Editing 1825

{{About year|1825}}
{{Year nav|1825}}
[[File:François Gérard - The Coronation of Charles X - WGA08603.jpg|thumb|right|[[May 29]]: The last crowning of a French monarch takes place as the [[coronation of Charles X]] is held at [[Reims Cathedral]].]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1825}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
[[File:Capture of the El Mosquito.jpg|thumb|250px|[[March 5]]: The [[Capture of the sloop Anne|capture of the pirate ship ''Anne'']] takes place in the Caribbean Sea, effectively ending piracy there.]]
* [[January 4]] – King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] dies in Naples and is succeeded by his son, [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies|Francis]].
* [[February 3]] – [[Vendsyssel-Thy]], once part of the [[Jutland]] peninsula forming westernmost Denmark, becomes an island after a flood drowns its {{convert|1|km|mi}} wide [[isthmus]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Aggerkanal|encyclopedia=[[Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon]]|editor=Blangstrup, Chr.|publisher=J.H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel|location=Copenhagen|edition=2nd |volume=1|year=1915|page=310|language=da|url=https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/1/0336.html|access-date=April 3, 2013}}</ref>
* [[February 9]] – After no presidential candidate receives a majority of [[United States Electoral College]] votes following the [[1824 United States presidential election]], the [[United States House of Representatives]] elects [[John Quincy Adams]] President of the United States in a [[contingent election]].
* [[February 10]] – [[Gideon Mantell]] names and describes the second known dinosaur ''[[Iguanodon]]''.
* [[February 10]] – [[Simón Bolívar]] gives up his title of dictator of Peru and takes the alternative title of ''El Libertador''.{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* [[February 12]] – [[Second Treaty of Indian Springs]]: The [[Creek (people)|Creek]] cede the last of their lands in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] to the United States government and migrate west.<ref name="OKState-Kapplers">[https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/29471/rec/1,"Treaty With The Creeks, 1825"], Oklahoma State University Digital Collections, Kapplers: Indian affairs: laws and treaties Vol. 2 (Treaties), pp. 214-217. Retrieved May 16, 2024. </ref>
* [[March 1]] – The outbound British [[East Indiaman]] {{ship||Kent|1820 EIC ship|2}} is destroyed by fire in the [[Bay of Biscay]] with the loss of more than 80 lives, but over 550 are saved by passing ships.
* [[March 5]] – [[Capture of the sloop Anne|Capture of the sloop ''Anne'']]: [[Roberto Cofresí]], one of the last successful [[Piracy in the Caribbean|pirates in the Caribbean]], is defeated by an international naval force.
* [[March 17]] – [[The Norfolk & Dedham Group]] is founded as The Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Company in the United States.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 17]] – [[Charles X of France]] recognizes [[Haiti]], 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful [[Haitian Revolution]], and demands the payment of 150&nbsp;million gold francs, 30&nbsp;million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.
* [[May 26]] – Two [[Christian Unitarianism|Unitarian Christian]] bodies, the [[American Unitarian Association]] in the United States and the [[British and Foreign Unitarian Association]] in the United Kingdom are founded, coincidentally on the same date.
* [[May 29]] – The [[Coronation of Charles X]] takes place at the historic site of [[Reims Cathedral]], the last coronation of a French monarch.
* [[May]] – [[History of Brisbane]]: The Australian city of [[Brisbane]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Founding of Brisbane|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/founding-of-brisbane|publisher=National Museum Australia|date=2023-05-04|accessdate=2024-03-17}}</ref>
* [[June 2]] – The United States Senate ratifies the treaties with the Great [[Osage Nation|Osage]] and the Little Osage tribes.<ref name=Niles>''Niles' Weekly Register'', Volume 30, p316</ref>
* [[June 3]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Kansas tribe.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[June 9]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Poncas tribe.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[June 15]] – A rebellion is started by 200 slaves in the Guamacaro region of Cuba, and is suppressed after 12 hours; in the ensuing months, most who weren't killed in the battle would be hunted down and killed.<ref>Manuel Barcia, ''West African Warfare in Bahia and Cuba: Soldier Slaves in the Atlantic World, 1807-1844'' (Oxford University Press, 2014) p97</ref>

