Editing 1834

{{Year dab|1834}}
{{Year nav|1834}}

[[File:German unified 1815 1871.svg|thumb|250px|[[January 1]]: The [[Zollverein]] abolishes customs charges at the borders between its member states, beginning the process of German Unification.]]
[[File:The Palace of Westminster on Fire, 1834.JPG|thumb|250px|[[October 16]]: Both houses of the British Parliament are destroyed by a fire at Westminster.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}

{{Year article header|1834}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – [[Zollverein]] (Germany): [[Customs]] charges are abolished at borders within its member states.
* [[January 3]] – The government of Mexico imprisons [[Stephen F. Austin]] in [[Mexico City]].
* January – The [[Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad]] is chartered in [[Wilmington, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carolana.com/NC/Transportation/railroads/nc_rrs_wilmington_raleigh.html|work=North Carolina Railroads|title=Wilmington & Raleigh Railroad|access-date=2021-01-16}}</ref>
* [[February 3]] – [[Wake Forest University]] is founded as the Wake Forest Manual Labor Institute in [[Wake Forest, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.wfu.edu/history/|work=Wake Forest University|title=About Wake Forest|access-date=2024-12-17}}</ref>
* [[February 12]] – Freed American slaves from [[Maryland]] form a settlement in [[Cape Palmas]], it is named the [[Republic of Maryland]].
* [[February 13]] – [[Robert Owen]] organizes the [[Grand National Consolidated Trades Union]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>G. D. H. Cole, ''Attempts at General Union'' (Taylor & Francis, 2010) p122</ref>
* [[March 6]] – [[York, Upper Canada]], is incorporated as [[Toronto]].
* [[March 11]] – The United States Survey of the Coast is transferred to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]].
* [[March 14]] – [[John Herschel]] discovers the open cluster of stars now known as [[NGC 3603]], observing from the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name=Sher1965>{{cite journal|last=Sher|first=D.|title=The Curious History of NGC 3603|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|volume=59|page=76|year=1965|bibcode=1965JRASC..59...67S}}</ref>
* [[March 28]] – [[Andrew Jackson]] is censured by the [[United States Congress]] (expunged in 1837).
* March – [[John Scott Russell]]'s ''Scottish Steam Carriage Company'' begins operating a regular passenger service in west central Scotland on the open road between [[Glasgow]] and [[Paisley, Renfrewshire]].

=== April–June ===
* [[April 10]] – The LaLaurie mansion in New Orleans burns, and Madame [[Marie Delphine LaLaurie]] flees to France.      
* [[April 14]] – The [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] is officially named by [[United States Senator]] [[Henry Clay]].
* [[April 22]] – [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], [[July Monarchy|France]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] sign the [[1834 Quadruple Alliance|Quadruple Alliance]].
*  [[May 9]] – The founder of the [[Second Saudi State]], Imam Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, is assassinated after the Friday prayers by Ibrahim Hamza, following the orders of his cousin Mishari.
* [[May 19]] – The [[Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)]] erupts in [[Muhammad Ali dynasty|Egyptian-ruled]] [[Ottoman Syria]], encompassing peasant uprisings in [[Peasants' revolt in Palestine|Palestine and Transjordan]], at [[Galilee]] and [[Hauran]] and at the [[Alawite revolt (1834–35)|Syrian coast]]; the rebellions are suppressed with harsh military response leading to thousands of deaths and mostly subdued by August, though the Syrian coast uprising lasts until early 1835.
* [[June 7]] – Greek independence: General [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] is sentenced to death for [[treason]], for resisting the rule of [[Otto of Greece]] (he is released the following year).
* [[June 21]] – American inventor and businessman [[Cyrus McCormick]] is granted a patent for his mechanical reaper.

