Editing 1830s

{{Short description|Decade}}
[[File:1830s collage.jpg|thumb|335x335px|From top left, clockwise: The [[coronation of Queen Victoria]] marked the beginning of her 64-year long reign. Her reign meant the revival of the [[British Empire]], as the [[United Kingdom]] rapidly grew powerful territorially and economically. Under her rule, Britain saw a massive upheaval of colonial power, as over a quarter of the world fell into British rule; [[July Revolution|France's 1830 revolution]] reinstated liberal values – and later French imperialism – back into French governance and power. The revolution resulted in the dethroning of King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] and indirectly rebirthed the [[French colonial empire]]; [[Michael Faraday]] and [[John Frederic Daniell|John Daniell]]'s studies helped form the basis of [[electrochemistry]] via the discovery of [[electromagnetic induction]]. Their discoveries moulded a huge part of contemporary [[chemistry]], and forever changed the way people utilized [[electricity]]; [[HMS Beagle]] circumnavigates the world twice. Its [[Second voyage of HMS Beagle|second expedition]] with [[Charles Darwin]] has proven to be particularly pioneering, as the discoveries and theories he made on said voyage, helped him develop the [[theory of evolution]], widely enhanced scientific consensus and knowledge on [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] and [[biology]], and birthed the concept of [[natural selection]]. [[Slave states and free states|Slave and free states]] grow in number and power; a dynamic movement widely perceived as a prelude to the [[American Civil War]] as abolishment and establishment began to socio-politically polarize the United States' society, subsequently forming [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] states. The [[telegraph]] is invented by [[Samuel Morse]]. His patent opened the world to global networking and broke long distances as boundaries with it – the first of its kind; an 1832 still-life image developed by a [[daguerreotype]]. The daguerreotype was first introduced to the public in 1839. Its release made it the first invention that enabled the public to capture images on a recurrent basis – a move that would eventually nurture the growth of modern-day [[photography]]; [[Hans Christian Andersen]] publishes his first collection of fairy tales in 1837. His publications profoundly transformed literature, and grew to become one of the most popular and influential storywriters of the 19th century, with stories like [[The Little Mermaid]] (as pictured), and [[Thumbelina]]; a legacy that today retains as [[Denmark]]'s national icon.]]
{{Decadebox|183}}

The '''1830s''' (pronounced "eighteen-thirties") was a [[decade]] of the [[Gregorian calendar]] that began on January 1, 1830, and ended on December 31, 1839.

In this decade, the world saw a rapid rise of [[imperialism]] and [[colonialism]], particularly in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. Britain saw a surge of power and world dominance, as [[Queen Victoria]] took to the throne in 1837. Conquests took place all over the world, particularly around the expansion of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[British Raj]]. New outposts and settlements flourished in Oceania, as Europeans began to settle over [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].

== Politics ==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1830s}}

===Pacific===

* [[1830]] – [[John Williams (missionary)|John Williams]] brings  [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] to [[Samoa]].

* [[July 30]], [[1836]] – The first [[English language]] newspaper is published in [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaii]].
* [[1838]] – The [[Pitcairn Islands]] become a [[Crown colony]] of the United Kingdom; and women there are the first in the world to be granted, and maintain, [[women's suffrage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/womens-suffrage/world-suffrage-timeline|title=World suffrage timeline – women and the vote|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage}}</ref>

=== East Asia ===

==== China ====
[[File:Destruction of opium in 1839.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Lin Zexu]] supervising the destruction of opium in 1839]]
{{See also|Daoguang Emperor|First Opium War}}
China was ruled by the [[Daoguang Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China,<ref name=greenberg-113/> despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fay |first=Peter Ward |title=The Opium War, 1840-1842: barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the early part of the nineteenth century and the war by which they forced her gates ajar |date=1976 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-00823-4 |series=The Norton library |location=New York}}</ref> A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the [[East India Company]], leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests.<ref name=greenberg-113>{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Greenberg (economist)|title=British Trade and the Opening of China 1800–1841|format=preview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNo8AAAAIAAJ|page=113 | quote=expansion in imports from 16,550 chests in the season 1831-2 to over 30,000 in 1835-6, and 40,000 in 1838-9|year=1969}}</ref><ref name=CIH>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China|editor1-last=Ebrey|editor1-first=Patricia Buckley|editor1-link=Patricia Buckley Ebrey|year=2010|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-19620-8|page=236|edition=second|chapter=9. Manchus and Imperialism: The Qing Dynasty 1644–1900}}</ref> In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner [[Lin Zexu]] banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel to [[Guangzhou|Guangzhou (Canton)]], leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium.<ref>{{cite web |first=Leon |last=Poon |url=http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/modern.html#opium |title=Emergence Of Modern China |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=22 Dec 2008}}</ref> The British retaliated, seizing [[Hong Kong]] on [[August 23]] of that year, starting what would be known as the [[First Opium War]]. It would end three years later with the signing of the [[Treaty of Nanking]] in 1842.

==== Japan ====
* July [[1837]] – [[Charles W. King]] sets sail on the American merchant ship ''Morrison''. In the [[Morrison incident]], he is turned away from [[Japan]]ese ports with cannon fire.

=== South-eastern Asia ===
* [[March 28]], [[1830]] – The [[Java War]] ends.
* [[1833]] – H.R.H. Prince [[Mongkut]] of [[Thailand|Siam]] founds the [[Dhammayuttika Nikaya|Dhammayut]] Buddhist reform movement.

==== Dutch East Indies ====
{{See also|Dutch East Indies|Indonesia}}The [[Padri War]] was fought from 1803 until 1837 in [[West Sumatra]] between the ''Padris'' and the ''Adats''.  The latter asked for the help of the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army|Dutch]], who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837<ref name="Abdullah2009">{{cite book|author=Taufik Abdullah|title=Indonesia: Towards Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c39TDpLki8wC&pg=PA5|access-date=25 August 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-366-0|page=5}}</ref> after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader [[Tuanku Imam Bonjol]], the conflict died out.

==== Vietnam ====
* [[1831]]–[[1834]] – [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1833–1834)|Siamese–Vietnamese War]] for [[Cambodia]] and [[Southern Vietnam]].
* [[1839]] – The Emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renames [[Vietnam|Việt Nam]] to Đại Nam.

=== Australia and New Zealand ===
* [[August 15]], [[1834]] – The [[South Australia Act 1834|South Australia Act]] allows for the creation of a colony there.
* [[June 8]], [[1835]] – The [[Australia]]n city of [[Melbourne]] is founded by [[John Batman]] and [[John Pascoe Fawkner]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=52&pg=703|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116054250/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=52&pg=703|url-status=dead|title=Melbourne.vic.gov.au|archivedate=January 16, 2009}}</ref>
* [[October 28]], [[1835]] – [[United Tribes of New Zealand]] founded at [[Waitangi, Northland|Waitangi]] with the [[Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand]].
* [[November 19]], [[1835]] – A force of 500 [[Māori people]] invade, massacre, ate and enslave the [[Moriori]] people of the [[Chatham Islands]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Michael |title=Moriori: A People Rediscovered |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780143771289 |page=67}}</ref>
* [[July 27]], [[1836]] – [[Adelaide]], is founded.
* [[December 26]], [[1836]] – The [[Colony of South Australia]], founded by Captain [[John Hindmarsh]], is officially proclaimed (now celebrated in the state of [[South Australia]] as [[Proclamation Day (South Australia)|Proclamation Day]]).
* [[June 10]], [[1838]] – 28 [[Indigenous Australians]] are killed in the [[Myall Creek massacre]].
* [[1838]] – Five [[nun]]s from the [[Religious Sisters of Charity]] in [[Ireland]] become the first women of religion to set foot on [[Australia]]n soil.

=== Southern Asia ===
* December [[1838]] – [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]: [[British Army|British]] and [[Presidency armies]] set out from [[Punjab]] in support of [[Shah Shujah Durrani]]'s claim to the throne of [[Afghanistan]].

==== India ====

{{Main|Company rule in India}}The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("[[Governor-General of India]]" starting in 1833): [[Lord William Bentinck]] (1828–1835), [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt]] (1835–1836), and [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Lord Auckland]] (1836–1842). The [[Government of India Act 1833]] was enacted to remove the [[East India Company]]'s remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years.  It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company.

