Editing 1827

{{About year|1827}}
{{Year nav|1827}}
[[File:Giraffe Crossing (1827) by Jacques Raymond Brascassat.jpg|250px|thumb|[[May 20]] to [[July 9]]: Zarafa, the first giraffe to be seen in Europe since the 16th century, travels from Marseille to Paris.]]
[[File:Brandsen en Ituzaingo.JPG|thumb|250px|[[February 20]]: The [[Battle of Ituzaingó]] is fought on the border between Brazil and the United Provinces, leaving hundreds of combatants dead.]]
[[File:Navarino.jpg|thumb|250px|[[October 20]]: British, French and Russian ships defeat the Ottoman Navy in the [[Battle of Navarino]].(''Naval Battle of Navarino'' by [[Ambroise Louis Garneray]])]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1827}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 5]] – The first [[regatta]] in Australia is held, taking place in [[Tasmania]] (called at the time ''[[Van Diemen's Land]]''), on the [[River Derwent (Tasmania)|River Derwent]] at [[Hobart]].<ref>Stephen Gard, ''Port Jackson Pullers: Australia's Early Sculling Champions'' (BlueDawe Books, 2014) p32</ref>
* [[January 15]] – [[Furman University]], founded in [[1826]], begins its first classes with 10 students, as the Furman Academy and Theological Institution, located in [[Edgefield, South Carolina]].<ref>"Furman University" in ''The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture'', (Volume 17: Education), Clarence L. Mohr, ed. (UNC Press Books, 2011) p221</ref> By the end of [[2016]], it will have 2,800 students at its main campus in [[Greenville, South Carolina]].
* [[January 27]] – Author [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] first elaborates on his vision of ''[[Weltliteratur]]'' (world literature), in a letter to Johann Peter Eckermann, declaring his belief that "poetry is the universal possession of mankind", and that "the epoch of world literature is at hand, and each must work to hasten its coming."<ref>Theo D'haen, ''The Routledge Concise History of World Literature'' (Routledge, 2013) p5</ref>
* [[January 30]] – The first public theatre in Norway, the [[Christiania Offentlige Theater]], is inaugurated in Christiania (modern-day [[Oslo]]).
* [[January]] – In [[History of Laos|Laos]], [[King Anouvong]] of [[Vientiane]] leads the [[Laotian Rebellion]] against [[Thailand|Siam]] and successfully attacks [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] (the [[Thai people|Siamese]] later invade [[Vientiane]] and nearly destroy the whole city).
* [[February 20]] – [[Battle of Ituzaingó]] (Passo do Rosário): A Brazilian Imperial Army force is tactically defeated on the border of Brazil and the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] by [[Argentina|Argentine]] and [[Uruguay]]an troops.
* [[February 28]] – The [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] is incorporated, becoming the first railroad in the United States offering commercial transportation of both people and freight.
* [[March 7]] – Brazilian marines sail up the [[Río Negro (Argentina)|Rio Negro]] and [[Battle of Carmen de Patagones|attack]] the temporary naval base of [[Carmen de Patagones]], [[Argentina]]; they are defeated by the local citizens.
* [[March 11]]
** The new state constitution for the Mexican state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]] is ratified, including a phasing-out of slavery in its Article 13, which declares that "From and after the promulgation of the constitution in the capital of each district, no one shall be born a slave in the state, and after six months the introduction of slaves under any pretext shall not be permitted."<ref>Randolph B. Campbell, et al., ''The Laws of Slavery in Texas: Historical Documents and Essays'' (University of Texas Press, 2010) p14</ref> The prohibition of importing slaves from the United States is lifted when Texas declares independence in 1836, and the Republic of Texas Constitution will provide specifically that Africans and "the descendants of Africans" will not be considered "citizens of the republic".
** The predecessor of [[Qasr El Eyni Hospital]] and Cairo University School of Medicine is established in [[Egypt]] under the direction of [[Antoine Clot]] as the first medical school in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipka.medicine.cu.edu.eg/joomla/index.php/history|title=History|publisher=IPKA|accessdate=2024-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qasr El Eyni Hospital|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/575/chrncls.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116131355/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/575/chrncls.htm|archive-date=2006-01-16|website=Al Ahram Weekly|year=2002|issue=575|accessdate=2024-01-02}}</ref>
* [[March 16]] – ''[[Freedom's Journal]]'', the first African-American owned and published newspaper in the United States, is founded in New York City by [[John Russwurm]].