=== July–September ===
[[File:StocktonDarlingtonOpening.jpg|thumb|September 27: The [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]] opens in England.]]
* [[July 6]] 
** The Duke of [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]] gains possession of [[Glücksburg]] and changes his title to [[Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]]. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later becomes the [[dynasty|royal house]] of Greece, Denmark and Norway.
** The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the [[Cheyenne]] tribe.<ref name=Niles/>
** A new [[Combinations of Workmen Act 1825|Combinations of Workmen Act]] in the United Kingdom makes [[trade union]]s legal according to narrowly defined principles.
* [[July 16]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the [[Hunkpapa]] tribe.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[July 18]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[July 30]]
** [[Malden Island]] (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) is discovered by [[George Byron, 7th Baron Byron]].
** The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the [[Mandan]], Belantae, Eloa and [[Minnetaree]] tribes.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[August 4]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[August 6]] – [[Bolivia]] [[Bolivian War of Independence|gains its independence]] from Spain as a republic, at the instigation of [[Simón Bolívar]].
* [[August 11]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the [[Crow people|Crow tribe]].<ref name=Niles/>
* [[August 18]] – Scottish adventurer [[Gregor MacGregor]] issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest, through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company, for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions lead to the [[Panic of 1825]], the first modern [[stock market crash]], in England.
* [[August 22]] – The [[:es:Rito Nacional Mexicano|National Mexican Rite]] is created in [[Mexico City]].
* [[August 25]] – [[Uruguay]] is declared independent of the [[Empire of Brazil]] by the [[Thirty-Three Orientals]], a militant revolutionary group led by [[Juan Antonio Lavalleja]].
* [[September 25]] – General [[Hendrik Merkus de Kock]] lifts the siege of [[Jogjakarta]], the first major action of the [[Java War]].
* [[September 26]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the [[Missouria|Missouri]] and Ottoe tribes.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[September 27]] – The world's first modern railway, the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]], opens in England.
* [[September 30]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] tribe.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[September]] – The [[Lady Margaret Boat Club]] is founded by 12 members of [[St John's College, Cambridge]].

=== October–December ===
[[File:Kolman decembrists.jpg|thumb|December 14: The [[Decembrist revolt]] takes place in Russia.]]
* [[October 7]] – The [[1825 Miramichi Fire|Miramichi Fire]], a forest fire, breaks out in [[New Brunswick]] (Canada).
* [[October 21]] – [[PS Comet#Comet II|PS ''Comet II'']] sinks off [[Gourock]] (Scotland) with the loss of 62 lives.
* [[October 26]] – The [[Erie Canal]] opens, providing passage from [[Albany, New York]] to [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] and [[Lake Erie]].
* [[November 7]] – The U.S. Senate ratifies the [[Treaty of Lewistown|treaty]] with the [[Shawnee]] tribe.<ref name=Niles/>
* [[November 15]] – King [[Joao VI of Portugal]] promulgates a law recognizing his eldest son, [[Pedro I of Brazil|Dom Pedro]], as the Emperor of Brazil.<ref>''The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1828'' (Baldwin and Cradock, 1829) p428</ref>
* [[October]]–[[December]] – Dispute between the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] and the [[Empire of Brazil]] over [[Banda Oriental]] region led to the [[Cisplatine War]].
* [[December 1]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[November 19]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – [[Nicholas I of Russia]] succeeds his older brother [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]].
* [[December 9]] – The British began the [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|Siege of Bharatpur]].
* [[December 26]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]])/[[December 14]] ([[Gregorian calendar|N.S.]]) – Some [[Imperial Russian Army]] officers stage the [[Decembrist revolt]] against Nicholas's accession in [[Saint Petersburg]], but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan is founded as a mudfort on the Silk Road
* The [[Fort Vancouver]] trading post is established on the lower [[Columbia River]] by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]].
* [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] reduces [[aluminium chloride]] to produce metallic [[aluminium]].
* [[Minh Mạng]] outlaws the teaching of Christianity in [[Vietnam]].
* The first horse-drawn [[bus|omnibus]]es established in London.
* The [[United States Postal Service]] starts a [[dead letter office]].
* London becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Beijing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|title=Largest Cities Through History|first=Matt T|last=Rosenberg|work=About.com|access-date=September 25, 2012|archive-date=August 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124242/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:T.H.Huxley(Woodburytype).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Thomas Henry Huxley]]]]
* [[January 11]] – [[Clement V. Rogers]], Cherokee politician, father of [[Will Rogers]] (d. 1911)
* [[January 25]] – [[George Pickett]], American Confederate general (d. 1876)
* [[January 31]] – [[Miska Magyarics]], [[Slovenes|Slovene]] poet in Hungary (d. 1883)
* [[February 8]] – [[Henri Giffard]], French engineer, pioneer in airship technology (d. 1882)
* [[February 10]] – [[Geoffrey Hornby]], British admiral (d. 1895)
* [[March 13]] – [[Hans Gude]], Norwegian romanticist landscape painter (d. 1903)<ref>{{cite book | last = Haverkamp | first = Frode |author2= Gude, Hans Fredrik | title = Hans Gude| year = 1992 | publisher = [[Aschehoug]] | location = [[Oslo]] | language = no | isbn = 82-03-17072-2 | oclc = 29047091| page = 59 }}</ref>
* [[March 16]] – [[Camilo Castelo Branco]], Portuguese writer (d. 1890)
* [[March 21]] – [[Alexander Mozhaysky]], Russian aeronautical pioneer (d. 1890)
* [[March 22]] – [[Jane Sym]], second wife of Canada's second prime minister (d. 1893)
* [[April 11]] – [[Ferdinand Lassalle]], Prussian-German philosopher, socialist and politician (d. 1864)
* [[April 24]] – [[Robert Michael Ballantyne]], [[List of Scottish novelists|Scottish novelist]] (d. 1894)
* [[May 4]] – [[Thomas Henry Huxley]], English biologist (d. 1895)
* [[May 8]] – [[George Bruce Malleson]], English officer, author (d. 1898)
* [[May 9]] – [[George Davidson (geographer)|George Davidson]], English-born geodesist, astronomer, geographer, surveyor, and engineer in the United States (d. 1911)
* [[June 3]] – [[Sophie Sager]], Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1902)

