Editing 1828 United States presidential election

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}{{for|related races|1828 United States elections}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1828 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| flag_year = 1822
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1824 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 1824
| next_election = 1832 United States presidential election
| next_year = 1832
| votes_for_election = 261 members of the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]
| needed_votes = 131 electoral
| turnout = 57.3%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present|title=National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present|work=United States Election Project|publisher=[[CQ Press]]}}</ref> {{increase}} 30.4 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| election_date = October 31 – December 2, 1828
| image1 = [[File:Unsuccessful 1824.jpg|x200px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[Andrew Jackson]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| alliance1 = [[Nullifier Party|Nullifier]]<ref name="deskins1">{{cite book|last1=Deskins|first1=Donald Richard|last2=Walton|first2=Hanes|last3=Puckett|first3=Sherman|title=Presidential Elections, 1789-2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data|date=2010|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=88–90}}</ref>{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=249-251}}
| home_state1 = [[Tennessee]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[John C. Calhoun]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''178'''
| states_carried1 = '''15'''
| popular_vote1 = '''638,348'''<ref name="Dubin"/>
| percentage1 = '''55.5%'''
| image2 = [[File:John Quincy Adams 1828 (cropped).jpg|x200px]]
| nominee2 = [[John Quincy Adams]]
| party2 = National Republican Party
| alliance2 = [[Anti-Masonic Party|Anti-Masonic]]{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=268}}{{sfn|Stahr|2012|pp=24–26}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Anne-Marie |last=Taylor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=an2KtqVlwlsC&pg=PA40 |title=Young Charles Sumner and the Legacy of the American Enlightenment, 1811–1851 |date=2001 |page=40|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=9781558493001 }}</ref>
| home_state2 = [[Massachusetts]]
| running_mate2 = [[Richard Rush]]
| electoral_vote2 = 83
| states_carried2 = 9
| popular_vote2 = 507,440
| percentage2 = 44.0%
| map_size = 350px
| map = {{1828 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. <span style="color:blue;">Blue</span> denotes states won by Jackson and Calhoun or Smith, <span style="color:#F5E6B1;">Astra</span> denotes those won by Adams/Rush. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
| title = President
| before_election = [[John Quincy Adams]]
| before_party = [[National Republican Party|National Republican]]
| after_election = [[Andrew Jackson]]
| after_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
}}
[[United States presidential election|Presidential elections]] were held in the [[United States]] from October 31 to December 2, 1828. Just as in the [[1824 United States presidential election|1824 election]], President [[John Quincy Adams]] of the [[National Republican Party]] faced [[Andrew Jackson]] of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], making the election the second rematch in presidential history. Both parties were new organizations, and this was the first presidential election their nominees contested.

With the collapse of the [[Federalist Party]], four members of the [[Democratic-Republican Party]], including Jackson and Adams, had sought the presidency in the 1824 election. Jackson had won a plurality (but not majority) of both the [[United States Electoral College|electoral]] vote and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the [[contingent election]] that was held in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and [[Henry Clay]] of having reached a "[[corrupt bargain]]" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a campaign in 1828, and the Democratic-Republican Party fractured into the National Republican Party and the Democratic Party during [[presidency of John Quincy Adams|Adams's presidency]].

The 1828 campaign was marked by large amounts of "[[Negative campaigning|mudslinging]]", as both parties attacked the personal qualities of the opposing party's candidate. Jackson dominated in the [[Southern United States|South]] and the West, aided in part by the passage of the [[Tariff of Abominations|Tariff of 1828]]. With the ongoing expansion of the [[Voting rights in the United States|right to vote]] to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for president, compared with 3.4% in 1824.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kish|first1=J.N.|title=U.S. Population 1776 to Present|url=https://www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?dsrcid=225439#rows:id=1|website=Google Fusion Tables|access-date=February 10, 2015}}</ref> Several states transitioned to a popular vote for president, leaving South Carolina and Delaware as the only states in which the legislature chose presidential electors.

Jackson decisively won the election, carrying 55.5% of the popular vote and 178 electoral votes, to Adams' 83. The election marked the rise of [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian Democracy]] and the transition from the [[First Party System]] to the [[Second Party System]]. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics by removing key barriers to voter participation and establishing a stable two-party system.<ref>{{cite journal |first=David |last=Waldstreicher |title=The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828./Vindicating Andrew Jackson: The 1828 Election and the Rise of the Two Party System |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |date=Winter 2010 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=674–678}}</ref> Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia, while Adams was the second to lose re-election, following his father [[John Adams]].

==Background==
While Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes and the popular vote in the election of 1824, he lost to John Quincy Adams as the election was deferred to the House of Representatives (by the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a presidential election in which no candidate wins a majority of the electoral vote is decided by a contingent election in the House of Representatives). [[Henry Clay]], unsuccessful candidate and Speaker of the House at the time, despised Jackson, in part due to their fight for Western votes during the election, and he chose to support Adams, which led to Adams being elected president on the first ballot.

A few days after the election, Adams appointed Clay his Secretary of State, a position held by Adams and his three immediate predecessors prior to becoming president. Jackson and his followers promptly accused Clay and Adams of striking a "[[Corrupt Bargain|corrupt bargain]]," and continued to lambaste the president until the 1828 election.

In 1824, the national [[Democratic-Republican Party]] collapsed as national politics became increasingly polarized between supporters of Adams and supporters of Jackson. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the [[1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections|1826 congressional elections]], with Jackson ally [[Andrew Stevenson]] chosen as the new [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House of Representatives]] in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker, [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]].

==Nominations==
===Jacksonian Party nomination===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|<big>'''1828 Jacksonian Party ticket'''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"| [[Andrew Jackson|{{color|white|Andrew Jackson}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"| [[John C. Calhoun|{{color|white|John C. Calhoun}}]]
|-
| style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:Andrew Jackson.jpg|center|200x200px]]
| [[File:JCCalhoun-1822.jpg|center|200x200px]]
|-
| [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Tennessee]]<br><small>(1797–1798 & 1823–1825)</small>
| [[List of vice presidents of the United States|7th]]<br>[[Vice President of the United States]]<br><small>(1825–1832)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 |'''[[Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign|Campaign]]'''
|-
|}

In October 1825, the Tennessee legislature re-nominated Jackson for president.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=251}} Congressional opponents of Adams, including former [[William H. Crawford]] supporter [[Martin Van Buren]], rallied around Jackson's candidacy. Jackson's supporters called themselves ''Democrats'', and would formally organize as the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] shortly after his election.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last=Yenne|first=Bill|title=The Complete Book of US Presidents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQwHswEACAAJ|year=2016|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-5007-2}}</ref> In hopes of uniting those opposed to Adams, Jackson ran on a ticket with Calhoun. Calhoun would decline the invitation to join the Democratic Party, however, and instead formed the [[Nullifier Party]] after the election; the Nullifiers would remain largely aligned with the Democrats for the next few years, but ultimately broke with Jackson over the issue of [[states' rights]] during his first term. No [[congressional nominating caucus]] or national convention was held.<ref name="deskins1">{{cite book|last1=Deskins|first1=Donald Richard|last2=Walton|first2=Hanes|last3=Puckett|first3=Sherman|title=Presidential Elections, 1789-2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data|date=2010|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=88–90}}</ref>