The [[English Education Act 1835|English Education Act]] by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India company [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|replaced Persian with local vernacular]] in various provinces as the official and court language.  However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, [[Hindi–Urdu controversy|Urdu instead of Hindi]] was chosen to replace Persian.<ref name="Paul R. Brass">Language, Religion and Politics in North India by Paul R. Brass, Publisher: iUniverse, Incorporated, {{ISBN|978-0-595-34394-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=The political awakening in India| author=John R. McLane| year=1970| pages=105| publisher=Prentice-Hall. Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey}}</ref>

In 1835, [[William Henry Sleeman]] captured "Feringhea" in his efforts to suppress the [[Thuggee]] secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of [[Thuggee]]. In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of ''[[Thagi and Dakaiti Department|Commissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity]]''. During these operations, more than 1400 [[Thuggee|Thugs]] were hanged or [[transported for life]].

=== Western Asia ===
* [[1831]] – [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]]'s French-trained forces occupy [[Syria]].
* [[May 10]], [[1832]] – The [[Egyptians]], aided by [[Maronites]], seize [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]] after a 7-month [[Siege of Acre (1832)|siege]].
* [[December 21]], [[1832]] – [[Battle of Konya]]: The [[Egypt]]ians defeat the main [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army in central [[Anatolia]].
* [[September 1]], [[1836]] – Rebuilding begins at the [[Hurva Synagogue]] in [[Jerusalem]].
* [[January 19]], [[1839]] – The [[East India Company]] captures [[Aden]].
* [[July 23]], [[1839]] – [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], [[Battle of Ghazni]]: British forces capture the fortress city of [[Ghazni]], [[Afghanistan]].

=== Eastern Europe ===

==== Poland ====
* [[November 29]], [[1830]] – The [[November Uprising]] begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.
* [[February 20]], [[1831]] – [[Battle of Olszynka Grochowska]]: [[Poland|Polish]] rebel forces divide a [[Russia]]n army.
* [[May 26]], [[1831]] – [[Battle of Ostrołęka (1831)|Battle of Ostrołęka]]: The [[Polish people|Poles]] fight another indecisive battle.
* [[September 6]] – [[September 8]], [[1831]] – [[Battle of Warsaw (1831)|Battle of Warsaw]]: The [[Russians]] take the [[Poland|Polish]] capital and crush resistance.

=== Northern Europe ===

==== United Kingdom ====

===== Royalty =====
[[File:Dronning victoria.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[June 20]]: [[Queen Victoria]], Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901).]]
In 1830, [[William IV]] succeeded his brother [[George IV]] as King of the [[United Kingdom]]. Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece, [[Queen Victoria|Princess Victoria]].<ref name="web.archive.org 1820-1840">{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840 |title=Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840 |access-date=2007-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922055840/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840 |archive-date=22 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Under [[Salic law]], the [[Kingdom of Hanover]] passed to William's brother, [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]], ending the [[personal union]] of Britain and Hanover which had existed since [[1714]]. [[Queen Victoria]] took up residence in [[Buckingham Palace]], the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than [[St James's Palace]], her London home.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>

===== Politics and law =====
Britain had four [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime ministers]] during the 1830s.  As the decade began, Tory [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform.<ref>Holmes (2002). p. 283.</ref> The Whigs selected [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]] to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including the [[Reform Act 1832]], the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] (abolishing slavery throughout the [[British Empire]]), and the [[Factory Acts]] (limiting [[child labour]]).

In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|Lord Melbourne]] as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with the [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834|Poor Law Amendment Act]] in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered a [[workhouse]]. King [[William IV]]'s opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint Sir [[Robert Peel]] to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting [[1835 United Kingdom general election|general election]] (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. The [[Marriage Act 1836]] established [[civil marriage]] and registration systems that permit marriages in [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] chapels, and a [[Registrar General]] of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.<ref>[[wikisource:1836 (33) Registration of Births &c. A bill for registering Births Deaths and Marriages in England]].</ref><ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=260–261|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>

There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the [[Merthyr Rising]]. [[William Howley]] [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to [[Canterbury]] in 1832. In 1834, [[Robert Owen]] organized the [[Grand National Consolidated Trades Union]], an early attempt to form a national [[union confederation]]. In May [[1838]], the [[People's Charter of 1838|People's Charter]] was drawn up in the [[United Kingdom]], demanding [[universal suffrage]].  Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to the [[Newport Rising]] in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain.

In 1835, [[James Pratt and John Smith]] were [[hanging|hanged]] outside [[Newgate Prison]] in London after a conviction of [[sodomy]], the last deadly victims of the judicial [[persecution]] of [[homosexual men]] in England.<ref>See [http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/newgate.html] 2012</ref>

=== Western Europe ===

==== Germany ====
* [[May 30]], [[1832]] – Germany: [[Hambach Festival|Hambacher Festival]], a demonstration for [[civil liberties]] and national unity, ends with no result.
* [[December 14]], [[1833]] – [[Kaspar Hauser]], a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on [[December 17]].
* [[January 1]], [[1834]] – [[Zollverein]]: [[Customs]] charges are abolished at borders within [[Germany]].
* [[October 13]], [[1836]] – [[Theodor Fliedner]], a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the [[Deaconess#Modern history|Deaconess]] Home and Hospital at [[Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth|Kaiserswerth]], [[Germany]], as an institute to train women in [[nursing]].
* [[1837]] – The 5th century BC [[Berlin Foundry Cup]] is acquired for the [[Antikensammlung Berlin]] in Germany.

==== Austria ====
* [[March 2]], [[1835]] – [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand]] becomes Emperor of [[Austria]].

==== Switzerland ====
* October, 1830 – Start of the [[Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland#Regeneration|Regeneration in Switzerland]]: more liberal constitutions adopted in most [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]].
* [[August 3]], [[1833]] – In [[Switzerland]], troops of the [[Basel-Stadt|city of Basel]] march on rebels in [[Liestal]], but are beaten back at the Battle of Hülftenschanz.
* [[August 26]], [[1833]] – The [[Canton of Basel]] is partitioned by the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] ''[[Tagsatzung]]'', to create the two [[Cantons of Switzerland|half-cantons]] of [[Basel-City]] and [[Basel-Country]].

==== Belgium ====
{{Main|Belgian Revolution|Siege of Antwerp (1832)}}
* [[August 25]], [[1830]] – The [[Belgian Revolution]] begins.
* [[September 27]], [[1830]] – The [[Belgian Revolution]] ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
* [[October 4]], [[1830]] – The Provisional Government in Brussels [[Belgian Revolution|declares]] the creation of the independent state of [[Belgium]], in revolt against the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]].
* [[December 20]], [[1830]] – The independence of [[Belgium]] is recognized by the [[Great power|Great Powers]].
* [[July 21]], [[1831]] – [[Leopold I of Belgium]] is inaugurated as first king of the [[Belgians]].
* [[August 2]], [[1831]] – The Dutch [[ten days' campaign]] in [[Belgium]] is halted by a [[France|French]] army.
* [[December 4]], [[1832]] – Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining [[Netherlands|Dutch]] enforcement, the [[citadel]], is under [[France|French]] attack.
* [[December 23]], [[1832]] – The Battle of Antwerp ends with the [[Netherlands]] losing the city.
* [[1839]] – Half of the [[Province of Limburg (1815–1839)|Limburg]] province of [[Belgium]] is added to the [[Netherlands]] (since 1839 there is a [[Limburg (Belgium)|Belgian Limburg]] and [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Dutch Limburg]]).
* [[April 19]], [[1839]] – The [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]] establishes [[Belgium]] as a [[monarchy|kingdom]].

==== France ====
[[File:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|right|thumb|[[July Revolution|French Revolution of 1830]]]]

===== French Revolution of 1830 =====
The French Revolution of 1830 was also known as the [[July Revolution]], Second French Revolution or {{lang|fr|Trois Glorieuses}} in French. It saw the overthrow of King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], the French [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarch, and the ascent of his brother [[Louis Philippe I|Louis, Duke of Orléans]] (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], shifting power to the [[July Monarchy]] (rule by the [[House of Orléans]]). [[Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)|Duc de Broglie]] briefly served as [[State Minister of France|State Minister]], with many successors over the course of 2 years.

