Editing 1822

{{About year|1822|the book by Laurentino Gomes|1822 (book)}}
{{Year nav|1822}}
[[File:Coroaçao pedro I 001.jpg|thumb|250px|[[December 1]]: Dom Pedro I is crowned as the first [[Emperor of Brazil]].]]
[[File:Scène des massacres de Scio.jpg|thumb|250px|[[March 31]]: The [[Chios massacre]] of more than 20,000 Greek residents of [[Chios]] is carried out by Ottoman Empire troops.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:Louis Edouard Fournier - The Funeral of Shelley - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[August 16]]: Funeral of [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]]|alt=]]
{{Year article header|1822}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – The [[Greek Constitution of 1822]] is adopted by the [[First National Assembly at Epidaurus]].
* [[January 3]] – The famous French explorer, [[Aimé Bonpland]], is imprisoned in Paraguay on charges of espionage. 
* [[January 7]] – The first freed slaves from the [[United States]] [[history of Liberia|arrive on the west coast of Africa]], founding [[Monrovia]] on April 25.
* [[January 9]] – The Portuguese prince [[Pedro I of Brazil]] decides to stay in [[Brazil]] against the orders of the [[Portugal]]'s [[John VI of Portugal|King João VI]], beginning the Brazilian independence process.
* [[January 13]] – The design of the modern-day [[flag of Greece]] is adopted by the [[First National Assembly at Epidaurus]], for their [[Maritime flag|naval flag]].
* [[January 14]] – Greek War of Independence: [[Acrocorinth]] is captured by [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] and [[Demetrios Ypsilantis]].
* [[February 6]] – The Chinese [[Junk (ship)|junk]] ''[[Tek Sing]]'' sinks in the [[South China Sea]], drowning more than 1,800 people on board. The wreckage will not be located until [[1999]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Treasures of the Tek Sing | url=http://www.nauticalia.com/treasures-of-the-tek-sing.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124114936/http://www.nauticalia.com/treasures-of-the-tek-sing.html | archive-date=January 24, 2008 | accessdate = August 3, 2019}}</ref>
* [[February 9]] – The [[Invasion|invading]] [[Haiti]]an forces, led by [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]], arrive in [[Santo Domingo]], to overthrow the newly founded [[Dominican Republic]].
* [[February 24]] – The first [[List of Swaminarayan temples|Swaminarayan temple]], ''[[Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir]]'' at [[Ahmedabad]] in the [[British Raj]], is inaugurated.
* [[March 19]]
** The [[Holy Alliance]] sends the [[Ottoman Empire]] a final ultimatum after Ottoman repression of Austrian subjects in [[Bucharest]] during the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821|Wallachian uprising]], otherwise facing war with [[Austrian Empire|Austria]].
** [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], is incorporated as a [[Boston City Council|city]] following a vote.
* [[March 31]] – [[Greek War of Independence]] – [[Chios massacre]]: 20,000 Greeks on the island of [[Chios]] are slaughtered by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] troops, and 23,000 more are exiled.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dadrian|first=Vahakn N.|title=Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/warrantforgenoci00dadr/page/153 153]|isbn=1560003898|url=https://archive.org/details/warrantforgenoci00dadr/page/153}}</ref>

