Editing 1859

{{Year dab|1859}}
{{Year nav|1859}}
[[File:1859-60 CE world map.PNG|thumb|250px|The world in '''1859''']]
[[File:Yvon Bataille de Solferino Compiegne.jpg|thumb|250px|June 24: Napoleon III of France defeats the Austrians at the [[Battle of Solferino]].]]
{{C19 year in topic}}{{Year article header|1859}}
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 21]] – [[José Mariano Salas]] (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim [[President of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=JOSÉ MARIANO SALAS|url=http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/jose-mariano-salas/|website=Calderon Presidencia de la Republica|access-date=June 8, 2019|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191655/http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/jose-mariano-salas/|archive-date=June 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] ([[Old Style and New Style dates|O. S.]]) – Under the rule of [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], the provinces of [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] are united under the jurisdiction of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It would be a principal step in forming the modern state of [[Romania]].
* [[January 28]] – The city of [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] is incorporated in the [[Washington Territory]] of the United States of America.
* [[February 2]] – [[Miguel Miramón]] (1832–1867) becomes Conservative interim [[President of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Miguel Miramón|url=https://presidentes.mx/miguel-miramon|website=Presidentes.mx|access-date=June 8, 2019|language=es|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191655/https://presidentes.mx/miguel-miramon|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[February 4]] – German scholar [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] rediscovers the ''[[Codex Sinaiticus]]'', a 4th-century [[Uncial script|uncial]] manuscript of the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] [[Bible]], in [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] on the foot of [[Mount Sinai]], in the [[Khedivate of Egypt]] and arranges for its presentation to his patron, Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia]] at [[Saint Petersburg]].
* [[February 14]] – [[Oregon]] is admitted as the 33rd [[U.S. state]].
* [[February 12]] – The [[Mekteb-i Mülkiye]] School is founded in the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[February 17]] – French naval forces under [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] capture the city and [[Citadel of Saigon]] in [[Vietnam]], beginning the [[Siege of Saigon]].
* [[February 27]] – United States Congressman [[Daniel Sickles]] shoots [[Philip Barton Key (U.S. District Attorney)]] for having an affair with his wife.
* [[March 3]] – Construction begins on the first railway in northern [[India]] as tracks are laid between the modern-day locations of [[Allahabad]] and [[Kanpur]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Northern Railway of India|url=http://www.northrail.org/scripts/static/history.aspx|title=History Of Northern Railway|access-date=2006-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060202041429/http://www.northrail.org/scripts/static/history.aspx|archive-date=2006-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[March 9]] – The army of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the [[Austro-Sardinian War]].
* [[March 21]] – [[Pennsylvania]] issues the charter establishing the [[Zoological Society of Philadelphia]], the first organization of its kind in the United States, and founder of the nation's first zoo.
* [[March 26]] – French amateur astronomer [[Edmond Modeste Lescarbault]] claims to have noticed a planet closer to the Sun than Mercury (later named [[Vulcan (hypothetical planet)|Vulcan]]).

=== April–June ===
* [[April 13]] – [[The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art]] is founded by [[Peter Cooper]], a New York industrialist, inventor and philanthropist.
* [[April 18]] – [[Indian Rebellion]] revolutionary, [[Tantia Tope]] is hanged for the [[1857 Rebellion]]
* [[April 25]] – Ground is broken for the [[Suez Canal]], in Egypt.
* [[April 28]] – American ship ''[[Pomona (ship)|Pomona]]'' is wrecked off the Irish coast, with 424 dead.
* [[April 29]] – Austrian troops begin to cross the [[Ticino River]] to [[Piedmont]].
* [[April 30]] – ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'' by [[Charles Dickens]] is published in England.
* [[May 4]] – The [[Cornwall Railway]] opens across the [[Royal Albert Bridge]], linking the counties of [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] in England.
