Editing 1810s

{{Short description|Decade of the Gregorian calendar}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2010}}
<imagemap>File:1810s collage.jpg|thumb|335x335px|From top left, clockwise: the '''[[Battle of Waterloo]]''' signified the end of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Napoleonic Wars|conquests]], as it sealed the downfall of [[First French Empire|his empire]] and brought his campaigns to an end; The '''[[French invasion of Russia]]''' and the subsequent retreat from [[General Winter|Russia's harsh winter]] proved to be a turning point in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], as food shortages and drastic supply loss led to catastrophic French losses from which [[Napoleon]] would never recover; The '''[[stethoscope]]''' was invented – its first prototype made by Frenchman [[René Laennec]] could be shown here. His invention proved to be an innovation that changed the course of medical diagnosis and overall [[medicine|medicinal sciences]]; [[Mount Tambora]]'s '''[[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora|eruption in 1815]]''' – the world's largest volcanic eruption in recorded history&nbsp;– inflicted over 90,000 human deaths, a cycle of [[Year Without a Summer #Europe|famines]], and a series harsh winters over the next few years, in a period that would be known as the '''[[Year Without a Summer]]'''. Its global impact had arguably made its eruption the world's most influential –and worst– volcanic eruption on contemporary history; - '''[[War of 1812]]''' was fought over Canada and the U.S, and largely involved the struggle between remnants of British imperialism on the continent, with the then-fledgeling nationalist movements that sprung as the aftermath of the [[American Revolutionary War]] and [[Independence Day (United States)|the United States' independence]]. It is widely considered as a spillover political conflict of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]; The '''[[Great Comet of 1811]]''' made a brief appearance. Observations made by amateur scientists evolved modern-day understanding of [[comets]], and eventually forged a way for [[astronomy]] knowledge; '''[[Theory of Colours]]''' was first published. The German-made theory helped inspire countless of [[visual arts]] and [[design]] concepts in the future, as well as nurturing further understanding on [[colours]]; The '''[[gas light]]''' becomes widely implemented into urban systems – mainly as [[streetlights]] – after its inception on the [[1800s (decade)|1800s]].
rect 30 30 1632 1077 [[Battle of Waterloo]]
rect 1663 30 3332 1077 [[French invasion of Russia]]
rect 30 1108 1088 2155 [[Theory of Colours]]
rect 1119 1108 2166 2155 [[Gas lighting]]
rect 2197 1108 3223 2155 [[Stethoscope]]
rect 30 2186 1088 3233 [[Great Comet of 1811]]
rect 1119 2186 2166 3223 [[War of 1812]]
rect 2197 2186 3223 2702 [[Year Without a Summer]]
rect 2191 2704 3223 3223 [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora]]
</imagemap>
{{Decadebox|181}}

The '''1810s''' (pronounced "eighteen-tens") was a [[decade]] of the [[Gregorian calendar]] that began on January 1, 1810, and ended on December 31, 1819.

The decade was opened with a very hostile political climate around the world. [[Napoleon]] was invading France's neighbours in efforts to build a [[First French Empire|French Empire]], causing a chain of global-scaled conflicts known as the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Here, France's Napoleonic empire saw its rise and fall through events such as [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|Napoleon's attempts to conquer Russia]], the [[War of 1812]] (spillover to America), and the [[Battle of Waterloo]] (Napoleon's ultimate defeat). [[Imperialism]] began to encroach towards African and Asian territories through trade, as the United States saw mass-scaled migration that headed [[American frontier|westward towards the American frontier]] (mostly through the opening of the [[Oregon Trail]].)