=== July–September ===
* [[July 7]]–[[July 10|10]] – [[Anti-abolitionist riots (1834)|Anti-abolitionist riots]] break out in [[New York City]].
*  [[July 8]] – Imam Faisal bin Turki enters [[Riyadh]] and upon entering his father's palace, assassinates his father's murderer, Ibrahim Hamza, and his master; Mishari, and becomes the ruler and founder of the Second Saudi State.
* [[July 15]] – The [[Spanish Inquisition]], which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.
* [[July 16]] – [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]] succeeds [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Earl Grey]] as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].
* [[July 24]] – The [[Liberal Wars]] end in Portugal.
* [[July 29]] – The [[Office of Indian Affairs]] is organized in the United States.
[[File:Emancipation of Slaves 1834 monument - Victoria Tower Gardens - Millbank - Westminster - London - 24042004.jpg|100px|thumb|The [[Buxton Memorial Fountain]] in London, celebrating the emancipation of slaves.]]
* [[August 1]]
**[[Slavery]] is abolished in the [[British Empire]], by the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]].
**Construction work begins on the [[Wilberforce Monument]] in [[Kingston Upon Hull]].<ref name=Wilberforce>{{Cite web|last=Kitching|first=Sophie|date=9 February 2018|title=The bizarre reason this Hull landmark was moved 82 years ago|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/history/bizarre-reason-hull-landmark-moved-1176719|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302144359/https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/history/bizarre-reason-hull-landmark-moved-1176719|archive-date=2 March 2021|access-date=1 October 2021|website=[[Hull Daily Mail]]|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 11]]–[[August 12|12]] – [[Ursuline Convent riots]]: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near [[Boston]].
* [[August 12]] – In the [[Empire of Brazil]], the [[1834 Additional Act|Additional Act]] provides for establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly, extinction of the State Council, replacement of the Regency Trina, and introduction of a direct and secret ballot.
* [[August 14]] –  The [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834|Poor Law Amendment Act]] in the United Kingdom states that no able-bodied British man can receive assistance, unless he enters a [[workhouse]] (a kind of [[poorhouse]]).
* [[August 15]] – The [[South Australia Act 1834|South Australia Act]] allows for the creation of a colony there.
* [[September 11]] – The emigrant ship ''Sybelle'' out of [[Cromarty]] (Scotland) is wrecked off [[St. Paul Island (Nova Scotia)]] with the loss of all 316 passengers and all but six of her crew.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shipping Intelligence|newspaper=Liverpool Mercury|date=24 October 1834|issue=1225}}</ref>
* [[September 13]] – ''[[The Gleaner (Jamaica)|The Gleaner]]'' newspaper is first published in [[Jamaica]].
* [[September 18]] – [[Athens]] becomes Greece's capital city.

=== October–December ===
* [[October 16]] – The [[Palace of Westminster]] is destroyed by [[Burning of Parliament|fire]], along with both the House of Commons and the House of Lords (which are not in session) of the British Parliament.  An investigation later traces the disaster to an order from the Exchequer to the Board of Works to destroy the [[tally stick]]s that had been stored as part of record keeping, the use of the furnaces beneath the House of Lords to carry out the task, and the failure of authorities to stop the work or to fight the fire after smoke had first been detected, the conclusion being that the fire was "wholly attributable to carelessness and negligence."<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) pp74-75</ref>
* [[November 14]] – [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]] becomes the last [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] to be dismissed by the British monarch.  [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]] temporarily appoints [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], to form a caretaker government.<ref>Michael S. Patridge, ''The Duke of Wellington, 1769-1852: A Bibliography'' (Greenwood Publishing, 1990) p129</ref><ref>Rory Muir, ''Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814-1852'' (Yale University Press, 2013) pp439-440</ref>
* [[December 3]] – The ''[[Zollverein]]'' institutes the first regular [[census in Germany]]. The population is 23,478,120.
* [[December 10]] – Sir [[Robert Peel]] succeeds [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]] as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].
* [[December 11]] – The [[Sixth Xhosa War]] is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and [[Bantu peoples]] in [[Cape Colony]]; Dutch-speaking settlers colonize the area north of [[Orange River]].

=== Date unknown ===
* The British [[East India Company]] monopoly on China trade ends. It appoints a Tea Committee to assess the potential of [[Assam tea]].
* The Medical School of Louisiana (later [[Tulane University]]) is founded in [[New Orleans]].
* [[Charles Babbage]] begins the conceptual design of the ''[[Analytical Engine]]'', a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony|last=Hyman|author-link=R. Anthony Hyman|title=[[Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1982|isbn=0-19-858170-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1878-3.aspx|title=Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871 (Trial model)|publisher=[[Science Museum, London]]|access-date=2010-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920230519/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1878-3.aspx|archive-date=September 20, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Davenport (inventor)|Thomas Davenport]], inventor of the first American [[Direct current|DC]] electrical motor, installs his motor in a small model car, creating one of the first [[electric car]]s.
* The Romanian language is banned in the schools and government facilities of the Russian Empire's [[Bessarabia Governorate]].<ref name=Stoica1>{{cite book|last=Stoica|first=Vasile|title=The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands|year=1919|publisher=Pittsburgh Printing Company|page=31 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7314/view/1/31/}}</ref>
* Statue of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] is erected in his birthplace of [[Geneva]].