===== Canut revolts =====
The first two [[Canut revolts]] occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The word [[Canut]] was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers.

The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize [[Lyon]], France. The government sent Marshal [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]], a veteran of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.

===== Other events =====
* [[June 5]] – [[June 6|6]], [[1832]] – [[History of France|France]]: [[June Rebellion]], anti-[[monarchist]] riots, chiefly by students, in [[Paris]].
* [[1835]] – The [[French language|French]] word for their language changes to ''français'', from ''françois''.

=== Southern Europe ===

==== Ottoman Empire (Balkans) ====
{{Main|Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire}}

* [[March 29]], [[1831]] – The [[Great Bosnian uprising]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] breaks out.
* April, 1839 – Sultan [[Mahmud II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] dies.
* [[July 1]], [[1839]] – [[Abdülmecid I]] (1839–[[1861]]) succeeds [[Mahmud II]] ([[1808]]–1839) as [[Ottoman Emperor]].
* [[1839]] – The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], backed by the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Austrian Empire]], compels [[July Monarchy]] France to abandon [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]], and it forces him to return [[Syria]] and [[Arabia]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* November 3, [[1839]] – [[Tanzimat]] starts in the [[Ottoman Empire]].

==== Greece ====
* [[February 3]], [[1830]] – [[Greece]] is liberated from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces as the final result of the [[Greek War of Independence]].
* [[July 20]], [[1830]] – [[Greece]] grants citizenship to [[Jews]].
* [[May 7]], [[1832]] – The [[Treaty of London, 1832|Treaty of London]] creates an independent [[Monarchy|Kingdom]] of [[Greece]]. [[Otto of Greece|Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria]], is chosen [[List of kings of Greece|King]]. Thus begins the [[history of modern Greece]].
* [[May 11]], [[1832]] – [[Greece]] is recognized as a sovereign nation; the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1832)|Treaty of Constantinople]] ends the [[Greek War of Independence]] in July.
* [[1833]] – Greece recaptures the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]].
* [[June 7]], [[1834]] – [[Greece|Greek]] independence: [[General]] [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] is sentenced to death for [[treason]] for resisting the rule of [[Otto of Greece]] (he is released next year).
* [[1834]] – [[Athens]] becomes [[Greece]]'s capital city.

==== Italian Peninsula ====
{{Main|Italian unification}}
* [[November 8]], [[1830]] – [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand II]] becomes King of the [[Two Sicilies]].
* February–March [[1831]] – Revolts in [[Modena]], [[Parma]] and the [[Papal States]] are put down by [[Austria]]n troops.
* [[April 27]], [[1831]] – [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|Charles Albert]] becomes king of [[Sardinia]] after the death of King [[Charles Felix of Sardinia|Charles Felix]].
* [[1834]] – A pro-[[republic]] uprising fails in [[Piedmont]]; one of the activists is [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].
* [[October 3]], [[1839]] – In the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], a railway between [[Naples]] and [[Portici]] (7.4 km length) is inaugurated by H.M. King [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand II]] of [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] (the first railway in the Italian peninsula).

==== Spain ====
* [[September 29]], [[1833]] – Three-year-old [[Isabella II]] becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, [[Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]. Her uncle [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Don Carlos, Conde de Molina]] challenges her claim, beginning the [[First Carlist War]].
* [[July 15]], [[1834]] – The [[Spanish Inquisition]], which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.
* [[September 19]], [[1837]] – [[Battle of Aranzueque]]: Liberal victory for the forces loyal to Queen [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabel II]] of Spain, end of the Carlist campaign known as the ''[[Expedición Real]]'' – The [[First Carlist War]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I53gBQAAQBAJ |title=Western Warfare, 1775-1882 |date=2014-12-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-48991-7 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 1]], [[1838]] – Supporters of [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina]], are victorious in the [[Battle of Maella]] during the [[First Carlist War]].
* [[August 31]], [[1839]] – The [[First Carlist War]] ([[Spain]]) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general [[Baldomero Espartero]], Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.

==== Portugal ====
* [[July 5]], [[1833]] – [[Liberal Wars]], [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]]: The forces of Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] win decisively.
* [[July 24]], [[1834]] – The [[Liberal Wars]] end in [[Portugal]].
* [[January 26]], [[1835]] – Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] marries [[Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg]], in Lisbon; he dies only two months later.
* [[January 1]], [[1836]] – Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] marries [[Ferdinand II of Portugal|Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]].

=== Africa ===
* [[Egba people|Egba]] refugees fleeing the [[Yoruba Civil Wars]] found the city of [[Abeokuta]] in south-west [[Nigeria]].
* [[February 14]], [[1831]] – [[Battle of Debre Abbay]]: [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Ras|Ras]] [[Marye of Yejju]] marches into [[Tigray Province|Tigray]] and defeats and kills the warlord [[Sabagadis]].
* [[1831]] – [[Rifa'a at-Tahtawi]] returns from study in [[Paris]] to [[Egypt]].
* [[December 11]], [[1834]] – The [[Xhosa Wars#Sixth war (1834–1836)|Sixth Xhosa War]] is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and [[Bantu peoples]] in [[Cape Colony]]; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]-speaking settlers colonize the area north of [[Orange River]].
* [[February 1]], [[1835]] – [[Slavery]] is [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolished]] in [[Mauritius]].
* [[October 10]] – [[October 13]], [[1837]] – The French army [[Siege of Constantine|besieges and captures Constantine]] in [[French Algeria]].
* [[December 16]], [[1838]] – The [[Boers]] win a decisive victory over the [[Zulus]] in the [[Battle of Blood River]].

==== French conquest of Algeria ====
{{Main|French conquest of Algeria}}
In 1830, [[France]] invaded and quickly seized [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Regency of Algiers]], and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces under [[Ahmed Bey]] at [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in [[Kabylia]] and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|'Abd al-Qādir]], enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837.  Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the [[1840s]], with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847).

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
* [[May 30]], [[1832]] – Canada: The [[Rideau Canal]] in eastern [[Ontario]] is opened.
* [[March 6]], [[1834]] – [[York, Upper Canada]], is incorporated as [[Toronto]].
* November–December [[1837]] – In [[the Canadas]], [[William Lyon Mackenzie]] leads the [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] and [[Louis-Joseph Papineau]] leads the [[Lower Canada Rebellion]].
* May [[1838]] – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the [[Durham Report]] to Britain.

==== United States ====

[[File:US SlaveFree1837.gif|thumb|300px|United States territories and states that forbade or allowed slavery, 1837.]]

===== Slavery =====
* [[January 1]], [[1831]] – [[William Lloyd Garrison]] begins publishing ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]'', an antislavery newspaper, in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].
* [[August 21]], [[1831]] – [[History of the United States|USA]]: [[Nat Turner's Rebellion]] breaks out in [[Southampton County, Virginia]].
* [[September 19]], [[1835]] – [[William Lloyd Garrison]] publishes [[Angelina Grimké]]'s anti-slavery letter in ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]''.
* [[May 13]], [[1837]] – [[Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)]] burned by mob hostile to slavery.
* [[November 7]], [[1837]] – American [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] and newspaper editor [[Elijah Lovejoy]] is killed by a pro-[[slavery]] mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois.

* [[July 1]], [[1839]] – Slaves aboard the ''[[Amistad (case)|Amistad]]'' rebel and capture the ship off the coast of [[Cuba]].  Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to [[Long Island]], New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in ''[[United States v. The Amistad]]''.

===== Settlement =====
* [[February 9]], [[1832]] – The [[Florida]] Legislative Council grants a city charter for [[Jacksonville, Florida]].
* [[July 10]], [[1832]] – U.S. [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|Survey of the Coast]] revived (with [[US Department of Treasury]]).
* [[August 12]], [[1833]] – The city of [[Chicago]] is established at the [[estuary]] of the [[Chicago River]] by 350 settlers.
* [[March 11]], [[1834]] – U.S. Survey of the [[Coast]] transferred to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]].
* [[March 27]], [[1836]] – United States Survey of the Coast returned to [[U.S. Treasury Department]]; renamed [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|U.S. Coast Survey]].
* [[April 20]], [[1836]] – The [[Wisconsin Territory]] is created.
* [[June 15]], [[1836]] – [[Arkansas]] is the 25th state admitted into the United States.
* [[January 26]], [[1837]] – [[Michigan]] becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.