Adams' relationship with Vice President [[John C. Calhoun]] deteriorated, with Calhoun opposing Clay's appointment as Secretary of State due to his own presidential ambitions. In June 1826, Calhoun gave his support to Jackson for the 1828 election.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=249-251}} Calhoun's stance on the [[Indian removal|removal of Native Americans]] was not accepted by the Georgian electors who instead voted for [[William Smith (South Carolina senator)|William Smith]].{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=281}}

Van Buren, who supported Crawford during the 1824 election,{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=203}} supported Jackson during the 1828 election and aided in the selection of Calhoun as vice president in order to prevent [[DeWitt Clinton]], his political enemy, from being selected. Clinton died on February 11, 1828.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=240-241}} Van Buren arranged for incidents to divide Calhoun and Adams such as him abstaining from a vote on tariff legislation supported by Adams in order for Calhoun to break the tie by voting against it.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=272}}

[[Thomas Ritchie (journalist)|Thomas Ritchie]], editor of the ''[[Richmond Examiner]]'', was one of the leading supporters of Crawford during the 1824 election and Van Buren convinced him to support Jackson. Van Buren convinced him of an [[Democratic Party (United States)|alliance]] "between the planters of the South and the plain Republicans of the North".{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=279-280}}

===Adams Party nomination===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|<big>'''1828 Adams Party ticket'''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#F0DC82; width:200px;"| [[John Quincy Adams|{{color|black|John Quincy Adams}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#F0DC82; width:200px;"| [[Richard Rush|{{color|black|Richard Rush}}]]
|- style="color:#000000; font-size:100%; background:#F0DC82;"
| style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:lightyellow; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:lightyellow; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:John Quincy Adams by Charles Osgood.jpg|x200px]]
| [[File:RichardRush-Cropped.png|center|200x200px]]
|-
| [[List of presidents of the United States|6th]]<br>[[President of the United States]]<br><small>(1825–1829)</small>
| 8th<br>[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. Secretary of the Treasury]]<br /><small>(1825–1829)</small>
|-
|}
President Adams and his allies, including Secretary of State Clay and Senator [[Daniel Webster]] of Massachusetts, became known as the [[National Republican Party|National Republicans]] or "Adams Party."{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=276}} The National Republicans were significantly less organized than the Democrats, and many party leaders did not embrace the new era of popular campaigning. Adams was re-nominated on the endorsement of state legislatures and partisan rallies. As with the Democrats, no nominating caucus or national convention was held. Adams chose [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Richard Rush]], a Pennsylvanian known for his protectionist views, as his running mate. Adams, who was personally popular in New England, hoped to assemble a coalition in which Clay attracted Western voters, Rush attracted voters in the middle states, and Webster won over former members of the [[Federalist Party]].<ref name="wald1">{{cite book|last1=Waldstreicher|first1=David|title=A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy Adams|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=320}}</ref>

Adams support in New York aligned with the [[Anti-Masonic Party]] and [[Thurlow Weed]], his campaign manager in the state, was sympathetic to the anti-masonic movement.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=268}}

==General election==
One memoir of 19th-century life in Illinois gives a sense of importance of the 1828 in American life:

{{blockquote|text=It was probably the most exciting election, and probably more bitter feeling indulged in, than at any election that has ever taken place in this country. For several months before the election almost every occupation was dropped and the men occupied their time electioneering. Almost every day long lines of men could be seen marching after the fife and drum and led by some officer that had served in the war of 1812. The Jackson party would erect their hickory poles and the Adams party their tall maple poles, and stands would be erected under their respective poles, and the best speakers in the country would be brought out, and each party would have a barbecue of a roast ox or half-a-dozen sheep about every week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The early pioneers and pioneer events of the state of Illinois including personal recollections of the writer; of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson and Peter ... |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t9h41mp9f&seq=170 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=HathiTrust |page=152 |language=en}}</ref>}}

===Campaign===
[[File:Some account of the bloody deeds of General Andrew Jackson, circa 1828.png|thumb|One of the [[Coffin Handbills]]: "Some account of the bloody deeds of General Andrew Jackson" (1828)]]
[[File:Loc.ark 13960 t2d79d217-seq 7.jpg|thumb|"Gen. Jackson's negro speculations and his traffic in human flesh, examined and established with positive proof" (1828) surfaced the issue of [[Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States]] ]]
[[File:Pages from 1594466 page 1.jpg|thumb|Caricature of Jackson entitled ''Richard III'' by [[David Claypoole Johnston]] (1828); according to ''American Art Journal'', the details of his face are "composed of naked bodies of Indians. A quotation from [[Richard III (play)|Shakespeare's text]] reads, 'Me thought the souls of all that I had murder'd came to my tent.'"<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=1594466 |title=Political Portraiture: Two Prints of Andrew Jackson |last1=Bumgardner |first1=Georgia Brady |journal=American Art Journal |date=1986 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=84–95 |doi=10.2307/1594466 }}</ref>]]
The campaign was marked by large amounts of nasty "[[Negative campaigning|mudslinging]]." Jackson's marriage, for example, came in for the vicious attack. [[Charles Hammond (lawyer and journalist)|Charles Hammond]], in his ''Cincinnati Gazette'', asked: "Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramour husband be placed in the highest offices of this free and Christian land?"<ref name="MoJo">{{cite web |last=McClelland |first=Mac |author-link=Mac McClelland |date=October 31, 2008 |title=Ten Most Awesome Presidential Mudslinging Moves Ever |url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2008/10/ten-most-awesome-presidential-mudslinging-moves-ever |access-date=April 10, 2014 |work=Mother Jones}}</ref><ref>[http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=7 First Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311071415/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=7|date=March 11, 2010}} National First Ladies Library. Web. Retrieved February 15, 2016.</ref> At the time of the election, Mr. and Mrs. Jackson had been happily, legally married for almost 35 years, but when they met, Rachel had been legally married to [[Lewis Robards]]. In the Adams campaign managers' hands, this became a scandal. The [[Robards–Donelson–Jackson relationship controversy]] has been ongoing for the better part of 200 years, but since the 1970s, historians generally agree that Andrew and Rachel ran off together to force a divorce from Lewis Robards that would have otherwise been inaccessible to Rachel and that they were a couple for roughly five years before they were legally married in 1794.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Toplovich |first=Ann |date=2005 |title=Marriage, Mayhem, and Presidential Politics: The Robards–Jackson Backcountry Scandal |url=https://filsonhistorical.org/archive/ovhpdfs/OVH_V5N4_Toplovich.pdf |journal=Ohio Valley History |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=3–22 |issn=2377-0600 |id={{Project MUSE|572973|type=article}}}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cheathem |first=Mark R. |date=2019 |title=The Stubborn Mythology of Andrew Jackson |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/734058 |journal=Reviews in American History |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=342–348 |doi=10.1353/rah.2019.0062 |issn=1080-6628}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burstein |first=Andrew |title=The Passions of Andrew Jackson |date=2003 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-375-41428-2 |location=New York |pages=811–817 |language=en-us |lccn=2002016258 |oclc=49385944}}</ref> Decades later, their youthful love story became a political liability. Jackson's campaign did major spin control and manufactured a false timeline, convinced friends in Natchez to vouch for the retcon, and offered a semi-plausible "they were confused about divorce law" excuse to paper over the irregular marriage.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=338-339}}Jackson biographers and Democratic partisans carried the false narrative forward well into the late 20th century.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Jackson was also charged with being an "adulterer, a gambler, a cockfighter, a bigamist, a Negro trader, drunkard, a murderer, a thief and a liar."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1952-11-05 |title=This Campaign Dirty? Others Were Far Worse by Drew Pearson |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/lexington-herald-leader-this-campaign-di/163370127/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=Lexington Herald-Leader |pages=4}}</ref> He was most certainly a gambler,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kupfer |first=Barbara Stern |date=1970 |title=A Presidential Patron of the Sport or Kings: Andrew Jackson |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623730 |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=243–255 |jstor=42623730 |issn=0040-3261}}</ref> a cockfighter,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert Vincent |title=Andrew Jackson and the course of American empire, 1767–1821 |date=1977 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-013574-4 |location=New York |pages=134}}</ref> a Negro trader,<ref>* {{Cite journal |date=2008 |title=Slave Owner, Slave Trader, Gentleman: Slavery and the Rise of Andrew Jackson |url=https://teachtnhistory.org/file/Slave%20Owner,%20Slave%20Trader,%20Gentleman-%20Slavery%20&%20the%20Rise%20of%20Andrew%20Jackson%20(Snow).pdf |journal=Journal of East Tennessee History |location=Knoxville, Tennessee |publisher=East Tennessee Historical Society |volume=80 |pages=47–59 |issn=1058-2126 |oclc=23044540 |author-last1=Snow |author-first1=Whitney Adrienne}}</ref> and a bigamist, although at the late hour of 1828 it was perhaps ungracious to bring it up.<ref name=":1" /> Jackson believed that attacks on him were personal vendettas consequent to past disputes, writing, "I am branded with every crime, and [[Boyd McNairy|Doctor McNary]], [[Andrew Erwin (businessman)|Col. Erwin]], [[William Preston Anderson|Anderson]] and [[John Williams (Tennessee politician)|Williams]] are associated for this purpose."{{Sfnp|Maiden|1958|p=42}} One thing that all these men had in common is that they had all known and/or been business partners and/or been military comrades of Jackson going back decades. [[John McNairy|McNairy's brother]] gave Jackson his first law job in Nashville in 1789, Erwin and Jackson had been long-time land speculation partners until a massive deal went bad, Anderson had been Jackson's aide-de-camp at the time of the [[Burr conspiracy]] and had succeeded him as [[United States Attorney for the District of Tennessee|federal district attorney for Tennessee]], and Williams had sold slaves to Jackson and had been honored by the general for his gallant leadership as a militia commander during the [[Creek War|1813–14 campaign]] against the [[Red Sticks|Red Stick Creeks]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murphy |first=James Edward |date=1971 |title=Jackson and the Tennessee Opposition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623203 |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=50–69 |issn=0040-3261}}</ref>