=== April–June ===
* [[April 25]] – The [[American Colonization Society]] lands at [[Cape Mesurado]] on the West African coast, after purchasing {{convert|60|mi|km}} of coastline. The settlement will soon become [[Monrovia]], as the nation of [[Liberia]] is established to fill the ACS mission of freeing black American slaves and sending them "back to Africa".<ref>"The Republic of Liberia, Its Products and Resources", by Gerald Ralston, in ''The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle'' (October 1862) p520</ref>
* [[April 30]] – [[George Canning]], President of the Board of Control in the House of Commons, moves to repeal a law that prohibited Roman Catholic peers from sitting or voting in the [[House of Lords]]. The motion passes, 235–223, on its second reading, but the House of Lords declines to pass it.<ref>Rev. James Taylor, ''The Age We Live in: A History of the Nineteenth Century, from the Peace of 1815 to the Present Time'' (William Mackenzie Co., 1882) p286</ref>
* [[May 16]] – [[Nairs]], the upper caste in British Raj, attack Sandar women for covering their upper body and breasts.
* [[May 24]] – [[Battle of Pichincha]]: [[Simón Bolívar]] secures the independence of [[Quito]].
* [[May 25]] – [[Christos Palaskas]] and Alexis Noutsos are executed by [[Odysseas Androutsos]]' forces.
* [[May 26]] – [[Grue Church fire]]: The biggest fire disaster in Norway's history kills 116 people. 
* [[June 6]] – [[Alexis St. Martin]] is accidentally shot in the stomach, which leads the way to [[William Beaumont]]'s studies on digestion.
* [[June 18]] – [[Greek War of Independence]]: [[Konstantinos Kanaris]] blows up the [[Ottoman navy]]'s flagship at [[Chios]], killing the [[Kapudan Pasha]] [[Nasuhzade Ali Pasha]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Finlay | first = George | author-link = George Finlay | title = History of the Greek Revolution, Vol. I | publisher =  William Blackwood and Sons | location = Edinburgh and London | year = 1861 | url = {{Google Books|-ktoAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y}} | pages = 316–318}}</ref>

=== July–September ===
* [[July 3]] – [[Charles Babbage]] publishes a proposal for a ''[[difference engine]]'', a forerunner of the modern computer, for calculating [[logarithm]]s and [[Trigonometry|trigonometric]] functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship (1823–1832), but it will never be completed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony|last=Hyman|author-link=R. Anthony Hyman|title=[[Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1982|isbn=0-19-858170-X|pages=51ff}}</ref>
*[[July 7]] – [[July 1822 Spanish coup d'état]], an attempt by supporters of [[Ferdinand VII]] to overthrow the [[Trienio Liberal|Liberal government]] of [[Spain]], fails.
* [[July 8]] – The [[Chippewa people]] cede a huge tract of land in [[Ontario]] to British control.
* [[July 13]] – [[Greek War of Independence]]: Greek soldiers defeat [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces at [[Thermopylae]].
* [[July 26]] – [[Guayaquil Conference]]: [[José de San Martín]] arrives in [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]], to meet [[Simón Bolívar]].
* [[July 27]] – Guayaquil Conference: [[Simón Bolívar]] and General [[José de San Martín]] meet in [[Guayaquil]], which Bolívar later annexes.
* [[July 31]] – The last public [[Flagellation|whipping]] is carried out in [[Edinburgh]].
* [[August 5]]–[[August 13|13]] – [[1822 Aleppo earthquake|A sequence of earthquakes]] occurs in the northern part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], causing severe damage from [[Gaziantep]] to [[Antakya]] in modern Turkey and from [[Aleppo]] to [[Khan Sheikhun]] in modern Syria. At least 20,000 people are killed.<ref name="Ambraseys_1989">{{Cite journal |last=Ambraseys |first=N.N. |date=1989 |title=Temporary seismic quiescence: SE Turkey |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=311–331 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb04453.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=1989GeoJI..96..311A }}</ref><ref name=Sbeinati>{{Cite journal|title=The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D.|last=Sbeinati|first=M.R.|author2=Darawcheh, R.|author3=Mouty, M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2005|journal=Annals of Geophysics|volume=48|issue=3|pages=347–435|access-date=16 February 2023|url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/908/1/01Sbeinati.pdf}}</ref>
* [[August 12]]
** [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Lord Castlereagh]], the British [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]],  commits suicide at his house in [[Kent]]. He is judged to have been [[insane]] at the time.<ref>Gates, Barbara. ''Victorian Suicide: Mad Crimes and Sad Histories''. Princeton University Press, 2014 p.3.</ref>
** St David's College (the modern-day [[University of Wales, Lampeter]]) is founded in Wales by [[Thomas Burgess (bishop, born 1756)|Thomas Burgess]], [[Bishop of St David's]].
* [[August 15]] — The [[visit of King George IV to Scotland]] begins and lasts until –[[August 29]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Prebble|first=John|author-link=John Prebble|title=The King's Jaunt: George IV in Scotland, August 1822 'One and Twenty Daft Days'|location=London|publisher=Collins|year=1988|isbn=0-00-215404-8|url=https://archive.org/details/kingsjauntgeorge0000preb}}</ref>
* [[August 16]] — The body of British poet [[Percy Bysse Shelley]], who died on July 8 in the sinking of his boat ''Don Juan'', is cremated at the beach, 10 days after his decomposed remains had washed ashore in Italy near [[Viareggio]]. His heart resists burning and is preserved separately.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: a biography|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-8860-1|location=Baltimore|pages=331–336}}</ref> 
* [[August 22]] – The English ship ''Orion'' lands at Yerba Buena on the North American west coast of Mexico, under the command of [[William A. Richardson]]. The area is later acquired by the U.S. and becomes the site of [[San Francisco]].
* [[September 7]] – [[Brazilian independence|Brazil declares its independence]] from [[Portugal]].
* [[September 8]]–[[September 13|13]] – [[Battle of Nauplia (1822)|Battle of Nauplia]]: In a series of naval engagements, the [[Ottoman Fleet]] fails to break through the [[Greek Fleet]], under Admiral [[Andreas Vokos Miaoulis]].
* [[September 11]] – The [[Roman Catholic Church]] first  permits the publication of [[Galileo Galilei]]'s 1632 treatise, ''[[Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems]]''.) 
* [[September 16]]
** [[George Canning]] is appointed British [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]].
** The [[Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822|Constituent Congress of Peru]] begins its first session.
* [[September 22]] – Portugal approves its first Constitution.
* [[September 27]] – [[Jean-François Champollion]] announces his success in deciphering [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]], using the [[Rosetta Stone]], in a letter to the ''[[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]'' in Paris (based on the work of [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]]).