===== Native Americans =====
{{Main|American Indian Wars}}
* [[May 28]], [[1830]] – The [[United States Congress]] passes the [[Indian Removal Act]].
* [[April 6]], [[1832]] – The [[Black Hawk War]] begins.
* [[July 9]], [[1832]] – [[Commissioner of Indian Affairs]] post created within the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].
* [[August 2]], [[1832]] – [[Battle of Bad Axe]] ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S.
* [[1832]] – [[George Catlin]] starts to live among the [[Sioux]] in the [[Dakota Territory]].
* [[1832]] – The federal government establishes a [[smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]] program for Native Americans (''The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832'').<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 |journal=Wíčazo Ša Review|volume=18|issue=2|pages=9–35|jstor=1409535|last1=Pearson|first1=J. Diane|year=2003|doi=10.1353/wic.2003.0017|s2cid=154875430}}</ref>
* [[July 29]], [[1834]] – [[Office of Indian Affairs]] organized in the United States.
* [[December 28]], [[1835]] – The [[Second Seminole War]] breaks out in [[Florida]].
* [[December 29]], [[1835]] – The [[Treaty of New Echota]] is signed between the United States Government and members of the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]].
* [[1835]] – [[Fort Cass]] is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 [[Trail of Tears]].
* [[May 19]], [[1836]] – [[Fort Parker massacre]]: Among those captured by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] is nine-year-old [[Cynthia Ann Parker]]; she later gives birth to a son named [[Quanah Parker|Quanah]], who becomes the last [[tribal chief|chief]] of the [[Comanche]].
* [[1836]] – [[George Catlin]] ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the [[Dakota Territory]].
* [[February 4]], [[1837]] – [[Seminole]]s attack [[Fort Foster]] in [[Florida]].
* [[May 26]], [[1838]] – [[History of the United States|USA]]: The people of the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]] are forcibly relocated during the [[Trail of Tears]].

===== Presidents =====
* [[December 3]], [[1832]] – [[U.S. presidential election, 1832]]: [[Andrew Jackson]] is re-elected president.
* [[March 4]], [[1833]] – [[Andrew Jackson]] is sworn in for his second term as [[President of the United States]].
* [[May 6]], [[1833]] – In [[Alexandria, Virginia]], the first public physical attack on an [[President of the United States|American President]], with [[Andrew Jackson]] struck by a disgruntled [[Robert B. Randolph]], who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges. 
* [[March 27]], [[1834]] – [[Andrew Jackson]] is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837).
* [[January 30]], [[1835]] – An [[assassination]] is attempted against President [[Andrew Jackson]] in the [[United States Capitol]] (the first assassination attempt against a [[President of the United States]]).
* [[December 7]], [[1835]] – Future U.S. President [[James K. Polk]] becomes [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]
* [[December 4]], [[1836]] – [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] holds its first national convention, in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]].
* [[December 7]], [[1836]] – [[1836 United States presidential election]]: [[Martin Van Buren]] defeats [[William Henry Harrison]].
* [[March 4]], [[1837]] – [[Martin Van Buren]] succeeds [[Andrew Jackson]] as [[President of the United States]].

===== Supreme Court =====
* [[January 12]] – [[January 27]], [[1830]] – [[Robert Y. Hayne]] of [[South Carolina]] debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with [[Daniel Webster]] of [[Massachusetts]] in the [[United States Congress]].
* [[March 12]], [[1830]] – ''Craig v. Missouri'': The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution.
* [[February 16]], [[1833]] – ''[[Barron v. Baltimore]]'': The United States Supreme Court rules that the Bill of Right only applies to the federal government, and not the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barron v. City of Baltimore (1833) {{!}} SCHS Civics Classroom Resources |url=https://supremecourthistory.org/supreme-court-civics-resources/barron-v-city-of-baltimore-1833/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Supreme Court Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[March 28]], [[1836]] – [[Roger B. Taney]] becomes the 5th [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Supreme Court Justice]], succeeding [[John Marshall|John Marshal]], and beginning the 28 year [[Taney Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Chief Justices: Roger Brooke Taney, 1836-1864 |url=https://supremecourthistory.org/chief-justices/roger-taney-1836-1864/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Supreme Court Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>

===== Other =====
* [[November 14]], [[1832]] – [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton|Charles Carroll]], the last surviving signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] dies at his home in Maryland at age 95.
* [[April 14]], [[1834]] – The [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] is officially named by [[United States Senator]] [[Henry Clay]].
* [[August 11]] – [[August 12]], [[1834]] – [[Ursuline Convent riots]]: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near [[Boston]].
* [[January 8]], [[1835]] – The [[United States public debt]] contracts to $0 for the only time in history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/history/history.htm |title=www.publicdebt.treas.gov |access-date=2013-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012419/http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/history/history.htm |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[1835]] – [[Edward Strutt Abdy]] publishes his ''Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834''.
* [[May 10]], [[1837]] – The [[Panic of 1837]] begins in [[New York City]].
* [[June 11]], [[1837]] – The [[Broad Street Riot]] occurs in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.
* [[1839]] – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in [[Jackson, Mississippi]].

==== Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution) ====
* [[October 2]], [[1835]] – [[Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico]], – [[Battle of Gonzales]]: Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], [[Mexico|Mexican]] soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of [[Gonzales, Texas]] for  protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish.
* [[December 9]], [[1835]] – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town of [[San Antonio de Bejar]] from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos.
* [[December 20]], [[1835]] – A [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] is first signed at [[Goliad, Texas]].
* [[January 5]], [[1836]] – [[David Crockett]] arrives in [[Texas]].
* [[February 23]], [[1836]] – The [[Siege of the Alamo]] begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt Colonel [[Willam B. Travis]] and volunteers under Colonel [[James Bowie]], hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army under [[General Antonio López de Santa Anna|Santa Anna]].
* [[March 1]], [[1836]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in [[Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas]], to deliberate and vote on independence from [[Mexico]].
* [[March 2]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: The [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] is signed by 60 delegates and the [[Republic of Texas]] is declared.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Texas Declaration of Independence}}</ref> Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army".
[[File:Alamo.jpg|thumb|250px|right| March 6, 1836: The [[Battle of the Alamo]]]]
* [[March 6]], [[1836]] – The [[Battle of the Alamo]] ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.<ref>''The World Book Encyclopedia''. 1970. (U.S.A.) Library of Congress catalog card number 70-79247.</ref>
* [[March 17]], [[1836]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: Delegates adopt the [[Constitution of the Republic of Texas]], modeled after the [[United States Constitution]].  It allows slavery, requires [[free black]]s to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)|url=http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/ccGP.html|publisher=University of Texas School of Law|access-date=9 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108073513/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/ccGP.html|archive-date=8 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* [[March 27]], [[1836]] – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in the [[Goliad Massacre]] along with Texian Colonel [[James Walker Fannin]] by Mexican troops in [[Goliad]] near the [[Presidio La Bahia]] during the [[Texas Revolution]].
* [[April 21]], [[1836]] – [[Battle of San Jacinto]]: [[Mexico|Mexican]] forces under [[General Santa Anna]] are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the [[San Jacinto River (Texas)|San Jacinto River, Texas]]. (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.)
* [[April 22]], [[1836]] – Forces under Texian General [[Sam Houston]] capture [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[General]] [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico.

==== Republic of Texas ====
*[[January 3]], [[1834]] – The government of [[Mexico]] imprisons [[Stephen F. Austin]] in [[Mexico City]].
*[[August 30]], [[1836]] – The city of [[Houston]], Texas is founded.
* [[September 5]], [[1836]] – [[Sam Houston]] is elected as the first [[President of the Republic of Texas]].
* [[October 22]], [[1836]] – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the [[Republic of Texas]].
* [[June 5]], [[1837]] – The city of [[Houston]], is incorporated by the [[Republic of Texas]].
* [[December 10]], [[1838]] – [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]] is inaugurated as second elected President of the [[Republic of Texas]].