Jackson's campaigners fired back by claiming that while serving as minister to Russia, Adams had procured a young girl to serve as a [[prostitute]] for [[Alexander I of Russia|Emperor Alexander I]]. They also stated that Adams had a billiard table in the White House and that he had charged the government for it.<ref>{{cite web |last=McNamara |first=Robert |title=The Election of 1828 Was Marked By Dirty Tactics |url=http://history1800s.about.com/od/leaders/a/electionof1828.htm |website=About Education |publisher=ThoughtCo |access-date=June 1, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101174028/http://history1800s.about.com/od/leaders/a/electionof1828.htm |archive-date=January 1, 2017 }}</ref> (In fact Adams while minister to Russia had employed a young girl as a maid to his wife; the girl had written a letter which had been intercepted by the Russian postal services. Alexander I had been curious to meet the letter writer publicly at court and Adams had done so. The billiard table was Adams' personal property; a bill for repairing it had been accidentally included in the White House expense accounts. Adams also came under attack for having a [[chess set]]).{{Cn|date=June 2024}} [[Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States|Jackson also came under heavy attack as a slave trader]] who bought and sold slaves and moved them about in defiance of modern standards of morality (he was not attacked for merely owning slaves used in plantation work).<ref>Mark Cheathem, "Frontiersman or Southern Gentleman? Newspaper Coverage of Andrew Jackson during the 1828 Presidential Campaign," ''The Readex Report'' (2014) 9#3 [http://www.readex.com/readex-report/frontiersman-or-southern-gentleman-newspaper-coverage-andrew-jackson-during-1828 online]</ref> The [[Coffin Handbills]] attacked Jackson for his courts-martial, execution of deserters, and massacres of Indian villages, and also his habit of dueling and that he supposedly fought over 100 duels. In fact, Jackson had only fought three duels: in the first both men had fired at each other but made up; in the second duel, Jackson vs [[John Sevier]], it had taken place but only two persons not connected with either party had been slightly injured. The third duel was with [[Charles Dickinson (historical figure)|Charles Dickinson]] in which Dickinson was mortally wounded while Jackson was left with a bullet in his chest. A so-called fourth duel between Jackson and [[Thomas Hart Benton (politician)|Thomas Hart Benton]] was in fact a frontier brawl which left Jackson badly wounded in the shoulder. That said the [[list of violent incidents involving Andrew Jackson]] began with his arrival in Tennessee in the 1780s and continued apace for years. As historian J. M. Opal put it, "[Jackson's] willingness to kill, assault, or threaten people was a constant theme in his adult life and a central component of the reputation he cultivated."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Opal |first=J. M. |date=October 2013 |title=General Jackson's Passports: Natural Rights and Sovereign Citizens in the Political Thought of Andrew Jackson, 1780s–1820s |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X13000060/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=69–85 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X13000060 |issn=0898-588X}}</ref>{{Rp|page=70}}

[[Ezra Stiles Ely]] attacked Adams' [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] beliefs and called for Christians to vote for Jackson.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=278}}

Jackson avoided articulating issue positions, instead campaigning on his personal qualities and his opposition to Adams. Adams avoided popular campaigning, instead emphasizing his support of specific issues.<ref name="deskins1"/> Adams's praise of [[internal improvements]] in Europe, such as "lighthouses of the skies" ([[Observatory|observatories]]), in his first annual message to Congress, and his suggestion that Congress not be "palsied by the will of our constituents" were given attention in and out of the press. [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]] stated on the floor of the Senate that he "never will be palsied by any power save the constitution, and the will of my constituents." Jackson wrote that a lavish government combined with contempt of the constituents could lead to despotism, if not checked by the "voice of the people." Modern campaigning was also introduced by Jackson. People kissed babies, had picnics, and started many other traditions during the campaign. 

====Jefferson's opinion====
{{listen|filename=Hunters of Kentucky.ogg|title=Hunters of Kentucky|description=Jackson supporters used this Battle of New Orleans anthem as their campaign song.|format=[[Ogg]]}}
[[Thomas Jefferson]] wrote favorably in response to Jackson in December 1823 and extended an invitation to his estate of [[Monticello]]: "I recall with pleasure the remembrance of our joint labors while in the Senate together in times of great trial and of hard battling, battles indeed of words, not of blood, as those you have since fought so much for your own glory & that of your country; with the assurance that my attempts continue undiminished, accept that of my great respect & consideration."<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page054.db&recNum=138 Thomas Jefferson to Andrew Jackson, December 18, 1823] Retrieved on November 21, 2006.</ref>

Jefferson wrote of the outcome of the [[1824 United States presidential election#1825 Contingent election|contingent election of 1825]] in a letter to William H. Crawford, who had been the nominee of the congressional caucus of Democratic-Republicans, saying that he had hoped to congratulate Crawford on his election to the presidency but "events had not been what we had wished."<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page054.db&recNum=1242 Thomas Jefferson to William H. Crawford, February 15, 1825]. Retrieved on November 21, 2006.[https://books.google.com/books?id=lmc8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA282 Transcript].</ref>

In the next election, Jackson's and Adams's supporters saw value in establishing the opinion of Jefferson in regards to their respective candidates and against their opposition.<ref name="peterson">[[Merrill D. Peterson|Peterson, Merrill D.]] ''The Jefferson Image in the American Mind'', p. 25-27</ref> Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, on the same day as his predecessor, John Adams, Adams's father.