=== July–December ===
[[File:KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Paul Kruger]]]]
[[File:Pedro II of Brazil - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]]]]
[[File:Mariano Ignacio Prado 1.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Mariano Ignacio Prado|Mariano Prado]]]]
* [[July 2]] – [[Émile Ollivier]], French statesman (d. 1913)
* [[July 19]] – [[George H. Pendleton]], American politician (d. 1889)
* [[July 21]] – [[Práxedes Mateo Sagasta]], Spanish politician, eight-time prime minister of Spain (d. 1903)
* [[August 31]] – [[Robert Dunsmuir]], Scottish industrialist, politician (d. 1889)
* [[September 4]] – [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], Indian politician (d. 1917)
* [[September 11]] – [[Eduard Hanslick]], Austrian music critic (d. 1904)
* [[September 13]] – [[William Henry Rinehart]], American sculptor (d. 1874)
* [[September 17]] – [[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II]], American politician, [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. 1893)
* [[September 25]] – [[Joachim Heer]], Swiss politician (d. 1879)
* [[October 8]] – [[Paschal Beverly Randolph]], American occultist (d. 1875)
* [[October 10]] – [[Paul Kruger]], Boer resistance leader (d. 1904)
* [[October 11]] – [[Maria Firmina dos Reis]], Brazilian abolitionist and author (d. 1917)
* [[October 13]] – [[Charles Frederick Worth]], English-born fashion designer, father of ''haute couture'' (d. 1895)
* [[October 25]]
** [[Francis March]], American comparative linguist (d. 1911)
** [[Johann Strauss II|Johann Strauss, Junior]], Austrian composer (d. 1899)
* [[November 9]] – [[A. P. Hill]], American Confederate general (d. 1865)
* [[November 29]] – [[Jean-Martin Charcot]], French physician, neurologist (d. 1893)
* [[November 30]] – [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]], French painter and educator (d. 1905)
* [[December 2]] – Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] (d. 1891)
* [[December 18]] – [[Mariano Ignacio Prado]], Peruvian general and statesman, twice [[President of Peru]] (d. 1901)<ref>{{Cite book|last=García Belaúnde|first=Víctor Andrés |title=El expediente Prado|publisher=Asociación Civil Mercurio Peruano |year=2016 |location=Lima |isbn=978-612-45288-6-6 |language=es |page=451}}</ref>
* [[December 30]] – [[Samuel Newitt Wood]], American politician (d. 1891)
* [[December 31]] – [[Elizabeth Martha Olmsted]], American poet (d. 1910)