=== October–December ===
* [[October 8]] – The [[Galunggung]] [[volcano]] erupts on [[West Java]], and is followed four days later by a second, more violent outburst. The two events kill more than 4,000 people and destroy 114 villages.<ref>Mungo Ponton, ''Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Their History, Phenomena, and Probable Causes'' (T. Nelson and Sons, 1870) pp223-225</ref>
* [[October 12]] – [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro, Crown Prince of Portugal]], is declared the constitutional [[Emperor of Brazil]], as Pedro the First.
* [[October 20]] – The [[Congress of Verona]] opens in the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]]-ruled province of [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia|Lombardy-Venetia]]. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the [[Congress of Vienna]] seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until [[December 14]], and [[Russia]], [[Austria]] and [[Prussia]] approve [[France|French]] intervention in [[Spain]].
* [[October 21]] – The volcano [[Mount Vesuvius]] near [[Naples]] erupts.<ref>* Scarth, Alywn. ''Vesuvius: A Biography''. Princeton University Press, 2022</ref>
* [[October 31]] – Emperor [[Agustín de Iturbide]] of the [[First Mexican Empire]] dissolves the country's [[Congress of the Union]], and replaces it with a [[military junta]].
* [[November 9]] – [[Action of 9 November 1822]]: {{USS|Alligator|1820}} engages three [[pirate]] [[schooner]]s off [[Cuba]], as part of the [[West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States]].
* [[November 13]]
** [[Greek War of Independence]]: [[Nafplio]] falls to the Greek rebels.
** The [[Congregation of St. Basil]] is founded in France.
* [[November 19]] – An earthquake near [[Valparaíso]] in [[Chile]] kills around 200 people, causes a tsunami and raises the coastal area.
* [[November 22]] – A fire in [[Guangzhou]] (Canton) kills 500 people, and destroys 13,070 homes and several European-owned businesses.<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) pp71</ref>
* [[December 1]] – [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] is crowned as the first [[List of monarchs of Brazil|Emperor of Brazil]].
* [[December 14]] – the [[Congress of Verona]] ends having endorsed [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|French Intervention in Spain]]

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Rocky Mountain Fur Company]] (''Ashley's Hundred'') leave from [[St. Louis, Missouri]], setting off a major increase in [[fur trade]].
* [[Coffee]] is no longer banned in [[Sweden]].