* [[May 5]] – Border Treaty between [[Brazil]] and [[Venezuela]]: The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide, between the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] and the [[Orinoco]] basins.<ref>http://html.rincondelvago.com/venezuela_4.html Problemas Limítrofes de Venezuela (In Spanish)</ref>
* [[May 18]] - The [[1859 United Kingdom general election]] concludes. It is the first election fought by the new [[Liberal Party (UK)| Liberal Party]], in which they win a 28 seat majority, with Liberal leader [[Henry John Temple|Viscount Palmerston]] becoming Prime Minister
* [[May 20]] – [[Austro-Sardinian War]]: [[Battle of Montebello (1859)|Battle of Montebello]] – The Austrian army led by [[Karl von Urban]] faces the French-Sardinian combined forces.
* [[May 22]] – [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]] is succeeded by his 23-year-old son, [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies]].
* [[May 26]] – [[Austro-Sardinian War]]: [[Battle of Varese]] – [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s [[Hunters of the Alps]] confront and defeat Austrian forces, led by [[Karl von Urban|Field Marshal-Lieutenant Karl von Urban]].
* [[May 26]], [[June 2]] – [[Geologist]] [[Joseph Prestwich]] and amateur [[archaeologist]] [[John Evans (archaeologist)|John Evans]] report (to the [[Royal Society]] and [[Society of Antiquaries of London]], respectively) the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in the [[Somme valley]] and elsewhere, extending [[human history]] back to what will become known as the [[Paleolithic]] Era.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Joseph |last=Prestwich |title=On the Occurrence of Flint-implements, associated with the Remains of Animals of Extinct Species in Beds of a late Geological Period, in France at Amiens and Abbeville, and in England at Hoxne |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |location=London |volume=150 |pages=277–317 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1860.0018 |date=January 1860 |df=mdy-all |hdl=2027/chi.098241705 |s2cid=111126826 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* [[May 30]] – [[Austro-Sardinian War]]: [[Battle of Palestro]] – The [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]ns defeat the Austrian army.
* [[May 31]] – Big Ben, the [[Big Ben|Great Clock]] at the [[Palace of Westminster]], London, is started.
* [[June 4]] – [[Austro-Sardinian War]]: [[Battle of Magenta]] – The French and Sardinians defeat the Austrians.
* [[June 6]] – The British [[Crown colony]] of [[Queensland]] in Australia is created, by [[Separation of Queensland|devolving part of the territory]] of [[New South Wales]] ([[Queensland Day]]). [[Brisbane]] is declared the capital.
* [[June 8]] – The discovery of the [[Comstock Lode]] in the western Utah Territory sets off the Rush to Washoe.
* [[June 15]] 
** Austro-Sardinian War: [[Battle of Treponti]] – The Austrian Field Marshall [[Karl von Urban]] defeats [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].
** The so-called [[Pig War (1859)|Pig War]] border dispute between the Americans and the British, over the [[San Juan Islands]], begins by the death of the namesake pig.
* [[June 17]] – The only recorded [[simoom]] ever in North America hits [[Goleta, California|Goleta]] and [[Santa Barbara, California]].
* [[June 18]] – [[Aletschhorn]], the second summit of the [[Bernese Alps]], is first ascended.
* [[June 24]] – [[Battle of Solferino|Austro-Sardinian War – Battle of Solferino]]: The [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] and the armies of [[Napoleon III]] of France defeat [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] in northern Italy; the battle inspires [[Henri Dunant]] to found the [[Red Cross]].
* [[June 30]] – [[Charles Blondin]] crosses [[Niagara Falls]] on a [[tightrope]] for the first time.

=== July–September ===
* [[July 1]] – The first intercollegiate [[baseball]] game is played, between [[Amherst College|Amherst]] and [[Williams College|Williams]] Colleges.
* [[July 8]] – [[Charles XV of Sweden|Charles XV]] succeeds his father [[Oscar I of Sweden]] and [[Norway]] (as Charles IV).