==== Mexico ====
The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the [[First Mexican Republic]] and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] dissolved Congress, forming a new government.  That government instituted the  [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] by approving a new centralist constitution ("[[Siete Leyes]]"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven [[President of Mexico|presidents]] (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including [[Mexican Texas]], which declared independence in the [[Texas Revolution]] of 1836. During the [[1840s]], other provinces separated. The [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] in 1840, and the [[Republic of Yucatán]] declared independence in 1841.

*[[May 23]], [[1835]] – The Mexican [[Aguascalientes|State of Aguascalientes]] is formed by decree of [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Santa Anna]].
*[[December 28]], [[1836]] – [[Spain]] recognizes the independence of [[Mexico]].
* May [[1838]] – An insurrection breaks out in [[Tizimín]], beginning the campaign for the independence of [[Yucatan]] from [[Mexico]].
* November 1838 – The [[Pastry War]] (also known as the ''First [[France|French]] intervention in [[Mexico]]'') began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of [[San Juan de Ulúa]] in Veracruz by French forces sent by [[Louis Philippe I|King Louis-Philippe]]. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France.
* March 1839 – The [[Pastry War]] ends with a British-brokered peace.

==== Nicaragua ====
* [[April 30]], [[1838]] – [[Nicaragua]] declares independence from the [[Federal Republic of Central America]] (''see'' [[History of Nicaragua#Fight for independence|Nicaragua's early history]]).

==== Costa Rica ====
* [[May 5]], [[1835]] – [[Braulio Carrillo Colina|Braulio Carrillo]] is sworn in as [[President of Costa Rica|Head of State of Costa Rica]].
* [[May 28]], [[1838]] – [[Braulio Carrillo Colina|Braulio Carrillo]] is sworn in as [[President of Costa Rica|Head of State of Costa Rica]], thus beginning his second term in office.

==== Puerto Rico ====
* [[May 7]], [[1836]] – The settlement of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico]], is elevated to the royal status of [[villa]] by the government of [[Spain]].

==== Honduras ====
* [[November 5]], [[1838]] – The [[Second Central American Civil War]] begins with [[Honduras]]' separation from the [[Central American Federation]].

=== The Caribbean ===

==== Jamaica ====
*[[27 December]], [[1831]] – [[Sam Sharpe]] leads a major slave rebellion, also known as the [[Baptist War]]. The slave uprising lasted for 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's enslaved population. The British colonial government used the armed Jamaican military forces and warriors from the towns of the Jamaican [[Maroons]] to put down the rebellion, suppressing it within two weeks. Some 14 whites were killed by armed slave battalions, but more than 200 slaves were killed by troops.

=== South America ===

==== Brazil ====
* [[April 7]], [[1831]] – [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] abdicates as [[emperor of Brazil]] in favor of his 5-year-old son [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], who will reign for almost 59 years.
* [[November 7]], [[1831]] – Slave trading is forbidden in [[Brazil]].
* [[1834]] – In the [[Empire of Brazil]], the Additional Act provides:
** Establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly
** Extinction of the State Council
** Replacement of the Regency Trina
** Introduction of a direct and secret ballot.
* [[January 24]], [[1835]] - a major [[slave rebellion]] known as the [[Malê revolt]] takes place in [[Salvador, Bahia]].

==== Riograndense Republic ====
* [[September 20]], [[1835]] – [[Ragamuffin War]] begins in [[Rio Grande do Sul]], Brazil.
* [[September 11]], [[1836]] – [[Riograndense Republic]] is proclaimed in [[South America]].

==== Uruguay ====
* [[July 18]], [[1830]] – [[Uruguay]] adopts its first [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1830|constitution]].
* [[1835]] – Civil war erupts in [[Uruguay]] between supporters of [[National Party (Uruguay)|Blanco]] and [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado]] parties.

==== Argentina ====
* [[1835]] – [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] becomes [[Caudillo]] of [[Argentina]].

==== Falkland Islands ====
* [[January 3]], [[1833]] – [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|Britain retakes the Falkland Islands]] in the [[South Atlantic]].

==== Peru ====
* [[January 20]], [[1839]] – [[Battle of Yungay]]: [[Chile]] defeats the [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]], leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.

==== Ecuador ====
* [[May 13]], [[1830]] – [[Ecuador]] separates from [[Gran Colombia]].
* [[February 12]], [[1832]] – [[Ecuador]] annexes the [[Galápagos Islands]].

==== Chile ====
* [[May 25]], [[1833]] – The [[Chilean Constitution of 1833]] is promulgated.

== Science and technology ==
[[File:Phot-34a-05-fullres.jpg|thumb|right|[[Robert's Quartet]]]]

=== Astronomy ===
* [[March 14]], [[1834]] – [[John Herschel]] discovers the open cluster of stars now known as [[NGC 3603]], observing from the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name=Sher1965>{{cite journal|last=Sher|first=D.|title=The Curious History of NGC 3603|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|volume=59|page=76|year=1965|bibcode=1965JRASC..59...67S}}</ref>
* [[September 30]], [[1834]] – [[Robert's Quartet]], a group of galaxies, is discovered by [[John Herschel]].<ref name="Herschel1847">{{cite book |author=Herschel, John Frederick William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WBNAAAAcAAJ |title=Results of astronomical observations made during the years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope: being the completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825 |publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. |year=1847 |volume=1 |location=London, United Kingdom |pages=51 |bibcode=1847raom.book.....H}}</ref>
* [[May 15]], [[1836]] – [[Francis Baily]], during an [[eclipse]] of the [[Sun]], observes the phenomenon named after him as [[Baily's beads]].
* [[1838]] – [[Friedrich Bessel]] makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a [[star]].
* [[1839]] – The first [[parallax]] measurement of the distance to [[Alpha Centauri]] is published by [[Thomas James Henderson|Thomas Henderson]].

=== Mechanical Engineering ===
* [[July 17]], [[1830]] – [[Barthélemy Thimonnier]] is granted a [[patent]] (#7454) for a [[sewing machine]] in [[France]]; it chains stitches at 200/minute.
* [[August 31]], [[1830]] – [[Edwin Beard Budding]] is granted a patent for the invention of the [[lawnmower]].
* [[February 25]], [[1836]] – [[Samuel Colt]] receives a United States [[patent]] for the [[Colt Firearms|Colt]] [[revolver]], the first revolving barrel multishot firearm.
* [[February 24]], [[1839]] – [[William Otis]] receives a [[patent]] for the [[steam shovel]].

=== Photography ===
[[Image:Daguerreotype Daguerre Atelier 1837.jpg|thumb|''L'Atelier de l'artiste.'' An 1837 [[daguerreotype]] by [[Louis Daguerre]], the first to complete the full process.]]
* 1833 – [[Joseph Plateau]] invented an early [[stroboscope|stroboscopic]] device, the "[[phenakistiscope]]", which gives the illusion of a moving image. This invention was an important [[History of film technology|precursor to cinema]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/exhibits/fancy-names-and-fun-toys/phenakistiscopes/ |title=Phenakistiscope |publisher=History of Science Museum |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>
* August [[1835]] – [[Henry Fox Talbot]] exposes the world's first known [[Negative (photography)|photographic negatives]] at [[Lacock Abbey]] in England.<ref>{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|isbn=0-7181-1279-2|pages=127–8}}</ref>
* April [[1837]] – [[Louis Daguerre]] develops the [[daguerreotype]].<ref name=":02">{{cite web |last1=Darcy-Roquencourt. |first1=Jacques |date=5 April 2002 |title=Boulevard du Temple de Daguerre |url=http://www.niepce-daguerre.com/boulevard_du_Temple_de_dag.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013094244/http://www.niepce-daguerre.com/boulevard_du_Temple_de_dag.html |archive-date=13 October 2018 |accessdate=9 August 2019 |website=www.niepce-daguerre.com}}</ref>
* [[January 2]], [[1839]] – First photo of the [[Moon]] taken by photographer [[Louis Daguerre]] 
* [[January 9]], [[1839]] – The [[French Academy of Sciences]] announces the [[Daguerreotype]] photography process.
* [[June 22]], [[1839]] – [[Louis Daguerre]] receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs).
* [[August 19]], [[1839]] – The French government gives [[Louis Daguerre]] a pension and gives the [[daguerreotype]] "for the whole world".