A goal of the pro-Adams was to depict Jackson as a "mere military chieftain."<ref name=peterson /> [[Edward Coles]] recounted that Jefferson told him in a conversation in August 1825 that he feared the popular enthusiasm for Jackson: "It has caused me to doubt more than anything that has occurred since our Revolution." Coles used the opinion of [[Thomas Walker Gilmer|Thomas Gilmer]] to back himself up; Gilmer said Jefferson told him at Monticello before the election of Adams in 1825, "One might as well make a sailor of a cock, or a soldier of a goose, as a President of Andrew Jackson."<ref name=peterson /> [[Daniel Webster]], who was also at Monticello at the time, made the same report. Webster recorded that Jefferson told him in December 1824 that Jackson was a dangerous man unfit for the presidency.<ref>{{cite book |last=Webster |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Webster |editor=Webster, Fletcher |title=The Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1857 |location=Boston |pages=[https://archive.org/details/privatecorrespo05websgoog/page/n381 371] |url=https://archive.org/details/privatecorrespo05websgoog}}</ref> Historian [[Sean Wilentz]] described Webster's account of the meeting as "not wholly reliable."<ref>[[Sean Wilentz|Wilentz, Sean]]. ''Andrew Jackson'' (2005), p. 8.</ref> Biographer [[Robert V. Remini]] said that Jefferson "had no great love for Jackson."<ref>Remini, ''Jackson'' 1:109</ref>

Gilmer accused Coles of misrepresentation, in Jefferson's opinion had changed, Gilmer said. Jefferson's son-in-law, former Virginia Governor [[Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.]], said in 1826 that Jefferson had a "strong repugnance" to Henry Clay.<ref name=peterson /> Randolph publicly stated that Jefferson became friendly to Jackson's candidacy as early as the summer of 1825, perhaps because of the "corrupt bargain" charge, and thought of Jackson as "an honest, sincere, clear-headed and strong-minded man; of the soundest political principles" and "the only hope left" to reverse the increasing powers assumed by the federal government.<ref>[[Merrill D. Peterson|Peterson, Merrill D.]] ''The Jefferson Image in the American Mind'', p. 26. See also: Andrew Stevenson's Eulogy of Andrew Jackson: {{cite book |editor=B. M. Dusenbery |title=Monument to the Memory of General Andrew Jackson |publisher=Walker & Gillis |year=1846 |location=Philadelphia |pages=[https://archive.org/details/monumenttomemor01dusegoog/page/n278 250], 263–264 |url=https://archive.org/details/monumenttomemor01dusegoog}}</ref> Others said the same thing, but Coles could not believe Jefferson's opinion had changed.<ref name=peterson />

[[File:A Hickory-Pole Election - 1828 and 1832 United States presidential.jpg|thumb|Jackson supporters put up hickory poles ]]
In 1827, Virginia Governor [[William Branch Giles|William B. Giles]] released a letter from Jefferson meant to be kept private to [[Thomas Ritchie (journalist)|Thomas Ritchie]]'s ''Richmond Enquirer''. It was written after Adams's first annual message to Congress and it contained an attack from Jefferson on the incumbent administration. Giles said Jefferson's alarm was with the usurpation of the rights of the states, not with a "military chieftain."<ref name=peterson /> Jefferson wrote, "take together the decisions of the federal court, the doctrines of the President, and the misconstructions of the constitutional compact acted on by the legislature of the federal bench, and it is but too evident, that the three ruling branches of that department are in combination to strip their colleagues, the State authorities, of the powers reserved by them, and to exercise themselves all functions foreign and domestic." Of the Federalists, he continued, "But this opens with a vast accession of strength from their younger recruits, who, having nothing in them of the feelings or principles of '76, now look to a single and splendid government of an aristocracy, founded on banking institutions, and moneyed incorporations under the guise and cloak of their favored branches of manufactures, commerce, and navigation, riding and ruling over the plundered plowman and beggared yeomanry."<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page055.db&recNum=767 Thomas Jefferson to William Branch Giles, Dec. 26, 1825.] Peterson characterized this letter as "one of the most influential that Jefferson ever wrote."</ref> The Jacksonians and [[states' rights]] men heralded its publication; the Adams men felt it a symptom of senility.<ref name=peterson /> Giles omitted a prior letter of Jefferson's praise of Adams for his role in the [[Embargo Act of 1807|embargo of 1808]]. [[Thomas Jefferson Randolph]] soon collected and published Jefferson's correspondence.

===Results===
22.2% of the voting age population and 57.3% of eligible voters participated in the election.{{sfn|Abramson|Aldrich|Rohde|1995|p=99}} All of the states, except for Delaware and South Carolina, selected their electors through a popular vote.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=276}} The selection of electors began on October 31 with elections in Ohio and Pennsylvania and ended on November 13 with elections in North Carolina. The Electoral College met on December 3.

Adams won the same states that his father had won in the [[1800 United States presidential election|election of 1800]] (the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware) and Maryland, but Jackson won all other states and won the election in a landslide.

The Democratic Party in Georgia was hopelessly divided into two factions (Troup and Clark) at the time. Despite this, both factions nominated Jackson for President, with the election being primarily a test of the strength of these two factions - the Adams electors ran a very poor third, with just 3.21% of the vote. The winning slate, which received a 3,000 vote majority.<ref>Norwich Courier, December 3, 1828,</ref>

Jackson received 50.3% of the vote in states without slavery while he received 72.6% of the vote in states with slavery. He received 200,000 votes in the South and 400,000 votes in the North, but the [[Three-fifths Compromise]], which inflated the South's electoral votes, resulted in him receiving 105 electoral votes from the South and 73 votes from the North.{{sfn|Howe|2007|p=282}}

This was the first election in American history in which the incumbent president lost re-election despite winning a greater share of the popular vote than in the previous election. This would not happen again until [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]. Adams' loss was also the second time an elected president lost the popular vote twice, this also occurred with [[Benjamin Harrison]] in 1888 and 1892, and [[Donald Trump]] who lost the popular vote in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] and [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]].<ref name=CNN.Led>{{cite news |last=Enten |first=Harry |date=January 10, 2021 |title=How Trump led Republicans to historic losses |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/10/politics/trump-losses-analysis/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=February 3, 2021}}</ref>

This was the last election in which the Democrats won Kentucky until 1856. It is also the only election where Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Vermont voted for the National Republicans, and the last time that New Hampshire voted against the Democrats until 1856.

It was also the only election in which an electoral vote split [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|occurred in Maine]] until the [[2016 United States presidential election|election of 2016]], the first election in which the winning ticket did not have a north–south [[Ticket balance|balance]], and the first election in which two [[Northern United States|northerners]] ran against two [[Southern United States|southerners]].