* [[July 11]]
** The chimes of [[Big Ben]] ring for the first time in London.
** [[Austro-Sardinian War]] – By the preliminary treaty signed at [[Villafranca di Verona|Villafranca]], Italy, [[Lombardy]] is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep [[Venetia (region)|Venetia]], and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close.
* [[July 28]] The [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton school (Shimla)]] (BCS) was founded on July 28, 1859,
* [[July 30]] – [[Grand Combin]], one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended.
* [[July]] 
** Count [[Camillo Benso di Cavour]] resigns, as president of [[Piedmont-Sardinia]].
** [[Pike's Peak Gold Rush]] begins in the [[Colorado Territory]].
* [[August 16]] – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the [[House of Habsburg|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], ending an ascendancy of 109 years.
* [[August 27]] – [[Edwin Drake]] drills the first [[oil well]] in the United States, near [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]], starting the [[Pennsylvania oil rush]].
* [[August 28]]–[[September 2]] – The [[solar storm of 1859]], [[List of solar storms|the largest]] [[Geomagnetic storm|geomagnetic solar storm]] on record, causes the [[Aurora|Northern lights]] to be visible as far south as [[Montería]], [[Colombia]] and knocks out [[telegraph]] communication (this is also called the ''[[Richard Christopher Carrington|Carrington]] Event'').
* [[September 17]] – In [[San Francisco]], [[Emperor Norton|Joshua Norton]] proclaims himself to be His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, ''Emperor of the United States'' and ''Protector of Mexico''.
* [[September]] – British merchant [[Thomas Blake Glover]] begins business in [[Nagasaki]], Japan.

=== October–December ===
[[Image:Origin of Species title page.jpg|right|200px]]
* [[October 16]] – [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry|raids]] the [[Harpers Ferry Armory]] in [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]], in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.
* [[October 18]] –  Troops under Colonel [[Robert E. Lee]] overpower [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] at the Federal arsenal.
* [[October 26]] – The steamship ''[[Royal Charter (ship)|Royal Charter]]'' is wrecked on the coast of [[Anglesey]], Wales, with 454 dead.
* [[November 1]] – The current [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]], [[North Carolina]], [[Cape Lookout Lighthouse|lighthouse]] is lighted for the first time (its first-order [[Fresnel lens]] can be seen for 19 miles).
* [[November 10]] – The [[Treaty of Zürich]], reaffirming the terms of the [[Treaty of Villafranca]], brings the [[Austro-Sardinian War]] to an official close.
* [[November 15]] – The first [[Zappas Olympics]] open in Greece.
* [[November 24]]
** English naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'', a book which argues for the gradual [[evolution]] of [[species]] through [[natural selection]] (it immediately sells out its initial print run).
** The French Navy's ''[[La Gloire]]'', the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, is launched.
* November – [[Bernhard Riemann]] publishes ''[[On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude]]''. In his paper there is an incidental comment that later becomes the [[Riemann Hypothesis]], one of the most important unsolved problems in Mathematics.
* [[December 2]] – Militant [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] leader [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] is hanged for his [[October 16]] raid on [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia]].
* [[December 10]] – The [[Ateneo de Manila University]] is founded, as the ''Escuela Municipal de Manila''.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[District nurse|District nursing]] begins in [[Liverpool]], England, when philanthropist [[William Rathbone VI|William Rathbone]] employs Mary Robinson to nurse the sick poor in their own homes.
* The island of [[Timor]] is divided between Portugal and the Netherlands.
* The [[Rancho Rincon de Los Esteros]] Land Grant is confirmed to Rafael Alvisa (part of modern-day [[Santa Clara County, California]]).
* The [[University of Michigan Law School]] is founded.
* [[Karl Marx]] publishes ''[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy]]''.
* [[John Stuart Mill]] publishes ''[[On Liberty]]''.
* [[George Eliot]] publishes ''[[Adam Bede]]''.
