahá'u'lláh]] declares his station as "the One whom God shall make Manifest", in the Garden of [[Ridván]]. [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]] see this as the beginning date of the [[Baháʼí Faith]].
==Culture==
===Literature and arts===
* [[Victor Hugo]] publishes ''[[Les Misérables]]''.
* [[Leo Tolstoy]] publishes ''[[War and Peace]]''.
* [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] publishes ''[[Crime and Punishment]]''.
* [[Lewis Carroll]] publishes ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''.
* [[Jules Verne]] publishes ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''.
* [[Impressionism]] went public.
* [[Charles Dickens]] publishes ''[[Great Expectations]]'' and ''[[Our Mutual Friend]]''.
* [[George Eliot]] publishes the ''[[Silas Marner]]''.
* [[Karl Marx]] publishes ''[[Das Kapital]]''.
* [[Horatio Alger]] publishes ''[[Ragged Dick]]''.
* ''[[Winged Victory of Samothrace]]'' is discovered, 1863.

===Sports===
* The first [[College football#American college football|college football]] game is played in 1869, with Rutgers beating Princeton 6–4.<ref name="k573">{{cite web | last=Richmond | first=Sam | title=1st college football game ever was New Jersey vs. Rutgers in 1869 | website=NCAA.com | date=2023-11-06 | url=https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2017-11-06/college-football-history-heres-when-1st-game-was-played#:~:text=Rutgers%20and%20New%20Jersey%20(later,Rutgers%20won%206-4. | access-date=2025-03-03}}</ref>
* The sport of [[skiing]] is invented around 1862.
* [[The Football Association]] is formed in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], paving the way for [[association football]] to become the world's predominant spectator sport.
* The Cincinnati Redstockings became the first openly professional baseball team in 1869. They finished the same season with a perfect 58–0 record, thanks in large part to their Hall of Fame leader Harry Wright.

===Fashion===
{{Main|1860s in fashion}}
* The [[Victorian era]] and its culture largely thrived from 1860 until 1901.
* The culture of the [[Victorian era]] comes to America and remains in place until around the turn of the 20th century, where the year it ends is disputed as to whether it ended with the rise of [[progressivism]] in 1896 or with the death of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1901.

===Miscellaneous trends===
* The start of the [[bicycle craze]] of 1860–1900

==People==

===Politics===
* [[Louis Curchod]], Director International Telecommunication Union

===Famous and infamous personalities===
* [[John Wilkes Booth]], the [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassin of president Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Kit Carson]], [[Wild West]], [[frontiersman]], [[mountain man]]
* [[Thomas C. Durant]], [[Wild West]], [[railroad tycoon]]
* [[Wild Bill Hickok]], [[Wild West]], lawman.

== See also ==
* [[Victorian era|Victorian Era]]
* [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction Era]] (for most of the decade).
* [[American Civil War]] (for the decade's first half).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: 1861'' (1864) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2y8LAQAAIAAJ online]
* {{cite book|title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862|year=1863|publisher=D. Appleton & Company|location=New York|page=i|url=https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n3/mode/2up}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ8bAQAAMAAJ  ''Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 3 1863'' (1864)], thorough coverage of the events of 1863
* [https://archive.org/stream/appletonsannualc07newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year '''1867''']
* ''American Annual Cyclopedia&nbsp;... 1868'' (1869), [https://books.google.com/books?id=maIoAAAAYAAJ online] 
* ''American Annual Cyclopedia&nbsp;... for 1869'' (1870) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMVAAAAYAAJ online edition]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [[1860s in fashion]] – Clothing, Hair Styles and Personal Appearance.

{{19th century}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1860s| ]]