[[File: United States Electoral College 1828.svg]]

{{start U.S. presidential ticket box|pv_footnote=<sup>(a)</sup>|ev_footnote=}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box rowspan| name=[[Andrew Jackson]]|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|state=[[Tennessee]]|pv=638,348|pv_pct=55.33%|ev=178|vp_count=2|vp_name=[[John C. Calhoun|John Caldwell Calhoun]] (incumbent)|vp_state=[[South Carolina]]|vp_ev=171}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box vp subrow|vp_name=[[William Smith (South Carolina senator)|William Smith]]|vp_state=[[South Carolina]]|vp_ev=7}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[John Quincy Adams]] (incumbent)|party=[[National Republican Party|National Republican]]|state=[[Massachusetts]]|pv=507,440|pv_pct=43.98%|ev=83|vp_name=[[Richard Rush]]|vp_state=[[Pennsylvania]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other|footnote=|pv=7,991<sup>(b)</sup>|pv_pct=0.69%}}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box|pv=1,153,779|ev=261|to_win=131}}

'''Source (Popular Vote):''' Dubin, Michael J. United States Presidential Elections, 1788–1860
'''Source (Electoral Vote):''' {{National Archives EV source| year=1828| as of=July 31, 2005}}

<sup>(a)</sup> ''The popular vote figures exclude [[Delaware]] and [[South Carolina]]: both states' electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by a popular vote.''

<sup>(b)</sup>  ''The other vote was from Georgia where two slates pledged to Jackson, representing factions of the party, ran. The winning slate was Jackson with Smith - the [[George Michael Troup|Troup Faction]] - and the other was Jackson with Calhoun - the [[John Clark (Georgia governor)|Clark faction]]. Many sources combine the vote when reporting the Georgia results, but this is legally incorrect.''

=== Maps ===
<gallery heights="200" mode="packed">
1828 Electoral Map.png|Electoral College vote
1828 United States presidential election results map by county.svg|Map of presidential election results by county, shaded according to the vote share of the highest result for an elector of any given candidate
1828 Presidential Election Results By Electoral District.svg|Map of presidential election results by electoral district, shaded according to the vote share of the highest result for an elector of any given candidate. Electoral boundaries for most of Tennessee, Maine, and Maryland could not be found

</gallery>

==Results by state==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Legend<ref name="Dubin">{{cite book |last1=Dubin |first1=Michael J. |title=United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860 |date=2002 |publisher=McFarland and Co. |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=978-0-7864-6422-7 |pages=42–51}}</ref>
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
|colspan=2| States/districts won by [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]]/[[John C. Calhoun|Calhoun]]
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
|colspan=2| States/districts won by [[John Quincy Adams|Adams]]/[[Richard Rush|Rush]]
|-
| † || At-large results (For states that split electoral votes)
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! colspan=2 |
! align=center colspan=3 | Andrew Jackson<br>Democratic
! align=center colspan=3 | John Quincy Adams<br>National Republican
! colspan="2" | Margin 
! align=center colspan=2 | State Total
|-
! align=center | State
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! align=center; data-sort-type="number" | #
! align=center; data-sort-type="number" | %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! align=center; data-sort-type="number" | #
! align=center; data-sort-type="number" | %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" | electoral<br>votes
! align=center; data-sort-type="number" | #
! align=center; data-sort-type="number" | %
! align=center; data-sort-type="number" | #
!
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Alabama|Alabama]]
! 5
| <span style="display:none">00013618</span>16,750
| 89.78
| 5
| <span style="display:none">00048669</span>1,976{{efn|Stated total was 1,993}}
| 10.22
| -
| 14,774
| 79.90
| 18,726
! AL
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut|Connecticut]]
! 8
| 4,488{{efn|Stated total was 4,448}}
| 24.5
| -
| 13,838
| 75.5
| 8
| -9,350
| -51.02
| 18,326
! CT
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Delaware|Delaware]]
! 3
| colspan=3 align=center | ''no popular vote''
| colspan=2 align=center | ''no popular vote''
| 3
| -
| -
| -
! DE
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Georgia|Georgia]]{{efn|There were two Jackson tickets in Georgia representing different factions of the party. The Troup faction "won" with 9,712 votes and the Clarke faction lost with 7,991. They are combined here, though legally this is incorrect. The state rejected returns from 10 counties and 8 others submitted none. Including the rejected returns, the total votes are Jackson (Troup) 10,508, Jackson (Clarke) 8,854 and Adams, 642.}}
! 9
| 17,703
| 96.70
| 9
| 605
| 3.31
| -
| 17,098
| 93.39
| 18,308
! GA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Illinois|Illinois]]
! 3
| 9,582
| 67.18
| 3
| 4,681
| 32.82
| -
| 4,901
| 34.36
| 14,263
! IL
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Indiana|Indiana]]
! 5
| 22,140
| 56.60
| 5
| 16,978
| 43.40
| -
| 5,162
| 13.20
| 39,118
! IN
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Kentucky|Kentucky]]
! 14
| 39,085
| 55.41
| 14
| 31,456
| 44.59
| -
| 7,629
| 10.81
| 70,541
! KY
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
! 5
| 4,603
| 53.04
| 5
| 4,076
| 46.96
| -
| 527
| 6.07
| 8,679
! LA
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine]]†
! 2
| 13,808{{efn|Stated total was 13,927}}
| 40.18
| -
| 20,558
| 59.82
| 2
| -6,750
| -19.58
| 34,366
! ME
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine-Cumberland]]
! 1
| 4,227
| 51.11
| 1
| 4,043
| 48.89
| -
| 184
| 2.22
| 8,270
! ME1
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine-York]]
! 1
| 1,865
| 37.97
| -
| 3,047
| 62.03
| 1
| -1,182
| -24.06
| 4,912
! ME2
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine-Kennebec]]
! 1
| 1,057
| 25.58
| -
| 3,075
| 74.42
| 1
| -2,018
| -48.83
| 4,132
! ME3
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine-Lincoln]]
! 1
| 820
| 29.79
| -
| 1,933
| 71.21
| 1
| -1,113
| -40.43
| 2,753
! ME4
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine-Oxford]]
! 1
| 2,812
| 47.05
| -
| 3,248
| 52.95
| 1
| -364
| -5.90
| 6,170
! ME5
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine-Hancock & Washington]]
! 1
| 1,235
| 35.26
| -
| 2,268
| 64.74
| 1
| -1,033
| -29.49
| 3,503
! ME6
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine-Somerset & Ponobscot]]
! 1
| 1,792
| 36.99
| -
| 3,052
| 63.01
| 1
| -1,260
| -26.01
| 4,844
! ME7