* [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] publishes the first set of ''[[Idylls of the King]]''.
* The [[Society for Promoting the Employment of Women]] is founded.
* The [[Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School|Mary Institute]] is founded in Missouri.
* ''[[Tidskrift för hemmet]]'', the first women's magazine in the Nordic countries, begins publication in Sweden.
* Nillmij, a predecessor of [[Aegon]], Dutch-based worldwide [[insurance]] company, is founded in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (modern [[Indonesia]]).{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

== Births ==

=== January–March ===
[[File:Bain News Service - The Library of Congress - Kaiser Wilhelm (LOC) (pd).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Wilhelm II of Germany]]]]
[[File:Louise DeKoven Bowen.png|110px|thumbnail|[[Louise DeKoven Bowen]]]]
[[File:Comerre, Portrait de la femme de l'artiste, StrasbourgMAMCS (2).JPG|110px|thumbnail|[[Jacqueline Comerre-Paton]]]]
[[File:Conan doyle.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Arthur Conan Doyle]]]]
* [[January 6]] – [[Hugh Rodman]], American admiral (d. [[1940]])
* [[January 8]] – [[Fanny Bullock Workman]], American geographer, writer and mountain climber (d. [[1925]])
* [[January 11]] – [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]], British statesman, [[Viceroy of India]] (d. [[1925]])
* [[January 27]] – [[Wilhelm II of Germany]], last Emperor of Germany and [[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]] (d. [[1941]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Figures: Wilhelm II (1859–1941) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wilhelm_kaiser_ii.shtml |website=BBC History |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[January 29]] – [[Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau]], American-born Parisian socialite, model for the painting ''[[Portrait of Madame X]]'' (d. [[1915]])
* [[February 1]]
** [[Henry Miller (actor)|Henry Miller]], English-born American stage actor, producer (d. [[1926]])
** [[Victor Herbert]], Irish-born composer (''Babes In Toyland'') (d. [[1924]])
* [[February 3]] – [[Hugo Junkers]], German industrialist, aircraft designer (d. [[1935]])
* [[February 5]] – [[Louis Cheikho]], Lebanese [[Jesuit]] [[Chaldean Catholics|Chaldean]] priest and venerable (d. [[1927]])
* [[February 9]] – [[Akiyama Yoshifuru]], Japanese general (d. [[1930]])
* [[February 10]] – [[Alexandre Millerand]], President of France (d. [[1943]])
* [[February 14]]
** [[Henry Valentine Knaggs]], English physician, author (d. [[1954]])
** [[George Washington Gale Ferris Jr.]], American inventor of the [[Ferris wheel]] (d. [[1896]])
* [[February 19]] – [[Svante Arrhenius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1927]])
* [[February 24]] – [[George Edwin Patey]], British admiral (d. [[1935]])
* [[February 25]] – [[Vasil Kutinchev]], Bulgarian general (d. [[1941]])
* [[February 26]] – [[Louise DeKoven Bowen]], American philanthropist, activist (d. [[1953]])
* [[February 28]] – [[Florian Cajori]], Swiss historian of mathematics (d. [[1930]])
* [[March 2]] – [[Sholem Aleichem]], Ukrainian Yiddish novelist (d. [[1916]])
* [[March 8]] – [[Kenneth Grahame]], English author (d. [[1932]])
* [[March 9]] – [[Alexandru Averescu]], Romanian general and politician, 24th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (d. [[1938]])
* [[March 12]] – [[Abraham H. Cannon]], American Mormon apostle (d. [[1896]])
* [[March 13]] – [[Alice Bellvadore Sams Turner]], American physician (d. [[1915]])
* {{OldStyleDateNY|[[March 16]]|March 4}} – [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]], Russian physicist (d. [[1906]] [O.S. 1905])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radovsky |first1=M. |translator-last=Yankovsky |translator-first=G. |title=Alexander Popov Inventor of Radio |date=2001 |publisher=University Press of the Pacific |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-89875-307-3 |page=5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZZTUZbjYJsC&pg=PA5 |chapter=From childhood to university}}</ref>