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Francis Galton 1850s.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Francis Galton]]]]
[[File:Ján Francisci 1862.png|110px|thumb|[[Ján Francisci-Rimavský]]]]
* [[January 2]] – [[Rudolf Clausius]], German physicist (d. 1888)
* [[January 6]]
** [[Menyhért Lónyay]], 5th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1884)
** [[Heinrich Schliemann]], German archaeologist (d. 1890)
* [[January 9]] – [[Carol Benesch]], [[Silesia]]n and [[Romania]]n [[architect]] (d. 1896)
* [[January 12]]  – [[Étienne Lenoir]], Belgian engineer (d. 1900)
* [[January 25]] – [[Charles Reed Bishop]], American businessman, [[philanthropist]] in Hawaii (d. 1915)
* [[January 28]] – [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. 1892)
* [[February 4]] – [[Edward Fitzgerald Beale]], American Navy Lieutenant, explorer (d. 1893)
* [[February 16]] – Sir [[Francis Galton]], English biologist (d. 1911)
* c. [[March]] – [[Harriet Tubman]] (born Araminta Ross), African-American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (d. 1913)
* [[March 14]] – [[Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies]], [[List of Brazilian consorts|Empress consort of Brazil]] (d. 1889)
* [[April 3]] – [[Edward Everett Hale]], American writer (d. 1909)
* [[April 26]] – [[Frederick Law Olmsted]], American landscape architect (d. 1903)
* [[April 27]] – [[Ulysses S. Grant]], 18th [[President of the United States]] (d. 1885)
* [[May 3]] – [[István Bittó]], 7th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1903)
* [[May 18]] – [[Mathew Brady]], American photographer (d. 1896)
* [[May 20]] – [[Frédéric Passy]], French economist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. 1912)
* [[May 26]] – [[Edmond de Goncourt]], French writer (d. 1896)
* [[May 11]] – [[Henry Baker Tristram]], English clergyman, ornithologist. (d. 1906)
* [[June 10]] – [[John Jacob Astor III]], American businessman (d. 1890)

=== July–December ===
[[File:Gregor Mendel oval.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gregor Mendel]]]]
[[File:Louis Pasteur, foto av Paul Nadar, Crisco edit.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Louis Pasteur]]]]
* [[July 4]] – [[Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume]], French sculptor (d. 1905)
* [[July 19]] – [[Princess Augusta of Cambridge]] (d. 1916)
* [[July 20]] – [[Gregor Mendel]], Czech geneticist (d. 1884)
* [[July 21]] – [[Elizabeth Herbert, Baroness Herbert of Lea]], English Catholic writer, translator, philanthropist, and influential social figure (d. 1911)
* [[July 25]] – [[Andrew Bryson]], American admiral (d. 1892)
* [[August 12]] – [[August von Bulmerincq]], [[Baltic Germans|Baltic German]] legal scholar (d. 1890)
* [[August 27]] – [[William Hayden English]], American politician (d. 1896)
* [[September 22]] – [[Avraamy Aslanbegov]], Russian admiral and historian (d. 1900)
* [[October 4]] – [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], 19th [[President of the United States]] (d. 1893)
* [[October 6]] – [[Benjamin F. Isherwood]], American admiral, United States Navy Engineer-in-Chief (d. 1915)
* [[December 10]] – [[César Franck]], Belgian composer, organist (d. 1890)
* [[December 24]] – [[Matthew Arnold]], English poet (d. 1888)
* [[December 27]] – [[Louis Pasteur]], French microbiologist, chemist (d. 1895)