|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-1]]
! 1
| 1,101
| 35.19
| -
| 2,027
| 65.8`
| 1
| -926
| -29.60
| 3,128
! MD1
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-2]]
! 1
| 1,328
| 42.85
| -
| 1,771
| 57.14
| 1
| -443
| -14.29
| 3,099
! MD2
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-3]]{{efn|name=fne|In Maryland's 3rd and 4th districts, voters voted for two electors, with each pledged to one candidate or another. The votes in the 3rd were 6,177 for William Fitzhugh Jr. and 6,164 for William Tyler, both for Jackson, versus 6,117 for George Baltzell and William Price for Adams. In the 4th the votes were 6,058 for [[Benjamin Chew Howard]] and James Sewell for Jackson versus 5,743 and 5,742 for the Adams electors. Note: Dubin mistakenly swapped the 3rd and 4th districts in his book, but that has been corrected here.}}
! 2
| 6,177
| 50.24
| 2
| 6,117
| 49.76
| -
| 60
| 0.49
| 12,294
! MD3
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-4]]{{efn|name=fne}}
! 2
| 6,058
| 51.33
| 2
| 5,743
| 49.66
| -
| 315
| 2.67
| 11,801
! MD4
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-5]]
! 1
| 2,942
| 64.74
| 1
| 1,602
| 35.26
| -
| 1,340
| 29.49
| 4,544
! MD5
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-6]]
! 1
| 2,213
| 49.68
| -
| 2,242
| 50.33
| 1
| -29
| -0.65
| 4,455
! MD6
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-7]]
! 1
| 1,122
| 48.15
| -
| 1,208
| 51.85
| 1
| -86
| -4.04
| 2,130
! MD7
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-8]]
! 1
| 1,050
| 40.37
| -
| 1,551
| 59.63
| 1
| -501
| -19.26
| 2,601
! MD8
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland-9]]
! 1
| 2,574
| 44.15
| -
| 3,256
| 55.85
| 1
| -682
| -11.70
| 5,830
! MD9
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]
! 15
| 6,016
| 16.78
| -
| 29,842{{efn|Stated total was 29,836}}
| 83.22
| 15
| -23,826
| -66.45
| 35,858
! MA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
! 3
| 7,086{{efn|Stated total was 7,088}}
| 81.56
| 3
| 1,602
| 18.44
| -
| 5,484
| 63.12
| 8,688
! MS
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Missouri|Missouri]]
! 3
| 8,287
| 69.30
| 3
| 3,672
| 30.70
| -
| 4,615
| 38.59
| 11,959
! MO
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
! 8
| 21,182
| 46.76
| -
| 24,120
| 53.24
| 8
| -2.938
| -6.48
| 45,302
! NH
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New Jersey|New Jersey]]
! 8
| 21,951
| 48.02
| -
| 23,764
| 51.98
| 8
| -1,813
| -4.02
| 45,715
! NJ
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York]]{{efn|Two statewide electors were chosen by the electors elected at the district level.}}
! 2
| 139,412
| 51.45
| 2
| 131,563
| 48.55
| -
| 7,849
| 2.9
| 270,975
! NY
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-1]]
! 1
| 3,075
| 51.93
| 1
| 2,847
| 48.07
| -
| 228
| 3.85
| 5,922
! NY1
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-2]]
! 1
| 2,936
| 59.89
| 1
| 1,966
| 40.11
| -
| 970
| 19.79
| 4,902
! NY2
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-3]]
! 3
| 15,435
| 61.56
| 3
| 9,638
| 38.44
| -
| 5,797
| 23.12
| 25,073
! NY3
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-4]]
! 1
| 3,788
| 54.57
| 1
| 3,153
| 45.43
| -
| 635
| 9.15
| 6,941
! NY4
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-5]]
! 1
| 4,680
| 58.92
| 1
| 3,263
| 41.08
| -
| 1,417
| 17.84
| 7,943
! NY5
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-6]]
! 1
| 3,798
| 59.49
| 1
| 2,586
| 40.51
| -
| 1,212
| 18.98
| 6,384
! NY6
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-7]]
! 1
| 4,624
| 69.71
| 1
| 2,009
| 30.29
| -
| 1,212
| 18.27
| 6,633
! NY7
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-8]]
! 1
| 3,446
| 48.62
| -
| 3,642
| 51.38
| 1
| -196
| -2.77
| 7,088
! NY8
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-9]]
! 1
| 4,263
| 47.83
| -
| 4,650
| 52.17
| 1
| -387
| -4.34
| 8,913
! NY9
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-10]]
! 1
| 3,924
| 48.33
| -
| 4,195
| 51.67
| 1
| -271
| -3.34
| 8,119
! NY10
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-11]]
! 1
| 5,331
| 61.27
| 1
| 3,370
| 38.73
| -
| 1961
| 22.54
| 8,701
! NY11
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-12]]
! 1
| 3,740
| 59.14
| 1
| 2,584
| 48.86
| -
| 1156
| 18.28
| 6,324
! NY12
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-13]]
! 1
| 4,241
| 52.09
| 1
| 3.900
| 47.91
| -
| 341
| 4.19
| 8,141
! NY13
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-14]]
! 1
| 5,136
| 46.89
| -
| 5,817
| 53.11
| 1
| -681
| -6.22
| 10.953
! NY14
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-15]]
! 1
| 3,177
| 55.86
| 1
| 2,510
| 44.14
| -
| 667
| 11.73
| 5,687
! NY15
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-16]]
! 1
| 3,778
| 48.69
| -
| 3,982
| 54.76
| 1
| -204
| -2.63
| 7,760
! NY16
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-17]]
! 1
| 2,929
| 45.25
| -
| 3,545
| 45.24
| 1
| -616
| -9.51
| 6,474
! NY17
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-18]]
! 1
| 2,658
| 39.42
| -
| 4,085
| 60.58
| 1
| -1,427
| -21.16
| 6,743
! NY18
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-19]]
! 1
| 4,503
| 47.18
| -
| 5,042
| 52.82
| 1
| -539
| -5.65
| 5,922
! NY19
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-20]]
! 2
| 9,081
| 49.77
| -
| 9,164
| 50.23
| 2
| -83
| -0.45
| 18,245
! NY20
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-21]]
! 1
| 4,329
| 58.15
| 1
| 3,116
| 41.85
| -
| 1,213
| 16.29
| 7,445
! NY21
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-22]]
! 1
| 4,136
| 45.40
| -
| 4,974
| 54.60
| 1
| -838
| -9.20
| 9,110
! NY22
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-23]]
! 1
| 4,264
| 52.90
| 1
| 3,796
| 47.10
| -
| 468
| 5.81
| 8,060
! NY23
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-24]]
! 1
| 4,159
| 63.25
| 1
| 2,416
| 36.75
| -
| 1,743
| 26.51
| 6,575
! NY24
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-25]]
! 1
| 5,427
| 59.10
| 1
| 3,755
| 40.90
| -
| 1,672
| 18.21
| 9,182
! NY25
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-26]]
! 2
| 7,011
| 43.47
| -
| 9,119
| 56.53
| 2
| -2,108
| -13.07
| 16,130
! NY26
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-27]]
! 1
| 4,631
| 39.55
| -
| 7,079
| 60.45
| 1
| -2,448
| -20.91
| 11,701
! NY27
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-28]]
! 1
| 5,347
| 54.89
| 1
| 4,395
| 45.11
| -
| 952
| 9.77
| 9,742
! NY28
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-29]]
! 1
| 3,256
| 32.28
| -
| 6,832
| 67.72
| 1
| -3,576
| -34.54
| 10,088
! NY29
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in New York|New York-30]]
! 1
| 3,660
| 31.44
| -
| 7,983
| 68.56
| 1
| -4,323
| -37.13
| 11,643
! NY30
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in North Carolina|North Carolina]]
! 15
| 37,634
| 72.97
| 15
| 13,938
| 27.03
| -
| 23,696
| 45.95
| 51,572
! NC
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Ohio|Ohio]]
! 16
| 67,596
| 51.58
| 16
| 63,456
| 48.42
| -
| 4,140
| 3.16
| 131,052
! OH
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
! 28
| 102,151
| 66.79
| 28
| 50,783
| 33.21
| -
| 51,368
| 33.59
| 152,934
! PA
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]
! 4
| 820
| 22.95
| -
| 2,753
| 77.05
| 4
| -1,933
| -54.10
| 3,573
! RI
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in South Carolina|South Carolina]]
! 11
| colspan=2 align=center | ''no popular vote''
| 11
| colspan=3 align=center | ''no popular vote''
| -
| -
| -
! SC
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-1]]
! 1
| 3,136
| 100.00
| 1
| 0
| 0.00
| -
| 3,136
| 100.00
| 3,136
! TN1
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-2]]
! 1
| 3,418
| 95.98
| 1
| 143
| 4.02
| -
| 3,275
| 91.97
| 3,561
! TN2
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-3]]
! 1
| 4,001
| 94.03
| 1
| 254
| 5.97
| -
| 3,747
| 88.06
| 4,255
! TN3
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-4]]
! 1
| 3,211
| 99.78
| 1
| 7
| 0.22
| -
| 3,204
| 99.56
| 3,218
! TN4
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-5]]
! 1
| 5,196
| 98.60
| 1
| 74
| 1.40
| -
| 5,122
| 97.19
| 5,270
! TN5
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-6]]
! 1
| 3,605
| 100.00
| 1
| 0
| 0.00
| -
| 3,605
| 100.00
| 3,605
! TN6
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-7]]
! 1
| 5,008
| 87.51
| 1
| 715
| 12.49
| -
| 4,293
| 75.01
| 5,723
! TN7
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-8]]
! 1
| 3,443
| 99.83
| 1
| 6
| 0.17
| -
| 3,437
| 99.65
| 3,449
! TN8
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-9]]
! 1
| 4,311
| 95.14
| 1
| 220
| 4.86
| -
| 4,091
| 90.29
| 4,531
! TN9
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-10]]
! 1
| 3,481
| 95.11
| 1
| 179
| 4.89
| -
| 3,302
| 90.22
| 3,660
! TN10
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee-11]]
! 1
| 5,282
| 89.16
| 1
| 642
| 10.84
| -
| 4,640
| 78.33
| 5,924
! TN11
|-{{Party shading/National Republican}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Vermont|Vermont]]
! 7
| 8,335
| 25.49
| -
| 24,365
| 74.51
| 7
| -16,030
| -49.02
| 32,700
! VT
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
! style"text-align:left" | [[1828 United States presidential election in Virginia|Virginia]]
! 24
| 26,842
| 69.13
| 24
| 11,989
| 30.87
| -
| 14,853
| 38.25
| 38,831
! VA
|-
! TOTALS:
! 261
! 638,348
! 55.71
! 178
! 507,440
! 44.29
! 83
! 130,908
! 11.43
! 1,145,788
! US
|-
! TO WIN:
! 131
! colspan="17" |
|}