* [[March 25]] – [[Hendrik Wortman]], Dutch civil engineer (d. [[1939]])<ref>{{cite journal
 |title=Hendrik Wortman 
 |last=Horn-van Nispen 
 |first=Marie-Louise ten
 |journal=Tijdschrift voor Waterstaatsgeschiedenis
 |publisher=Vereniging voor Waterstaatsgeschiedenis
 |page=60
 |url=https://www.waterstaatsgeschiedenis.nl/tijdschrift/2004-2/
 |volume=13
 |issue=2
 |year=2004
}}</ref>
* [[March 26]] – [[A. E. Housman]], English poet (d. [[1936]])

=== April–June ===
* [[April 3]] – [[Reginald De Koven]], American composer, music critic (d. [[1920]])
* [[April 7]] – [[Jacques Loeb]], German–American physiologist, biologist (d. [[1924]])
* [[April 8]] – [[Edmund Husserl]], Austrian philosopher (d. [[1938]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=John K. Roth|author2=Christina J. Moose|author3=Rowena Wildin|title=World Philosophers and Their Works: Freud, Sigmund - Oakeshott, Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0IUAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-0-89356-880-1|page=899}}</ref>
* [[April 14]] – [[Luigi Capello]], Italian general (d. [[1941]])
* [[April 17]] – [[Willis Van Devanter]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. [[1941]])
* [[May 1]] – [[Jacqueline Comerre-Paton]], French artist (d. [[1955]])
* [[May 15]] – [[Pierre Curie]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1906]])
* [[May 22]] – Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], Scottish writer (d. [[1930]])
* [[June 5]] – [[Belle Archer]], American actress (d. [[1900]])
* [[June 9]] – [[Doveton Sturdee]], British admiral (d. [[1925]])
* [[June 21]] – [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]], American artist (d. [[1937]])

=== July–September ===
[[File:Dora Knowlton Ranous.png|thumb|110px|[[Dora Knowlton Ranous]]]]

* [[July 1]] – [[DeLancey W. Gill]], American artist (d. [[1940]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=J. R. |date=1983 |title=De Lancey W. Gill: Photographer for the Bureau of American Ethnology |journal=[[History of Photography (journal)|History of Photography]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1080/03087298.1983.10442742}}</ref>

* [[July 6]]
** [[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army officer, born 1859)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]], British general (d. [[1939]])
** [[Verner von Heidenstam]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1940]])
* [[July 13]] – [[Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield]], British co-founder of the [[London School of Economics]] (d. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sidney-and-Beatrice-Webb |title=Sidney and Beatrice Webb {{!}} British economists|work=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=February 24, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 28]] – [[Mary Anderson (actress, born 1859)|Mary Anderson]], American stage actress (d. [[1940]])<ref name="Herringshaw1914">{{cite book|author=Thomas William Herringshaw|title=Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTABAAAAMAAJ|year=1914|publisher=American publishers' association|page=277}}</ref>
* [[July 29]] – [[Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz]], Portuguese priest (d. [[1948]])<ref>[[:File:Assento de baptismo, Padre Cruz (25 Fevereiro 1860).png|Livro de Registo de Baptismos 1860/1865 (fl. 7–7v.), Paróquia de São João Baptista, Alcochete]] – Arquivo Distrital de Setúbal</ref>
* [[August 2]] – [[Auguste Adib Pacha]], 2-time prime minister of Lebanon (d. [[1936]])
* [[August 4]] – [[Knut Hamsun]], Norwegian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1952]])
* [[August 16]] – [[Dora Knowlton Ranous]], American actress, author and translator (d. [[1916]])
* [[August 18]] – [[Anna Ancher]], Danish painter (d. [[1935]])
* [[September 3]] – [[Jean Jaurès]], French socialist (d. [[1914]])
* [[September 7]] – [[Margaret Crosfield]], British palaeontologist, geologist (d. [[1952]])