*[[March 29]] — Thousands crowd the streets of Vienna to attend  the funeral of Beethoven after his March 26 death. His contemporaries  [[Franz Schubert]], [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] and [[Carl Czerny]] serve as torchbearers and Chancellor [[Metternich]] speaks.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 7]] – [[John Walker (inventor)|John Walker]] begins selling his invention, the "Lucifer" friction [[match]], in England.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[April 8]] – [[Battle of Monte Santiago]]: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats [[Argentina|Argentine]] vessels after a two-day naval battle.
* [[April 10]] – [[George Canning]] succeeds [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Lord Liverpool]] as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].
* [[April 23]] – Scottish-born novelist [[John Galt (novelist)|John Galt]] founds the town of [[Guelph]] in [[Upper Canada]].
* [[April 24]] – [[Greek War of Independence]]: [[Battle of Phaleron]] – Ottoman troops defeat the Greek rebels.
* [[April 26]] – The [[Royal Netherlands Navy]]'s British-built [[paddle steamer]] ''[[Steamboat#Ocean-going steamships|Curaçao]]'' sets off on the first [[transatlantic crossing]] by steam, departing from [[Hellevoetsluis]] in the Netherlands to [[Paramaribo]] in the Netherlands South American colony of Dutch Guiana. The ship arrives after a voyage of four weeks.<ref name=Curacao>{{cite web |title=Steamship Curaçao |url=http://www.vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html |access-date=2011-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224202256/http://vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html |archive-date=December 24, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[April 29]] – The Fly Whisk Incident in [[Ottoman Algeria]]: [[Hussein Dey]] slaps French consul [[Pierre Deval (diplomat)|Pierre Deval]] on the face, eventually leading to the [[Invasion of Algiers in 1830]].
* [[May 1]] – [[Georg Ohm]] publishes ''Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet'' (tr., ''The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically'') in which [[Ohm's law]] appears for the first time.
* [[May 20]] – [[Zarafa (giraffe)|Zarafa]], the first [[giraffe]] to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, arrives in [[Marseille]] as a gift from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Viceroy of [[Egypt]], [[Mehmet Ali Pasha]], to [[Charles X of France|King Charles X]] of [[France]]. The giraffe then begins a 50-day journey to [[Paris]], walking with its handlers toward [[Paris]] where it will arrive on July 9.<ref name=Zarafa>{{cite book |last=Allin |first=Michael |title=Zarafa: A Giraffe's True Story, from Deep in Africa to the Heart of Paris |year=1999 |publisher=Delta Books |isbn=0-385-33411-7}}</ref>
* [[May 21]] – The [[Maryland Democratic Party]] is founded by supporters of [[Andrew Jackson]] in [[Baltimore]], and hosts its first meeting at the Baltimore Atheneum.
* [[May 24]] – The [[Royal Netherlands Navy]]'s British-built [[paddle steamer]] ''[[Steamboat#Ocean-going steamships|Curaçao]]'' completes the first [[transatlantic crossing]] by steam, arriving in [[Paramaribo]] in [[Suriname|Dutch Guiana]] (now Suriname) four weeks after its April 26 departure from the Netherlands.<ref name=Curacao/>
* [[May 25]] – Romanian inventor [[Petrache Poenaru]] receives a French [[patent]] for the invention of the first [[fountain pen]].
* [[June 4]] – French inventor [[Joseph Niépce]] sends a package to [[Louis Daguerre]] revealing the existence of his invention, "heliography", where an image can be reproduced onto a pewter plate and then reprinted.<ref>"A Photo-engraving of 1826", in ''The Process Photogram and Illustrator'' (January 1905), p82</ref> In 1829, the two will begin a partnership, and Daguerre will perfect Niépce's photographic process to reproduce images more quickly.