=== Electricity ===
Many key discoveries about electricity were made in the 1830s. [[Electromagnetic induction]] was discovered independently by [[Michael Faraday]] and [[Joseph Henry]] in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ulaby|first=Fawwaz|title=Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics|edition=5th|year=2007|url=https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0132413264/ref=ord_cart_shr?%5Fencoding=UTF8&m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&v=glance|publisher=Pearson:Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-241326-8|page=255}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nas.edu/history/members/henry.html |title=Joseph Henry |access-date=2006-11-30 |work=Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of Sciences |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209134636/http://www.nas.edu/history/members/henry.html |archive-date=2006-12-09 }}</ref> Electromagnetic induction is the production of a [[potential difference]] (voltage) across a [[Electrical conductor|conductor]] when it is exposed to a varying [[magnetic field]]. This discovery was essential to the invention of [[transformer]]s, [[inductor]]s, and many types of [[electric motor|electrical motors]], [[Electric generator|generators]] and [[solenoid]]s.<ref name="Sadiku386">{{cite book|author=Sadiku, M. N. O.|title=Elements of Electromagnetics|year=2007|page=386|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=fourth|location=New York (USA)/Oxford (UK)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2ITHQAACAAJ|isbn=978-0-19-530048-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1999-07-22|title=Applications of electromagnetic induction|url=http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py106/Electricgenerators.html|publisher=[[Boston University]]}}</ref>

In 1834, [[Michael Faraday]]'s published his research regarding the quantitative relationships in electrochemical reactions, now known as [[Faraday's laws of electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ehl, Rosemary Gene|author2= Ihde, Aaron | title = Faraday's Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of Equivalent Weights | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1954 | volume = 31 | issue = May | pages = 226–232 | doi = 10.1021/ed031p226 | bibcode=1954JChEd..31..226E}}</ref> Also in 1834, [[Jean Charles Athanase Peltier|Jean C. A. Peltier]]  discovered the [[Peltier effect|Peltier "effect"]], which is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors.  In 1836, [[John Frederic Daniell|John Daniell]] invented a primary cell in which [[hydrogen]] was eliminated in the generation of the electricity.

=== Telegraph ===
* [[May 6]], [[1833]] – [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] and [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber|Wilhelm Weber]] obtain permission to build an [[electrical telegraph|electromagnetic telegraph]] in [[Göttingen]].
* May [[1837]] – [[Samuel Morse]] patents the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]].
* [[April 9]], [[1839]] – The world's first commercial electric [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] line comes into operation alongside the [[Great Western Railway]] line, from [[Paddington Station]] to [[West Drayton]].

=== Computers ===
* [[June 5]], [[1833]] – [[Ada Lovelace]] is introduced to [[Charles Babbage]] by [[Mary Somerville]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony|last=Hyman|author-link=R. Anthony Hyman|title=[[Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1982|isbn=978-0691083032|pages=[https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagepi0000hyma/page/177 177]–8}}</ref>
* [[1834]] – [[Charles Babbage]] begins the conceptual design of an "[[analytical engine]]", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony|last=Hyman|author-link=R. Anthony Hyman|title=[[Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1982|isbn=978-0691083032}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1878-3.aspx|title=Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834–1871 (Trial model)|publisher=[[Science Museum (London)]]|access-date=2010-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920230519/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1878-3.aspx|archive-date=2010-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Chemistry ===
* [[1833]] – The dawn of [[biochemistry]]: The first [[enzyme]], [[diastase]], is discovered by [[Anselme Payen]].
* [[October 24]], [[1836]] – The earliest United States [[patent]] for a [[phosphorus]] [[Match#Friction matches|friction match]] is granted to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].
* [[1839]] – [[Charles Goodyear]] [[Vulcanization|vulcanizes]] [[rubber]].

=== Biology ===
[[File:Charles Darwin by G. Richmond.jpg|thumb|90px|left| [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]].]]
[[File:Voyage of the Beagle.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]'s voyage aboard [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']].]]
* [[December 27]], [[1831]] – [[Charles Darwin]] embarks on his [[Second voyage of HMS Beagle|historic voyage]] aboard {{HMS|Beagle}}.
* [[January 7]], [[1835]] – {{HMS|Beagle}} anchors off the [[Chonos Archipelago]] on the voyage of [[1831]]–[[1836]] with [[Charles Darwin]].
* [[September 7]], [[1835]] – [[Charles Darwin]] arrives at the [[Galapagos Islands]] aboard {{HMS|Beagle}}.
* [[January 12]], [[1836]] – {{HMS|Beagle}} with [[Charles Darwin]] reaches [[Sydney]].
* [[July 20]], [[1836]] – [[Charles Darwin]] climbs Green Hill on [[Ascension Island]].
* [[October 2]], [[1836]] – [[Charles Darwin]] returns to [[England]] aboard {{HMS|Beagle}} with biological data he will later use to develop his [[theory of evolution]], having left [[South America]] on [[August 17]].
* [[1838]] – [[Protein]]s are discovered by [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]].

=== Archaeology ===
* [[1834]] – An archaeological excavation on [[Copán]] begins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Joyce |title=An archaeological guide to northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador |date=1996 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |others=Jay I. Kislak Reference Collection (Library of Congress) |isbn=978-0-8061-2858-0 |location=Norman |pages=278}}</ref>
* [[1836]] – [[Chatsworth Head]] found near [[Tamassos]] on [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/greekbronzestatu00matt|url-access=registration|title=Greek Bronze Statuary: from the beginnings through the fifth century B.C.|first=Carol C.|last=Mattusch|page=[https://archive.org/details/greekbronzestatu00matt/page/3 3]|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1988|isbn=0-8014-2148-9}}</ref>
* [[1838]] – [[Chatsworth Head]] acquired by the [[William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire|6th Duke of Devonshire]] at [[Smyrna]] from [[Henry Perigal Borrell]].

=== Sociology ===
* [[July 2]], [[1832]] – [[André-Michel Guerry]] presents his ''Essay on moral statistics of France'', to the French Academy of Sciences, a significant step in the founding of empirical [[social science]].

=== Transportation ===

==== Rail ====
* [[September 15]], [[1830]] – The [[Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway|Liverpool and Manchester Railway opens]], the world's first intercity [[passenger railway]] operated solely by [[steam locomotive]]s.
* [[1834]] – The [[Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad]] is chartered in [[Wilmington, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historync.org/railroad-WWRR.htm|title=Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)|work=North Carolina Business History|year=2006|access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref>
* [[Railroad]] construction begins in earnest in the United States.
* [[May 5]], [[1835]] – [[Rail transport in Belgium]]: a railway is opened between [[Brussels]] and [[Mechelen]], the first in [[continental Europe]].
* [[December 7]], [[1835]] – The [[Bavarian Ludwig Railway]] opens between [[Nuremberg]] and [[Fürth]], with a train hauled by ''Der Adler'' ("''The Eagle''"), the [[History of rail transport in Germany|first railway in Germany]].
* [[December 21]], [[1835]] – The [[Raleigh and Gaston Railroad]] is chartered in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historync.org/railroads.htm|title=Railroads — prior to the Civil War|work=North Carolina Business History|year=2006|access-date=2011-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726152211/http://historync.org/railroads.htm|archive-date=2011-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[February 8]], [[1836]] – [[London and Greenwich Railway]] opens its first section, the first railway in [[London]], [[England]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=R. H. G.|title=London's First Railway – The London & Greenwich|year=1972|publisher=Batsford|location=London|isbn=0-7134-0468-X}}</ref>
* [[July 13]], [[1836]] – The first numbered {{US patent|1}} (after filing 9,957 unnumbered patents) is granted, to [[John Ruggles]] for improvements to railroad [[steam locomotive]] tires.
* [[July 21]], [[1836]] – The [[Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad]] opens between [[Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu|St. John]] and [[La Prairie, Quebec]], the first steam-worked passenger railroad in [[British North America]].
* [[October 25]], [[1836]] – Construction begins on the [[Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad]] in [[North Carolina]]. Due to a lack of support in [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], the route is revised to run from [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] to the [[Petersburg Railroad]] in [[Weldon, North Carolina|Weldon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historync.org/railroad-WWRR.htm|publisher=CommunicationSolutions/ISI|title=Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)|work=North Carolina Business History|year=2006|access-date=2012-04-05}}</ref>

==== Flight ====
* [[May 24]], [[1832]] – Francois Arban, early French balloonist makes his 1st ascent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Recks|first=Robert|title=Who's Who of Ballooning|url=http://www.ballooninghistory.com/whoswho/who%27swho-a.html|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>

==== Automobile ====
* [[1834]] – [[Thomas Davenport (inventor)|Thomas Davenport]], the inventor of the first American [[Direct current|DC]] electrical motor, installs his motor in a small model car, creating one of the first [[electric car]]s.