* [[September 16]] – [[Yuan Shikai]], Chinese dictator (d. [[1916]])
* [[September 17]]
** William H. Bonney ([[Billy The Kid]]), American outlaw, gunfighter (d. [[1881]])
** [[I. L. Patterson]], American politician, 18th [[Governor of Oregon]] (d. [[1929]])
* [[September 18]] – [[Lincoln Loy McCandless]], Hawaiian politician, rancher (d. [[1940]])
* [[September 19]] – [[Marshall Pinckney Wilder]], American actor, humorist, comedian and monologist (d. [[1915]])
* [[September 21]] – [[Francesc Macià]], Catalan politician (d. [[1933]])
* [[September 24]] – [[Radko Dimitriev]], Bulgarian and Russian general (d. [[1918]])
* [[September 28]] – [[Alfredo Baquerizo]], 19th President of Ecuador (d. [[1951]])

=== October–December ===
* [[October 6]] – [[Frank Seiberling]], American inventor, co-founder of [[Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company]] (d. [[1955]])
* [[October 9]] – [[Alfred Dreyfus]], French military officer, subject of the [[Dreyfus affair]] (d. [[1935]])
* [[October 12]] – [[Diana Abgar]], Armenian diplomat (d. [[1937]])
* [[October 18]] – [[Henri Bergson]], French philosopher, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (d. [[1941]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Spencer Tucker|author2=Laura Matysek Wood|author3=Justin D. Murphy|title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC&pg=PA124|year=1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7|pages=124}}</ref>
* [[October 20]] – [[John Dewey]], American philosopher, psychologist and educator (d. [[1952]])
* [[November 10]] – [[Gustav Globočnik Edler von Vojka]], Austro-Hungarian nobleman and field marshal (d. [[1946]])
* [[November 11]] – [[Belle Gunness]], born Brynhild Paulsdatter Størseth, Norwegian-born serial killer (d. [[1908]]?)
* [[November 14]] – [[Alexander Samsonov]], Russian general (d. [[1914]])
* [[November 15]]
** [[Jean César Graziani]], French general (d. [[1932]])
** [[Christopher Hornsrud]], 11th prime minister of Norway (d. [[1960]])
* [[November 19]] – [[Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov]], Russian composer (d. [[1935]])
* [[November 24]] – [[Cass Gilbert]], American architect ([[Woolworth Building]], [[United States Supreme Court building]]) (d. [[1934]])
* [[November 27]] – [[William Bliss Baker]], American painter (d. [[1886]])
* [[November 29]] – [[Jesse Pomeroy]], youngest convicted murderer in Massachusetts (d. [[1932]])
* [[December 2]] – [[Georges Seurat]], French painter (d. [[1891]])
* [[December 5]] – [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe]], British admiral (d. [[1935]])
* [[December 15]] – [[L. L. Zamenhof]], Polish creator of Esperanto (d. [[1917]])
* [[December 17]] – [[Paul César Helleu]], French artist (d. [[1927]])
* [[December 17]] – [[Wilmer W. MacElree]], American lawyer and author (d. [[1960]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Olive E. Dana]], American author (d. [[1904]])
* [[December 29]] – [[Venustiano Carranza]], 37th President of Mexico (d. [[1920]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Vittorio Alinari]], Italian photographer (d. [[1932]])
* [[Stanisław Roman Lewandowski]], Polish sculptor (d. [[1940]])<ref name="Polonia">{{cite book |title=Polonia: Lewandowski, Stanisław Roman (in Polish) |date=1939 |publisher=Drukarnia Wydanicza |location=Warsawa |url=https://polona.pl/item/czy-wiesz-kto-to-jest-uzupelnienia-i-sprostowania,ODQ1NjUxOA/181/#info:metadata}}</ref>
* [[Margaret Manton Merrill]], English-American journalist and writer (d. [[1893]])

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
* [[January 19]] – [[George Schonswar]], British politician (b. [[1775]])
* [[January 21]] – [[Henry Hallam]], English historian (b. [[1777]])
* [[January 28]] – [[F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1782]])
* [[February 13]] – [[Eliza Acton]], English poet, cookery writer (b. [[1799]])<ref>{{cite book |title=An encyclopedia of British women writers |date=1998 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=0813525438 |page=1 |edition=Rev. and expanded}}</ref>