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1866) b 557.jpg|thumb|Heinrich von Treitschke]]
[[File:Gottlieb Daimler 1890s2.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Gottlieb Daimler]].]]
* [[January 7]] – [[Johann Philipp Reis]], German physicist, inventor (d. [[1874]])
* [[January 15]] – [[Samuel Arza Davenport]], American politician (d. [[1911]])
* [[January 17]] – [[August Weismann]], German evolutionary biologist (d. [[1914]])
* [[January 20]] – [[Piet Joubert]], Boer politician, military commander (d. [[1900]])
* [[January 25]] – [[Alina Frasa]], Finnish ballerina (d. [[1899]])
* [[February 6]] – [[Edwin Klebs]], German-Swiss pathologist who discovered [[Diphtheria]] (d. [[1913]])
* [[February 8]] – [[Dmitri Mendeleev]], Russian chemist  (d. [[1907]])
* [[February 9]] – [[Felix Dahn]], German author (d. [[1912]])
* [[February 16]] – [[Ernst Haeckel]], German zoologist, philosopher (d. [[1919]])
* [[February 19]] – [[Charles Davis Lucas]], British [[Victoria Cross]] recipient (d. [[1914]])
* [[February 27]] – [[Charles C. Carpenter (admiral)|Charles C. Carpenter]], American admiral (d. [[1899]])
* [[March 5]] – [[Félix de Blochausen]], 6th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. [[1915]])
* [[March 16]] – [[James Hector|Sir James Hector]], Scottish geologist (d. [[1907]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dell |first1=R.K. |title=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |date=1990 |publisher=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1h15/hector-james |access-date=13 October 2021 |chapter=Hector, James}}</ref>
* [[March 17]] – [[Gottlieb Daimler]], German engineer, inventor (d. [[1900]])
* [[March 20]] – [[Charles W. Eliot]], American President of Harvard University (d. [[1926]])
* [[March 23]] – [[Julius Reubke]], German composer (d. [[1858]])
* [[March 24]]
** [[John Wesley Powell]], American explorer (d. [[1902]])
** [[William Morris]], English poet, artist (d. [[1896]])
* [[April 2]] – [[Paškal Buconjić]], Herzegovinian Catholic bishop (d. [[1910]])
* [[April 26]] – [[Charles Farrar Browne|Artemus Ward]], American humorist (d. [[1867]])
* [[May 20]] – [[Albert Niemann (chemist)|Albert Niemann]], German chemist (d. [[1861]])
* [[May 23]] – [[Carl Heinrich Bloch]], Danish sculptor (d. [[1890]])
* [[June 19]] – [[Charles Spurgeon]], English Baptist preacher (d. [[1892]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Whistler Selbstporträt.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[James McNeill Whistler]]]]
[[File:Edgar Degas self portrait 1855.jpeg|thumb|right|110px|[[Edgar Degas]]]]
[[File:Aleksis Kivi.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Aleksis Kivi]]]]
* [[July 2]] – [[Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack]], Dutch economist, historian (d. [[1917]])
* [[July 4]] – [[Christopher Dresser]], British designer influential in the Anglo-Japanese style (d. [[1904]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Whiteway|first=Michael|title=Christopher Dresser: A Design Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjdJAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=V&A Publications|location=London|isbn=978-1-85177-428-9}}</ref>
* [[July 10]] – [[James McNeill Whistler]], American painter, etcher (d. [[1903]])
* [[July 19]] – [[Edgar Degas]], French painter (d. [[1917]])
* [[July 2]] – [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]], French sculptor (d. [[1904]])
* [[July 27]] – [[Miguel Grau Seminario]], Peruvian admiral (d. [[1879]])
* [[August 4]] – [[John Venn]], British mathematician (d. [[1923]])
* [[August 22]] – [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]], American astronomer, physicist, and aeronautics pioneer (d. [[1906]])
* [[August 31]] – [[Amilcare Ponchielli]], Italian composer (d. [[1886]])
* [[Heinrich von Treitschke]] (15 September 1834 – 28 April 1896) German historian, political writer, and National Liberal member of the Reichstag during the time of the German Empire.
* [[September 17]] – [[Robert Simpson (merchant)|Robert Simpson]], Scottish-Canadian businessman (d. [[1897]])
* [[September 28]] – [[William Montrose Graham Jr.]], American general (d. [[1916]])
* [[September 30]] – [[Louis P. Mouillard]], French artist, aviation pioneer (d. [[1897]])
* [[October 6]] – [[Walter Kittredge]], American composer (d. [[1905]])
* [[October 10]] – [[Aleksis Kivi]], Finnish national author (d. [[1872]])<ref>{{Britannica|319741|Aleksis Kivi}}</ref>
* [[November 8]] – [[Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner]], German astrophysicist (d. [[1882]])
* [[November 13]] – [[Ignacio Manuel Altamirano]], Mexican writer (d. [[1893]])
* [[November 19]] – [[Georg Hermann Quincke]], German physicist (d. [[1924]])
* [[November 21]] – [[Hetty Green]], American businesswoman (d. [[1916]])
* [[November 28]] – [[Sophronia Farrington Naylor Grubb]], American activist (d. [[1902]])
* [[December 16]] – [[Léon Walras]], French economist (d. [[1910]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Augustus George Vernon Harcourt]], English chemist (d. [[1919]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Joseph Welland (missionary)|Joseph Welland]], Irish missionary and Reverend (d. [[1879]])