==== Steamships ====
* [[August 18]], [[1833]] – The [[Canada|Canadian]] ship [[SS Royal William|SS ''Royal William'']] sets out from [[Pictou, Nova Scotia]], on a 25-day passage of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] largely under steam to [[Gravesend, Kent]], [[England]].
* [[April 4]] – [[April 22]], [[1838]] – The [[paddle steamer]] [[SS Sirius (1837)|SS ''Sirius'' (1837)]] makes the [[Transatlantic Crossing]] to [[New York City|New York]] from [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Ireland]], in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steamship Curaçao|url=http://www.vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html|access-date=2011-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224202256/http://vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html | archive-date=24 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[April 8]] – [[April 23]], [[1838]] – [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]'s paddle steamer [[SS Great Western|SS ''Great Western'']] (1838) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from [[Avonmouth]], [[England]], in fifteen days, inaugurating a regular steamship service.<ref name="web.archive.org 1820-1840"/>

== Economics ==
* A period of economic [[prosperity]] in America and [[Europe]], mainly due to increasing [[trade]], the mass production of [[railroads]], and the [[Erie Canal]].
* Dutch-speaking farmers known as [[Voortrekkers]] emigrate northwards from the [[Cape Colony]].
* The destruction of the 17th bank of the United States occurred in 1836

==Popular culture==
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}

=== Literature===
* [[Charles Dickens]] publishes his first novel ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'' followed by ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' and ''[[Nicholas Nickleby]]''
* [[January 14]], [[1831]] – ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'' is first published by [[Victor Hugo]].
* [[1832]] – Publication of the first [[Baedeker]] guidebook, ''Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne'', in [[Koblenz]].
* [[1832]] – Publication begins (posthumously) of [[Carl von Clausewitz]]'s ''Vom Kriege'' ("''[[On War]]''").
* [[June 10]], [[1834]] – [[Thomas Carlyle]] moves to [[Cheyne Row]] ([[Carlyle's House]]) in London.
* [[August 25]], [[1835]] – In the U.S., the ''[[New York Sun]]'' prints the first of six installments of the [[Great Moon Hoax]].
* [[December 1]], [[1835]] – [[Hans Christian Andersen]] publishes his first book of fairy tales.
* March [[1836]] – First monthly part of [[Charles Dickens]]' ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'' ("''The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club&nbsp;...'', edited by Boz") published in London.
* [[1836]] – The first printed literature in [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]] is produced by [[Justin Perkins]], an American [[Presbyterian]] [[missionary]].
* February [[1837]] – [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' begins publication in serial form in [[London]].
* [[March 23]], [[1839]] – The ''[[Boston Morning Post]]'' first records the use of "[[OK]]" (oll korrect).

=== Theatre ===
* [[March 1]], [[1836]] – [[Antonio García Gutiérrez]]'s play ''El Trovador'' is performed for the first time in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]].

=== Music ===
{{Main|1830s in music}}
* [[December 5]], [[1830]] – [[Hector Berlioz]]'s most famous work, ''[[Symphonie fantastique]]'', has its world premiere in Paris.
* 1833 – [[Richard Wagner]] completes his first opera, [[Die Feen]] (The Fairies).
* [[November 17]], [[1839]] – [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s first opera, ''[[Oberto (opera)|Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio]]'', opens in [[Milan]].

=== Sports ===
{{Main|1830s in sports}}
* [[Croquet]] invented in [[Ireland]].

=== Fashion ===
{{Main|1830s in fashion}}
* Innovations in [[roller printing on textiles]] introduced new dress fabrics.
* Broad, exaggerated sleeves for women and padded shoulders for men contrasted a narrow, idealized waist.
* [[Brocade]]s come back into style.
* Low boots with [[Elastomer|elastic]] insets appear.
* ''Greatcoats'', overcoats with wide sleeves, become fashionable for men to wear with day wear.

== Religion ==
* [[March 26]], [[1830]] – The [[Book of Mormon]] is published in [[Palmyra, New York]].
* [[April 6]], [[1830]] – [[Joseph Smith]] and 5 others organize the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]] (later renamed the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]]), the first formally organized church of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], in northwestern [[New York (state)|New York]].
* [[February 2]], [[1831]] – [[Pope Gregory XVI]] succeeds [[Pope Pius VIII]] as the 254th [[pope]].
* [[August 7]], [[1831]] – American [[Baptist]] minister [[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]] preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.
* [[March 24]], [[1832]] – In [[Hiram, Ohio]], a group of men beat, [[tar and feather]] [[Latter Day Saint movement]] founder [[Joseph Smith]].
* [[October 27]], [[1838]] – Missouri Governor [[Lilburn Boggs]] declares Mormons to be enemies of the state and encourages the extermination or the exile of the religious minority, forcing nearly 10,000 Mormons out of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quincy, Illinois: A Temporary Refuge, 1838–39|url=http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/mormon-thoroughfare/7-quincy-illinois-temporary-refuge-1838%E2%80%9339 |access-date=May 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190234/http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/mormon-thoroughfare/7-quincy-illinois-temporary-refuge-1838%E2%80%9339 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[1838]] – [[Biblical criticism]]: [[Christian Hermann Weisse]] proposes the [[two-source hypothesis]].

== Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps ==

* [[June 29]], [[1833]] – [[William Fraser Tolmie]] experiences an earthquake at [[Fort Nisqually]]. His journal entry records the first written eyewitness account of an earthquake in the [[Puget Sound]] region.
* [[November 12]] – [[November 13]], [[1833]] – [[Stars Fell on Alabama]]: A spectacular occurrence of the [[Leonid meteor shower]] is observed in [[Alabama]].
* [[November 25]], [[1833]] – A major 8.7 [[1833 Sumatra earthquake|earthquake]] strikes [[Sumatra]].
* [[October 16]], [[1834]] – The [[Palace of Westminster]] is destroyed by fire.
* [[February 20]], [[1835]] – [[Concepción, Chile]], is destroyed by an [[earthquake]].
* [[November 16]], [[1835]] – [[Halley's Comet]] reaches [[perihelion]], its closest approach to the sun.
* [[December 16]] – [[December 17]], [[1835]] – The [[Great Fire of New York]] destroys 530 buildings, including the [[New York Stock Exchange]].
* [[December 15]], [[1836]] – The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent Office]] burns in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[December 27]], [[1836]] – [[Lewes avalanche]]: An [[avalanche]] at [[Lewes]] in [[Sussex]], England, kills eight of fifteen people buried when a row of cottages is engulfed in snow.
* [[December 30]], [[1836]] – In [[Saint Petersburg]], the Lehman Theater catches fire, killing 800 people.
* [[January 1]], [[1837]] – [[Galilee earthquake of 1837|Galilee earthquake]].
* August 1837 to August 1838 – [[Agra famine of 1837–1838]], India
* [[December 17]], [[1837]] – [[Fire in the Winter Palace]], [[Saint Petersburg]].
* [[January 10]], [[1838]] – A fire destroys [[Lloyd's Coffee House]] and the [[Royal Exchange (London)|Royal Exchange]] in [[London]].
* [[September 7]], [[1838]] – [[Grace Darling]] and her father rescue thirteen survivors from the [[SS Forfarshire (ship)|SS ''Forfarshire'']] off the [[Farne Islands]].
* [[September 9]], [[1839]] – In the Great Fire of [[Mobile, Alabama]], hundreds of buildings are burned.
* [[November 25]], [[1839]] – A disastrous [[cyclone]] slams [[India]] with terrible winds and a giant 40-foot [[storm surge]], wiping out the port city of [[Coringa (village)|Coringa]]; 300,000 people die.