== Deaths ==
=== January–June ===
[[File:Armand Emmanuel Duke of Richelieu.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu|Duke of Richelieu]].]]
* [[January 10]] – [[Bathilde d'Orléans]], French princess (b. 1750)
* [[January 16]] – [[Elisabeth Berenberg]], German banker (b. 1749) 
* [[January 21]] – [[Marie Aimée Lullin]], Swiss entomologist (b. 1751) 
* [[January 24]] – [[Ali Pasha of Yanina]], ruler of European Turkey (b. 1741)
* [[February 10]] – [[Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen]] (b. 1738)
* [[February 20]] – [[John "Walking" Stewart]], English traveller, philosopher (b. 1747)
* [[February 24]] – [[Thomas Coutts]], British banker (b. 1735)
* [[February 27]] – [[John Borlase Warren]], British admiral (b. 1753)
* [[March 1]] – [[Jack Jouett]], American politician (b. 1754)
* [[March 16]] – [[Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan]], French educator, lady in waiting (b. 1752)
* [[March 19]] – [[Valentin Haüy]], French educator, founder of the first school for the blind (b. 1745)
* [[April 14]] – [[Edmund Butcher]], English Unitarian minister (b. 1757)
* [[April 20]] – [[Allegra Byron]], illegitimate daughter of [[Lord Byron]] (b. 1817)
* [[May 8]] – [[John Stark]], American Revolutionary War general (b. 1728)
* [[May 17]] – [[Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu]], Prime Minister of France (b. 1766)
* [[May 27]] – [[Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]] (b. 1772)
* [[June 3]]
** [[Thomas Bulkeley, 7th Viscount Bulkeley]], English aristocrat and politician (b. 1752)
** [[René Just Haüy]], French "father of modern crystallography" (b. 1743)
* [[June 15]] – [[Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford]] (b. 1752)
* [[June 25]] – [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]], German Romantic author (b. 1776)

=== July–December ===
[[File:Percy Bysshe Shelley by Alfred Clint.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]]]
[[File:Lord Castlereagh Marquess of Londonderry.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Lord Castlereagh (painting)|Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh]]]]
[[File:William Herschel01.jpg|110px|thumb|[[William Herschel]]]]
* [[July 8]] – [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], British poet (b. 1792)
* [[July 15]] – [[Manuel Torres (diplomat)|Manuel Torres]], first Colombian ambassador to the United States (b. 1762)
* [[August 4]] – [[Kristjan Jaak Peterson]], Estonian poet (b. 1801)
* [[August 12]] – [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh]], British foreign secretary (suicide) (b. 1769)
* [[August 25]] – [[William Herschel]], German-born British astronomer (b. 1738)
* [[September 8]] – [[Sophie de Condorcet]], politically active French salonist, feminist (b. 1764)
* [[October 13]] – [[Antonio Canova]], Italian sculptor (b. 1757)
* [[October 16]] – [[Eva Marie Veigel]], Austrian-born English ballet dancer, known as ''La Violette'' (b. 1724)
* [[October 26]] – [[Mahmud Dramali Pasha]], Ottoman vizier (b. c. 1780)
* [[October 31]] – [[Jared Ingersoll]], U.S. presidential candidate (b. 1749)
* [[November 6]] – [[Claude Louis Berthollet]], French chemist (b. 1748)
* [[November 24]] – [[Zofia Potocka]], Greek-Polish noble and agent (b. 1760)
* [[November 26]] – [[Karl August von Hardenberg]], [[Prussia]]n politician (b. 1750)
* [[December 7]] – [[John Aikin]], English doctor and writer (b. 1747)
* [[December 17]] – [[Giovanni Fabbroni]], Italian scientist (b. 1752)

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Manuela Medina]], Mexican national heroine (b. 1780)
* [[Sara Oust]], Norwegian lay minister (b. 1778)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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