* [[June 7]] – Greek defenders in [[Athens]] surrender to Egyptian forces under the command of General [[Reşid Mehmed Pasha|Rashid Pasha]].<ref>John Frost, ''History of Ancient and Modern Greece'' (Lincoln and Edmands, 1831) p355</ref><ref>Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, ''Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali'' (Cambridge University Press, 1984) p208</ref>

=== July–September ===
* [[July 6]] – [[Greek War of Independence]]: The [[Treaty of London (1827)|Treaty of London]] between France, Britain and Russia, demands that the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] agree to an armistice in [[Greece]].
* [[July 9]] – [[Zarafa (giraffe)|Zarafa]], the giraffe given by the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt to King Charles X of France, arrives at the royal palace in Paris.<ref name=Zarafa/>
* [[July 14]] – The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu]] is founded in the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]].
* [[August 31]] – [[F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich]], becomes [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] following the death of [[George Canning]].
* [[September 4]] – The [[Great Fire of Turku]] destroys three-quarters of the city (at this time [[Finland]]'s largest), with 27 human casualties.
* [[September 20]] – A petition for a land grant for 215 acres on the north bank of [[Rio Grande]], just across from Paso del Norte (modern-day [[Ciudad Juárez]]), is approved; the first residence is built on what is modern-day [[El Paso, Texas]].
* [[September 22]] – [[Joseph Smith]] will claim in [[1838]] that on this day he took the [[golden plates]] from the place where they had been stored, and that he began writing down the [[Book of Mormon]] from them the following December.

=== October–December ===
* [[September 30]] – [[Greek War of Independence]]: [[Battle of Itea]], a naval battle fought in the [[Gulf of Corinth]].
* [[October 1]] – [[Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828]]: The Russians under [[Ivan Paskevich]] storm [[Yerevan]], ending a millennium of Muslim domination in [[Armenia]].
* [[October 20]] – [[Greek War of Independence]]: [[Battle of Navarino]] – [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]], French and Russian naval forces destroy the [[Ottoman Empire|Turko]]-Egyptian fleet in [[Greece]]. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone.
* [[November 24]] – [[1827 French legislative election|Voting is completed in elections]] for France's 430 member [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]].  The [[Ultra-royalist|''Ultraroyalistes'']], supporters of King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], lose their 233-seat majority and finish with 180 seats, the same number as the opposition ''[[Doctrinaires]]''.<ref>Gilles Jacoud, ''Political Economy and Industrialism: Banks in Saint-Simonian Economic Thought'' (Routledge, 2010)</ref>
* [[November]] – The term "[[socialist]]" is coined by [[Robert Owen]] in his London periodical, ''The Co-operative Magazine and Monthly Herald''.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=J. F. C. Harrison|first=John|last=Harrison|title=Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America: The Quest for the New Moral World|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=9780203092354|page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=James H.|last=Billington|title=Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, NJ|year=1999|isbn=9780765804716|page=245}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Socialism|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|first=Raymond|last=Williams|authorlink=Raymond Williams|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|page=224}}</ref>
* [[December 20]] – Mexico passes its first "expulsion law", providing for citizens of Spain to be expelled within the next six months, and to remain barred from re-entry until the Kingdom of Spain recognizes Mexico's [[1810]] declaration of independence.  Ultimately, because of all the exemptions within the expulsion act, only 1,779 of the 6,610 Spaniards are required to leave.<ref>Timothy E. Anna, ''Forging Mexico, 1821-1835'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2001) p203</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The missionary ship [[Messenger of Peace (missionary ship)|''Messenger of Peace'']] is built on [[Rarotonga]] by English Congregationalist [[John Williams (missionary)|John Williams]] to spread Christianity to [[Samoa]] and the [[Society Islands]] on behalf of the [[London Missionary Society]].
* [[John James Audubon]] begins publication of the 10-volume ''[[The Birds of America]]'', in the United Kingdom.