=== Cholera ===
{{Main|Second cholera pandemic}}

Historians believe that the [[First Cholera pandemic|first cholera pandemic]] had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. The second cholera pandemic spread from India to Russia and then to the rest of Europe claiming hundreds of thousands of lives.<ref>{{cite book |author1=J. N. Hays |url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85109-658-9 |location=Santa Barbara, California |oclc=606929770 |url-access=registration}}</ref> It reached [[Moscow]] in August 1830, and by 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns.

Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland during the [[November Uprising]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Raymond Durand |author-link1=Louis Marie Raymond Durand |title=Depesze z powstańczej Warszawy 1830–1831: raporty konsula francuskiego w Królestwie Polskim |publisher=Czytelnik |year=1980 |isbn=978-83-07-00254-5 |editor=Robert Bielecki |location=Warsaw |trans-title=Memoranda from Warsaw during the Uprising 1830–1831: reports of the French consul to the Kingdom of Poland |oclc=7732541}}</ref> "[[Cholera riots]]" occurred in Russia, caused by the anti-cholera measures undertaken by the [[tsarist]] government.

The epidemic reached western Europe later in 1831. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France.<ref name="Rosenberg">{{cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Charles E. |title=The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 |date=1987 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-72677-0}}</ref> In 1832 the epidemic reached [[Quebec]], [[Ontario]], and [[Nova Scotia]], Canada; and [[Detroit]] and [[New York City]] in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834.<ref name="cbc">{{cite news |date=December 2, 2008 |title=Cholera's seven pandemics |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 |access-date=2008-12-11 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}Note: The second pandemic started in India and reached [[Russian Empire|Russia]] by 1830, then spreading into [[Finland]] and Poland. A two-year outbreak began in England in October 1831 and claimed 22,000 lives. Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], carried the disease from Europe to North America. Soon after the immigrants' arrival in Canada in the summer of 1832, 1,220 people died in Montreal and another 1,000 across Quebec. The disease entered the U.S. via ship traffic through [[Detroit]] and [[New York City]].  Spread by ship passengers, it reached Latin America by 1833. Another outbreak across England and Wales began in 1848, killing 52,000 over two years.</ref>

== Establishments ==
* [[January 11]], [[1830]] – [[LaGrange College]] (now the [[University of North Alabama]]) opens its doors, becoming the first publicly chartered college in [[Alabama]].
* [[July 13]], [[1830]] – The General Assembly's Institution, now the [[Scottish Church College]], one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the [[Bengal Renaissance]], is founded by [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] and [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]], in [[Calcutta]], [[India]].
* [[1830]] – [[Austins of Derry]] established in [[Northern Ireland]] and, until 2016, remained standing as the world's oldest independent [[department store]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hasson |first=Declan |date= |title=Austins in brief – the world's oldest independent department store |url=http://www.austinsstore.com/files/aboutus/history/inbrief.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221455/http://www.austinsstore.com/files/aboutus/history/inbrief.php |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=2017-03-20 |work=austinsstore.com}}</ref>
* [[March 10]], [[1831]] – The [[French Foreign Legion]] is founded.
* [[December 31]], [[1831]] – [[Gramercy Park]] is deeded to [[New York City]].
* [[April 18]], [[1831]] – [[University of Alabama]] founded.
* [[1831]] – Founding of [[Denison University]] in [[Granville, Ohio]]
* [[1831]] – Founding of [[Wesleyan University]] in [[Middletown, Connecticut]]
* [[1831]] – Founding of [[New York University]] in [[New York City]]
* [[1831]] – Founding of [[Xavier University (Cincinnati)|Xavier University]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] (as "The Athenaeum")
* [[1831]] – ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' newspaper is first published.
* [[July 4]], [[1832]] – [[The University of Durham]] is founded by an act of Parliament and given royal assent by King William IV.
* 1832 – [[Belvedere College]], Dublin, is founded by the order of the Jesuit Society of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.belvederecollege.ie/|title=Belvedere College S.J.|website=www.belvederecollege.ie|language=en|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Belvedere College SJ, Dublin, 1832- - Irish Jesuit Archives |url=https://www.jesuitarchives.ie/belvedere-college-dublin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202093036/https://jesuitarchives.ie/belvedere-college-dublin |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=www.jesuitarchives.ie}}</ref>
* [[October 19]], [[1832]] – [[Alpha Delta Phi]] fraternity is founded at Hamilton College.
* [[November 21]], [[1832]] – [[Wabash College]], a small, private, liberal arts college for men, is founded.
* [[August 1]], [[1833]] – [[King William's College]] on the [[Isle of Man]] officially opens.
* [[1833]] – Foundation of [[Kalamazoo College]] in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]
* [[1833]] – Foundation of [[Madras College]], [[St Andrews]]
* [[1833]] – Foundation of [[Oberlin College]] in [[Oberlin, Ohio]]
* [[March 19]], [[1834]] – Founding of Cavendish Villa Football Club.{{where|date=December 2011}}
* [[November 4]], [[1834]] – [[Delta Upsilon]] fraternity is founded at [[Williams College]].
* [[1834]] – Medical School of Louisiana is founded, later to become [[Tulane University]] in [[New Orleans]].
* [[March 23]], [[1835]] – The [[Academia Mexicana de la Lengua|Mexican Academy of Language]] is established.
* [[June 1]], [[1835]] – [[Kingston Penitentiary]] in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]], opens.
* [[July 14]], [[1835]] – Organisation of the universal [[Catholic Apostolic Church]], initially in the U.K.
* [[August 28]], [[1835]] – [[Castleknock College]] is founded by the Vincentian order in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]].
* [[October 3]], [[1835]] – [[Staedtler|Staedtler Company]] founded by J.S. Staedtler in [[Nuremberg]], Germany.
* [[1835]] – The [[British Geological Survey]] is founded as the world's first national [[geological survey]].
* [[1835]] – The Cachar Levy, forerunner of the [[Assam Rifles]], is founded in [[India]].
* [[1835]] – The first [[Bulgaria]]n-language school opens in the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[1835]] – [[Charles-Louis Havas]] creates [[Havas]], the first news agency in the world (which later spawns [[Agence France-Presse]]).
* [[1836]] – The [[New Board]] brokerage group is founded in [[New York City]].
* [[February 25]], [[1837]] – In [[Philadelphia]], The [[Institute for Colored Youth]] (ICY) is founded as the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States.
* [[March 4]], [[1837]] – The city of Chicago is incorporated.
* [[1837]] – At [[Le Mans]], France, Father [[Basil Moreau]], CSC, founds the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]] by joining the Brothers of St. Joseph and the Auxiliary Priests of Le Mans.
* [[November 8]], [[1837]] – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, later [[Mount Holyoke College]], is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts.
* [[1838]] – [[Duke University]] is established in [[North Carolina]].
* [[November 3]], [[1838]] – ''[[The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce]]'' is founded (renamed  ''[[The Times of India]]'' in [[1861]]).
* [[February 11]], [[1839]] – The [[University of Missouri]] is established, becoming the first public university west of the [[Mississippi River]].
* [[March 5]], [[1839]] – [[Longwood University]] is founded in [[Farmville, Virginia|Farmville]], [[Virginia]].
* [[March 7]], [[1839]] – [[Baltimore City College]], the third public high school in the United States, is established in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]].
* [[March 26]], [[1839]] – The first [[Henley Royal Regatta]] is held.
* [[August 8]], [[1839]] – The [[Beta Theta Pi]] fraternity is founded in [[Oxford, Ohio]].
* [[November 11]], [[1839]] – The [[Virginia Military Institute]] is founded in Lexington, [[Virginia]].
* [[November 27]], [[1839]] – In [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], the [[American Statistical Association]] is founded.
* [[1839]] – [[Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)|Episcopal High School]] in Alexandria, Virginia, is founded.
* [[1839]] – The [[Anti-Corn Law League]] is founded in [[Manchester]].

==External links==
*[http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P1_1_EN.html The Aftermath of the Rebellions] — The Rebellions of 1837–1838: the most dramatic political event in Canadian history

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{19th century}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1830s| ]]