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Friedrich Schleiermacher]]]]
[[File:Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette.PNG|thumb|right|110px|[[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Gilbert du Motier]]]]
* [[January 6]] – [[Richard Martin (Irish politician)|Richard Martin]], Irish founder of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (b. [[1754]])
* [[January 12]] – [[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1759]])
* [[January 17]] – [[Giovanni Aldini]], Italian physicist (b. [[1762]])
* [[February 2]] – [[Lorenzo Dow]], American minister (b. [[1777]])
* [[February 4]] – [[Amélie-Julie Candeille]], French composer, librettist, writer, singer, actress, comedian, and instrumentalist (b. [[1767]])
* [[February 12]] – [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]], German theologian and philosopher (b. [[1768]])
* [[February 18]] – [[William Wirt (Attorney General)|William Wirt]], 9th [[United States Attorney General]] (b. [[1772]])
* [[February 23]] – [[Karl Ludwig von Knebel]], German poet (b. [[1744]])
* [[March 2]] – [[José Cecilio del Valle]], first President of Central America (b. [[1780]])
* [[March 30]] – [[Rudolph Ackermann]], Anglo-German entrepreneur (b. [[1764]])
* [[April 5]] – Vice-Admiral Sir [[Richard Goodwin Keats]], Governor of Newfoundland (b. [[1757]])
* [[April 10]] – [[John Macarthur (wool pioneer)|John 'Merino' MacArthur]], Australian farmer (b. [[1767]])
* [[April 11]] – [[John 'Mad Jack' Fuller]], English philanthropist, patron of the arts and sciences (b. [[1757]])
* [[April 29]] – [[Grigore IV Ghica]], prince of Wallachia (b. [[1755]])
* [[May 9]] – [[Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad]], founder of the First Saudi State
* [[May 20]] – [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette]], French nobleman, soldier (b. [[1757]])
* [[May 31]] – Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman bin Ahmed Al Khalifa, Deputy Ruler of Bahrain (b. {{circa}} [[1783]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:SamuelTaylorColeridge.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]]]
[[File:JonathanJennings.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jonathan Jennings]]]]
[[File:Portrait of Dom Pedro, Duke of Bragança - Google Art Project edited.jpeg|thumb|right|110px|[[Pedro I of Brazil]]]]
* [[July 12]] – [[David Douglas (botanist)|David Douglas]], Scottish botanist (b. [[1799]])
* [[July 14]] – [[Edmond-Charles Genêt]], French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution (b. [[1763]])
* [[July 19]] –  [[Károly Hadaly]], Hungarian mathematician (b. [[1743]])
* [[July 25]] – [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], English writer (b. [[1772]])
* [[July 26]] – [[Jonathan Jennings]], American politician and the first [[governor of Indiana]] (b. [[1784]])
* [[August 1]] – [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], British Protestant missionary to China (b. [[1782]])
* [[August 7]] – [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]], French inventor (b. [[1752]])
* [[August 17]] – [[Husein Gradaščević]], Bosnian rebel leader (b. [[1802]])
* [[September 2]] – [[Thomas Telford]], Scottish engineer (b. 1757)
* [[September 5]] – [[Thomas Lee (1794–1834)|Thomas Lee]], English architect (b. [[1794]])
* [[September 9]] – [[James Weddell]], Antarctic explorer (b. [[1787]])
* [[September 15]] – [[William H. Crawford]], American politician, judge (b. [[1772]])
* [[September 16]] – [[William Blackwood]], Scottish writer (b. [[1776]])
* [[September 24]] – Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] (b. [[1798]])
* [[October 5]] – [[María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna]] (b. [[1752]])
* [[October 8]] – [[François-Adrien Boieldieu]], French composer (b. [[1775]])
* [[October 11]] – [[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier]], British Navy officer, politician and diplomat (b. [[1786]])
* [[October 21]] – [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby]] (b. [[1752]])
* [[October 23]] – [[Fath Ali Shah Qajar]], King of Iran (b. [[1772]])
* [[October 31]] – [[Éleuthère Irénée du Pont]], French-American chemical manufacturer (b. [[1771]])
* [[November 2]] – [[Maria Teresa Poniatowska]], Polish aristocrat (b. [[1760]])
* [[November 27]] – [[:fr:Rosalie de Constant|Rosalie de Constant]], Swiss naturalist (b. [[1758]])
* [[December 23]] – [[Thomas Malthus]], English economist, political philosopher (b. [[1766]])
* [[December 27]] – [[Charles Lamb]], English essayist (b. [[1775]])
* [[December 31]] – João Batista Gonçalves Campos, intellectual leader of the [[Cabanagem]] revolt (b. [[1782]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:1834| ]]