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Joseph Lister 1902.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Joseph Lister]]]]
[[File:Ramon Emeterio Betances sitting.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ramón Emeterio Betances]]]]
* [[January 7]] – Sir [[Sandford Fleming]], Scottish-Canadian engineer, inventor (d. [[1915]])
* [[January 10]] – [[Amanda Cajander]], Finnish medical reformer (d. [[1871]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Hautausmaita |website=Hautausmaita |url=http://haudat.genealogia.fi/php/haudat1f.php?coun=fi&lang=fi&code=163&id=20242 |language=fi |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524153835/http://haudat.genealogia.fi/php/haudat1f.php?coun=fi&lang=fi&code=163&id=20242 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[January 28]] – [[Jean Antoine Villemin]], French physician (d. [[1892]])
* [[February 17]] – [[Elisabeth Blomqvist]], Swedish-Finnish educator, feminist (d. [[1901]])
* [[March 7]] – [[John Hall Gladstone]], English chemist (d. [[1902]])
* [[March 8]] – [[Wilhelm Bleek]], German linguist (d. [[1875]])
* [[March 25]] – [[Stephen Luce]], American admiral (d. [[1917]])
* [[April 2]] – [[William Holman Hunt]], British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. [[1910]])
* [[April 5]] – [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]], English surgeon, medical pioneer (d. [[1912]])
* [[April 8]] – [[Ramón Emeterio Betances]], Puerto Rican politician, medical doctor and diplomat (d. [[1898]])
* [[May 11]] – [[Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]], French sculptor, painter (d. [[1875]])
* [[May 19]] – [[Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour]], French statesman (d. [[1896]])
* [[May 21]] – [[William P. Sprague]], American politician from Ohio (d. [[1899]])
* [[May 27]] – [[Samuel F. Miller (US politician)|Samuel F. Miller]], American politician (d. [[1892]])
* [[May 31]] – [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford]], British general (d. [[1905]])
* [[June 11]] – [[Natalie Zahle]], Danish educator, women's rights activist (d. [[1913]])
* [[June 12]] – [[Johanna Spyri]], Swiss author (d. [[1901]])
* [[June 13]] – [[Alberto Henschel]], German-Brazilian photographer, businessman (d. [[1882]])
* [[June 24]] – [[Louis Brière de l'Isle]], French general (d. [[1897]])
* [[June 26]] – [[Amédée Courbet]], French admiral (d. [[1885]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Lopez1870.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Francisco Solano López]]]]
[[File:Jekatyerina Mihajlovna of Russia.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia]]]]
[[File:Egw1899.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ellen G. White]]]]
* [[July 17]] – [[Sir Frederick Augustus Abel]], British chemist (d. [[1902]])
* [[July 18]] – [[Mangal Pandey]], Indian soldier (d. 1857)
* [[July 24]] – [[Francisco Solano López]], President of Paraguay (d. [[1870]])
* [[August 5]] – [[Deodoro da Fonseca]], 1st President of Brazil (d. [[1892]])
* [[August 23]] – [[Lord John Hay (Royal Navy officer, born 1827)|Lord John Hay]], British admiral and politician (d. [[1916]])
* [[August 28]] – [[Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia]], granddaughter of Tsar [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] (d. [[1894]])
* [[September 3]] – [[John Drew (actor)|John Drew Sr.]], Irish-American stage actor, manager (d. [[1862]])
* [[September 27]] – [[Georgiana Archer]], German (originally Scottish) women's rights activist and educator (d. [[1882]])
* [[September 30]] – [[Ellis H. Roberts]], American politician (d. [[1918]])
* [[October 12]] – [[Josiah Parsons Cooke]], American chemist (d. [[1894]])
* [[October 16]] – [[Arnold Böcklin]], Swiss painter (d. [[1901]])
* [[October 25]] – [[Marcellin Berthelot]], French chemist (d. [[1907]])
* [[October 29]] – [[Antonio Borrero]], 10th President of Ecuador (d. [[1911]])
* [[November 1]] – [[Friedrich Haase]], German actor (d. 1911)
* [[November 7]] – [[Antti Ahlström]], Finnish industrialist (d. [[1896]])
* [[November 18]] – [[Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)|Mehmed Ali Pasha]], Prussian-born Ottoman military leader (d. [[1878]])
* [[November 26]] – [[Ellen G. White]], American religious leader, cofounder of the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] (d. [[1915]])