* [[February 27]] – [[Philip Barton Key II|Philip Barton Key]], U.S. [[District Attorney]] (b. [[1818]])
* [[April 8]] – [[Joseph Thackwell|Sir Joseph Thackwell]], British army general (b. [[1781]])
* [[April 16]] – [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], French historian (b. [[1805]])
* [[May 6]] – [[Alexander von Humboldt]], German naturalist and geographer (b. [[1769]])<ref>{{cite journal|first= William T.|last= Stearn|title= Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) and plant geography|journal=New Scientist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4vW1EuQHY0C&pg=PA957|publisher=Reed Business Information|pages=957|date=30 April 1959|access-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref>
* [[May 13]]  – [[Bakht Khan]], commander-in-chief of [[India]]n rebel forces in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]  (b. [[1797]])
* [[June 11]] – [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]], Austrian diplomat (b. [[1773]])
* [[June 13]] – [[Angélique Brûlon]], French soldier, first female Knight of the French Legion of Honour (b. [[1772]])
* [[June 23]] – [[Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1786–1859)|Maria Pavlovna, Dowager Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] (b. [[1786]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Wilhelm Grimm.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Wilhelm Grimm]]]]
* [[July 8]]
** King [[Oscar I of Sweden]] and Norway (b. [[1799]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Oscar I {{!}} king of Sweden and Norway |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oscar-I |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Charlotte von Siebold]], German gynecologist (b. [[1788]])
* [[July 16]] – [[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart]], British army general and colonial administrator (b. [[1783]])
* [[July 17]] – [[Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]], [[Queen consort of Portugal]] (b. [[1837]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Edmund Lodge|title=The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire as at Present Existing ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxMwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR54|year=1872|publisher=Hurst & Blackett|pages=54}}</ref>
* [[July 30]] – [[Richard Rush]], [[United States Attorney General]] under [[James Madison]], [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] under President [[John Quincy Adams]] (b. [[1780]])
* [[August 2]] – [[Horace Mann]], American educator, abolitionist (b. [[1796]])
* [[August 4]] – [[John Vianney]], French saint known as the ''Curé de Ars'' (b. [[1786]])
* [[August 15]] – [[Nathaniel Claiborne]], U.S. politician (b. [[1777]])
* [[August 28]]
** [[Leigh Hunt]], British critic, essayist (b. [[1784]])
** Sultan [[Abd al-Rahman of Morocco]] (b. [[1788]])
* [[September 15]] – [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]], British engineer (b. [[1806]])
* [[September 19]] – [[George Bush (biblical scholar)]], American professor of Asian languages (b. [[1796]])
* [[September 28]] – [[Carl Ritter]], German geographer (b. [[1779]])
* [[October 4]] – [[Karl Baedeker]], German author, publisher (b. [[1801]])
* [[October 12]] – [[Robert Stephenson]], English civil engineer (b. [[1803]])
* [[October 22]] – [[Louis Spohr]], German violinist, composer (b. [[1784]])
* [[November 28]] – [[Washington Irving]], American author (b. [[1783]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Washington Irving - American author|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Washington-Irving|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[December 2]] – [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], American abolitionist (hanged) (b. [[1800]])
* [[December 8]] – [[Thomas de Quincey]], English writer (b. [[1785]])
* [[December 16]] – [[Wilhelm Grimm]], German philologist, folklorist (b. [[1786]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1859}}
[[Category:1859| ]]