{{notelist}}

=== States that flipped from Democratic-Republican to National Republican ===
*[[Connecticut]]
*[[Delaware]]
*[[Maine]]
*[[Maryland]]
*[[Massachusetts]]
*[[New Hampshire]]
*[[New Jersey]]
*[[Rhode Island]]
*[[Vermont]]

=== States that flipped from Democratic-Republican to Democratic ===
*[[Alabama]]
*[[Georgia (US state)|Georgia]]
*[[Illinois]]
*[[Indiana]]
*[[Kentucky]]
*[[Louisiana]]
*[[Mississippi]]
*[[Missouri]]
*[[New York (state)|New York]]
*[[North Carolina]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Pennsylvania]]
*[[South Carolina]]
*[[Tennessee]]
*[[Virginia]]

=== Close states ===
Districts where the margin of victory was under 1%:
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862">NY-20 0.45%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">MD-3 0.49%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862">MD-6 0.65%</span>'''

States and Districts where the margin of victory was under 5%:
#'''<span style="color:blue;">Maine-Cumberland 2.22%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">NY-16 2.63%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">MD-4 2.67%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">NY-8 2.77%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">Ohio 3.16%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">NY-10 3.34%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">NY-1 3.85%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862">New Jersey 4.02%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">MD-7 4.04%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">NY-13 4.19%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">NY-9 4.34%</span>'''

States and Districts where the margin of victory was under 10%:
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">NY-19 5.65%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">NY-23 5.81%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">Maine-Oxford 5.90%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">Louisiana 6.07%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">NY-14 6.22%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">New Hampshire 6.48%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">NY-4 9.15%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">NY-22 9.20%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#F0C862";">NY-17 9.51%</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:blue;">NY-28 9.77%</span>'''

{{bar box
|title=Popular vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|'''Jackson'''|{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}|55.33}}
{{bar percent|Adams|{{party color|National Republican Party}}|43.98}}
{{bar percent|Other|#777777|0.69}}
}}
{{bar box
|title=Electoral vote—President
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|'''Jackson'''|{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}|68.20}}
{{bar percent|Adams|{{party color|National Republican Party}}|31.80}}
}}
{{bar box
|title=Electoral vote—Vice President
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|'''Calhoun'''|{{party color|Nullifier Party}}|65.52}}
{{bar percent|Rush|{{party color|Federalist Party}}|31.80}}
{{bar percent|Smith|{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}|2.68}}
}}

== Aftermath ==
A voter named Thomas J. Forney, who lived in [[Burke County, North Carolina]], wrote to a friend in Virginia on December 4, 1828:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1909-09-23 |title=Interesting Old Letters |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-herald-interesting-old-letters/163360664/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=The News-Herald |pages=1}}</ref> 

{{blockquote|text=Permit me in the next place to touch a little on the presidential question. On the day of the electoral election I was at [[Muddy Creek (Deep River tributary)|Muddy Creek]], at which place Adams received 4 votes, from John Rutherford, myself, William Alexander and — Bedford. Adams received something like 200 in this county, but it appears from undubitable authority that the "Hero" will succeed; if so, I will, I must, submit to a greater power. At the election ground of [[Samuel Price Carson|Col. Carson's]], Jackson received all of the votes. Col. Carson planted a hickory pole on the ground that day, and intends to keep it alive by pouring whiskey on its roots. Gen. Jackson was first started on the electioneering campaign as a tool to answer some purpose intented by his anti-supporters, but after canvassing the business up to the present date it appears that he is the spectacle of the people. I am surprised that the Kentuckians supported him, after his saying in that stigmatizing language, that "The Kentuckians ingloriously fled." I am persuaded, Sir, that they were right and perfectly justifiable in making their escape, as they were destitute of arms of defence. The South Carolinians support Jackson with the belief that he is an anti-tariff man; the Pennsylvanians because he is a tariff man. If I could believe that he was a supporter of the tariff, I would rest contented. Finally, I presume he will be our next president. If so, we have "cut the rod to whip ourselves," and must bear with the malady. My next choice will be the able and monstrous Henry Clay. But enough of such.<ref name=":0" />}}