* [[November 29]] – [[William Crichton (engineer)|William Crichton]], Scottish engineer and shipbuilder (d. [[1889]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/William_Crichton|title=William Crichton|website=Grace's Guide|access-date=January 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=4253|title=CRICHTON, William (1827–1889)|work=Biogradiskt lexikon för Finland |access-date=January 15, 2022 |language=sv}}</ref>
* [[December 3]]
** Jain [[Acharya Rajendrasuri]], Indian religious reformer (d. [[1906]])
** [[Lombe Atthill]], Northern Irish obstetrician and gynaecologist (d. [[1910]])<ref>{{cite book |title=British Medical Journal |publisher=British Medical Association |year=1910 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwJHAQAAMAAJ |access-date=May 24, 2021 |page=917}}</ref>
* [[December 17]] – [[Baron Alexander Wassilko von Serecki]], Governor of the Duchy of Bucovina, member of the Herrenhaus (d. [[1893]])
* [[December 23]] – [[Wilhelm von Tegetthoff]], Austrian admiral (d. [[1871]])
* [[December 27]] – [[Stanisław Mieroszewski]], Polish-born politician, writer, historian and member of the Imperial Council of Austria (d. [[1900]])

=== Undated ===
* [[Wazir Beg]], Indian Semitic scholar and Presbyterian minister (d. [[1885]])

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Beethoven.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]]]
[[File:Alessandro Volta.jpeg|110px|thumb|[[Alessandro Volta]]]]
* [[January 5]] – [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]], heir-presumptive to the British throne (b. [[1763]])
* [[January 19]] – [[Ludwig von Brauchitsch]], Prussian general (b. [[1757]])
* [[February 13]] – [[Caleb Brewster]], Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. [[1747]])
* [[February 19]] – [[Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt]], French general, diplomat (b. [[1773]])
* [[February 23]] – [[Felipe Enrique Neri]], Texas legislator, colonizer (b. [[1759]])
* [[February 17]] – [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi]], Swiss pedagogue (b. [[1746]])
* [[February 28]] – [[Thomas Holloway (painter)|Thomas Holloway]], English portrait painter, engraver (b. [[1748]])
* [[March 5]]
** [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], French mathematician (b. [[1749]])
** [[Alessandro Volta]], Italian physicist (b. [[1745]])
* [[March 26]] – [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], German composer (b. [[1770]])
* [[March 31]] – [[Marie Barch]], Danish ballerina (b. [[1744]])
* [[April 12]] – [[Michele Troja]], Italian physician (b. [[1747]])
* [[April 29]]
** [[Deborah Sampson]], first American female soldier (b. [[1760]])
** [[Rufus King]], American lawyer, politician and diplomat (b. [[1755]])
* [[May 5]] – [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony]] (b. [[1750]])
* [[May 27]] – [[Melesina Trench]], Irish-born writer, socialite (b. [[1768]])
* [[June 26]] – [[Samuel Crompton]], English inventor (b. [[1753]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Augustin Fresnel.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]]]]
* [[July 14]] – [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]], French physicist (b. [[1788]])
* [[July 27]] – [[Fredrique Eleonore Baptiste]], Finnish actress and playwright
* [[August 8]] – [[George Canning]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1770]])
* [[August 12]] – [[William Blake]], English poet and artist (b. [[1757]])<ref>{{cite web |title=William Blake |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/william-blake/ |website=Westminster Abbey |access-date=27 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 10]] – [[Ugo Foscolo]], Greek-born Italian writer, revolutionary and poet (b. [[1778]])
* [[October 12]] – [[John Eager Howard]], American politician (b. [[1752]])
* [[November 7]] – [[Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)|Maria Theresia of Tuscany]], Queen of Saxony (b. [[1767]])
* [[November 10]] – [[St. George Tucker]], United States federal judge (b. [[1752]])
* [[December 3]] – [[Servando Teresa de Mier]], Mexican preacher (b. [[1765]])
* [[December 21]] – [[Anton II of Georgia|Anton II]], [[Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia]] (b. [[1762]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1827| ]]