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Sher Ali Khan]], ruler of [[Afghanistan]] (d. 1879)
* [[Juan Williams Rebolledo]], Chilean admiral and politician (d. 1910)

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Antonio Salieri painted by Joseph Willibrord Mähler.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Antonio Salieri]]]]
[[File:Eleanor Anne Porden 2.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Eleanor Anne Porden]]]]
* [[January 4]] – [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] (b. 1751)
* [[January 8]] – [[Eli Whitney]], American inventor (b. 1765)
* [[February 22]] – [[Eleanor Anne Porden]], English poet (b. 1795)
* [[February 24]] – [[Thomas Bowdler]], English physician (b. 1754)
* [[March 1]]
** [[John Brooks (governor)]], Massachusetts doctor, military officer, governor (b. 1752)
** [[John Haggin]], Indian fighter, one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky (b. 1753)
* [[March 4]] – [[Hercules Mulligan]], tailor, spy during the [[American Revolutionary War]] (b. 1740)
* [[March 6]] – [[Samuel Parr]], English schoolmaster (b. 1747)
* [[March 25]] – [[Antoine Fabre d'Olivet]], French writer (b. 1767)
* [[March 27]] – [[Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres]], British Army general (b. 1752)
* [[April 23]] – [[Maler Müller|Friedrich Müller]], German painter, narrator, lyricist and dramatist (b. 1749)
* [[April 17]] – [[Henry Fuseli]], Swiss painter and writer (b. 1741)
* [[May 7]] – [[Antonio Salieri]], Italian composer (b. 1750)
* [[May 13]] – [[Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth]], British diplomat (b. 1752)
* [[May 19]] – [[Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon]], French politician (b. 1760)
* [[May 22]] – [[Laskarina Bouboulina]], Greek independence fighter, heroine (shot) (b. 1771)
* [[May 23]] – Ras [[Gugsa of Yejju]], Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia
* [[June 11]] – [[Daniel D. Tompkins]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|6th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. 1774)
* [[June 14]] – [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], French architect (b. 1754)
* [[June 27]] – [[Domenico Vantini]], Italian painter

=== July–December ===
[[File:Alexander I of Russia by G.Dawe (1826, Peterhof).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexander I of Russia]]]]
[[File:José Gil de Castro ‐ Retrato de Bernardo de Torre Tagle (1823).jpg|thumb|110px|[[José Bernardo de Tagle]]]]
* [[July 12]] – [[Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer]], German scholar (b. 1770)
* [[July 15]] – [[David Ochterlony]], Massachusetts-born general with the [[East India Company]] (b. 1758)
* [[August 3]] – [[Ambrogio Minoja]], Italian composer, professor of music (b. 1752)
* [[August 16]] – [[Charles Cotesworth Pinckney]], American politician, soldier (b. 1746)
* [[August 20]] – [[William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock]], British admiral, Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1753)
* [[September 4]] – [[Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle]] (b. 1748)
* [[September 26]] – [[José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle]], Peruvian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Peru (b. 1779)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basadre |first=Jorge |year=2005 |orig-year=First published 1939 |title=Historia de la República del Perú (1822 - 1933) |volume=1 |page=98 |edition=9th |language=es |trans-title=History of the Republic of Peru (1822 - 1933) |location=Lima |publisher=El Comercio |isbn=978-612-306-354-2}}</ref>
* [[October 6]] –  [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]], French naturalist (b. 1756)
* [[October 9]] – [[Lucia Pytter]], Norwegian philanthropist (b. 1762)
* [[October 13]] – King [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]] (b. 1756)
* [[November 7]] – [[Charlotte Dacre]], English Gothic novelist (b. {{circa|1772}})
* [[November 14]] – [[Jean Paul]], German writer (b. 1763)
* [[December 1]] – Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia]] (November 19 on the Russian calendar) b. 1777)
* [[December 28]] – [[James Wilkinson]], American soldier, statesman (b. 1757)
* [[December 29]] – [[Jacques-Louis David]], French painter (b. 1748)

===Dates unknown===
* [[Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur]], French mesmerist (b. 1751)
* [[Huang Peilie]], Chinese bibliophile (b. 1763)<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11384/ |title = Supplement to the Local Gazetteer of Wu Prefecture |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1134 |access-date = September 6, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Maria Angela Ardinghelli]], [[Italian people|Italian]] scientific [[translator]] (b. 1730)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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