Rachel Jackson had been having chest pains throughout the campaign, and she was traumatized by the personal attacks on her marriage. She became ill and died on December 22, 1828. Jackson accused the Adams campaign, and Henry Clay even more so, of causing her death, saying, "I can and do forgive all my enemies. But those vile wretches who have slandered her must look to God for mercy."<ref name="MoJo" />
[[File:Jackson inauguration crop.jpg|right|250px|thumb|1829 caricature by Robert Cruikshank of U.S. President [[Andrew Jackson]]'s inauguration]]
Andrew Jackson was [[First inauguration of Andrew Jackson|sworn in]] as president on March 4, 1829. After the inauguration, a mob entered the White House to shake the new president's hand, damaging the furniture and lights. Jackson escaped through the back, and large punch bowls were set up to lure the crowd outside. Conservatives were horrified at this event, and held it up as a portent of terrible things to come from the first Democratic president.<ref>[[Maldwyn A. Jones]], ''The Limits of Liberty, American History, 1607-1992'', Second Edition, Oxford University Press, p.139.</ref> When Jackson arrived in Washington, D.C., he was to pay the customary courtesy call on the outgoing president, but he refused to do so. John Quincy Adams responded by refusing to go to the inauguration of Andrew Jackson,<ref>{{cite web|last1=McNamara|first1=Robert|title=The Election of 1828 Was Marked By Dirty Tactics|url=http://history1800s.about.com/od/leaders/a/electionof1828.htm|website=About Education|publisher=About.com|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-date=January 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101174028/http://history1800s.about.com/od/leaders/a/electionof1828.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> similar to his father who did not attend the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson 28 years before. While Jackson did not hold John Quincy Adams among those who had slandered Rachel Jackson, social relations between the two men were cold and impersonal: for example, when Adams heard from a third party that Jackson would invite him to a social dinner he responded that Jackson should send the invitation personally.  In his diary Adams also revealed his disgust that not only was his alma mater Harvard College going to award Jackson an honorary Doctor of Law degree (Jackson had not gone to study law in college but had learned law as a law clerk to a judge) but that they were going to do so to a "barbarian" [i.e., someone who had not studied the classical languages of Latin and Greek].

== Electoral College selection ==
{{start electoral college selection}}
{{electoral college selection row|method=Each elector appointed by state legislature|states={{plainlist|
*[[Delaware]]
*[[South Carolina]]}}}}
{{electoral college selection row|method=State is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district|states={{plainlist|
*[[Maryland]]
*[[Tennessee]]}}}}
{{electoral college selection row|method=<nowiki/>
*Two electors chosen by voters statewide
*One elector chosen per congressional district by the voters of that district
|states=[[Maine]]}}
{{electoral college selection row|method=<nowiki/>
*One elector chosen per congressional district by the voters of that district
*Remaining two electors chosen by the other electors
|states=[[New York (state)|New York]]}}
{{electoral college selection row|method=Each elector chosen by voters statewide|states=''(all other states)''}}
{{end electoral college selection}}

== See also ==
* [[First inauguration of Andrew Jackson]]
* [[History of the United States (1789–1849)]]
* [[Jacksonian democracy]]
* [[1828–29 United States House of Representatives elections]]
* [[1828–29 United States Senate elections]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Abramson |first1=Paul |last2=Aldrich |first2=John |last3=Rohde |first3=David |title=Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |date=1995 |isbn=0871878399}}
* {{cite book |last=Bemis |first=Samuel Flagg | author-link = Samuel Flagg Bemis |title=John Quincy Adams and the Union |url=https://archive.org/details/johnquincyadamst00bemi |url-access=registration |year=1956 |volume=2|publisher=New York, Knopf }}
* {{cite book |last=Cheathem |first=Mark R. |url=https://lsupress.org/books/detail/andrew-jackson-southerner/ |title=Andrew Jackson, Southerner |date=2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Cheathem |first=Mark R. |url=https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/coming-democracy |title=The Coming of Democracy: Presidential Campaigning in the Age of Jackson |date=2018|doi=10.56021/9781421425979 |isbn=9781421425979 }}
* {{citation |last=Cheathem |first=Mark R. |title=Frontiersman or Southern Gentleman? Newspaper Coverage of Andrew Jackson during the 1828 Presidential Campaign |work=The Readex Report |date=2014 |volume=9 |number=3 |url=http://www.readex.com/readex-report/frontiersman-or-southern-gentleman-newspaper-coverage-andrew-jackson-during-1828}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Donald B. Cole |last=Cole |first=Donald B. |title=Vindicating Andrew Jackson: The 1828 Election and the Rise of the Two Party System |date=2009}} [https://www.amazon.com/Vindicating-Andrew-Jackson-Two-Party-Presidential/dp/0700616616/ excerpt and text search]
* {{cite book |last1=Heidler |first1=David S. |first2=Jeanne T. |last2=Heidler |url=https://djheidler.com/books/#JacksonRise |title=The Rise of Andrew Jackson: Myth, Manipulation, and the Making of Modern Politics |date=2018}}
* {{cite book |last=Holt |first=Michael F. |title=Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln |year=1992}}
* {{cite book|last=Howe |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Walker Howe |title=What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug0000howe_j9v1 |isbn=978-0-19-507894-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Howell |first=William Huntting |title=Read, Pause, and Reflect!! |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |date=Summer 2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=293–300|doi=10.1353/jer.0.0149 |s2cid=144448483 }} examines the campaign literature of 1828
* {{cite journal |first=Leota Driver |last=Maiden |title=Colonel John Williams |journal=East Tennessee Historical Society's Publications |volume=30 |year=1958 |pages=7–46 |id=FHL 1345572 |publisher=[[East Tennessee Historical Society]] |others=Tennessee Historical Commission, University of Tennessee |location=Knoxville, Tennessee |issn=0361-6193 |oclc=1137265}}
* {{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. | author-link=Richard P. McCormick |title=The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era |url=https://archive.org/details/secondamericanpa0000mcco |url-access=registration |year=1966|publisher=Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press }}
* {{cite book |last=Parsons |first=Lynn H. |title=The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828 |date=2009}} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195312872 excerpt and text search]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. | author-link = Robert V. Remini |title=Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party |url=https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenma0000remi |url-access=registration |year=1959|publisher=New York, Columbia University Press }}
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832 |url=https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksoncou0002remi |url-access=registration |year=1981|isbn=9780060148447 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stahr |first=Walter |title=Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-4391-2118-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Swint |first=Kerwin C. |author-link=Kerwin Swint |title=Mudslingers: The Top 25 Negative Political Campaigns of All Time|year=2006| publisher=Praeger Publishers}}
* {{cite book |author-link=John William Ward (professor) |last=Ward |first=John William |date=1955 |title=Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Watson |first=Harry L. | author-link = Harry L. Watson |title=Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America |year=1990 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=0-374-52196-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilentz |first=Sean | author-link = Sean Wilentz |title=The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln |year=2005}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |title=A Brief Biography of Andrew Jackson 1767-1845: The Election of 1828 |work=From Revolution to Reconstruction |url=http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/aj7/about/bio/jack12.htm |access-date=November 15, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222193302/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/aj7/about/bio/jack12.htm |archive-date=2008-02-22 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Election of 1828 |work=U-S-History.com |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h325.html |access-date=November 15, 2004}}
* {{cite web |title=A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College |work=The Green Papers |url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Hx/ElectoralCollege.html |access-date=March 20, 2005}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/election1828.html Presidential Election of 1828: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress
* [http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/epochs/vol6/pg3.htm Historian James Parton describes election]
* [http://www.american-presidents.org/2006/04/1828-campaign-of-andrew-jackson-and.html The 1828 Campaign of Andrew Jackson and the Growth of Party Politics]
* [http://www.countingthevotes.com/1828/ Election of 1828 in Counting the Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101030235/http://www.countingthevotes.com/1828/ |date=January 1, 2018}}

{{Andrew Jackson}}
{{John Quincy Adams}}
{{John C. Calhoun}}
{{USPresidentialElections}}
{{1828 United States presidential election}}
{{1828 United States elections}}
{{State Results of the 1828 U.S. presidential election}}
{{Whig Party (United States)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1828 United States presidential election| ]]
[[Category:Presidency of Andrew Jackson]]
[[Category:John Quincy Adams]]
[[Category:John C. Calhoun]]