==Politics and wars==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1810s}}

=== Napoleonic Wars ===
{{Main|Napoleonic Wars}}
[[File:France L-2 (1812)-fr.svg|thumb|[[130 departments of the First French Empire|Napoleonic ''départements'']] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] at its height in 1812.]]
In 1810, the French Empire reached its greatest extent. On the continent, the British and Portuguese remained restricted to the area around [[Lisbon]] and to [[Siege of Cádiz|besieged Cadiz]]. Napoleon married [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie-Louise]], an Austrian Archduchess, with the aim of ensuring a more stable alliance with Austria and of providing the Emperor with an heir. As well as the French Empire, Napoleon controlled the Swiss Confederation, the Confederation of the Rhine, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Italy. Territories allied with the French included: the Kingdom of Spain, the [[Kingdom of Westphalia]], the Kingdom of Naples, the [[Principality]] of Lucca and Piombino, and Napoleon's former enemies, Prussia and Austria. [[Denmark–Norway]] also allied with France in opposition to Great Britain and Sweden in the [[Gunboat War]].

[[Image:Minard.png|thumb|left|Charles Minard's graph showing the diminishing strength of the Grande Armée during the [[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812]]
The [[French invasion of Russia]] of 1812 was a turning point, which reduced the [[First French Empire|French]] and allied invasion forces (the [[Grande Armée]]) to a tiny fraction of their initial strength and triggered a major shift in European politics, as it dramatically weakened the previously dominant French position on the continent.  After the disastrous invasion of Russia,  a coalition of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], Sweden, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], and a number of [[Confederation of the Rhine|German States]], and the rebels in [[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] united to battle France in the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]].  Two-and-a-half million troops fought in the conflict and the total dead amounted to as many as two million.  This era included the battles of [[Battle of Smolensk (1812)|Smolensk]], [[Battle of Borodino|Borodino]], [[Battle of Lützen (1813)|Lützen]], [[Battle of Bautzen (1813)|Bautzen]], and the [[Battle of Dresden|Dresden]]. It also included the epic [[Battle of Leipzig]] in October, 1813 (also known as the Battle of Nations), which was the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, which drove Napoleon out of Germany.

[[File:Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[The Battle of Waterloo (painting, Sadler II)|Battle of Waterloo]]]]

The final stage of the War of the Sixth Coalition, the defense of France in 1814, saw the French Emperor temporarily repulse the vastly superior armies in the [[Six Days Campaign]].  Ultimately, the Allies occupied Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and [[Bourbon Restoration in France|restoring the Bourbons]].  Napoleon was exiled to [[Elba]].  Also in 1814, Denmark–Norway was defeated by Great Britain and Sweden and had to cede the territory of mainland Norway to the King of Sweden at the [[Treaty of Kiel]].

Napoleon shortly returned from exile, landing in France on March 1, 1815, marking the [[War of the Seventh Coalition]], heading toward Paris while the [[Congress of Vienna]] was sitting. On March 13, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna [[s:Declaration at the Congress of Vienna|declared him an outlaw]]; four days later the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], members of the [[Seventh Coalition]], bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule.<ref name=Hamilton-William-59>Hamilton-Williams, David p. 59</ref>  This set the stage for the last conflict in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the defeat of Napoleon at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of [[Saint Helena]], where he died in May 1821.

===Spanish American wars of independence===
{{Main|Spanish American wars of independence}}

Spain in the 1810s was a country in turmoil. Occupied by [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "[[Peninsular War|war of independence]]" ensued, driven by an emergent Spanish [[nationalism]]. Already in 1810, the [[Caracas]] and [[Buenos Aires]] juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain and sent ambassadors to the United Kingdom. [[Colombia]], once become part of [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]] became the first Spanish colony in [[South America]] to declare independence from [[Spain]] on 20 July 1810 as the third oldest independent republic in the [[New World]] after [[Haiti]] and the [[United States]]. The British [[blockade]] against Spain had also moved most of the Latin American colonies out of the Spanish economic sphere and into the British sphere, with whom extensive trade relations were developed. The remaining Spanish colonies had operated with virtual independence from Madrid after their pronouncement against Joseph Bonaparte.

The Spanish government in exile ([[Cortes of Cádiz]]) created the first modern [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Spanish constitution]]. Even so, agreements made at the [[Congress of Vienna]] (where Spain was represented by [[Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador]]) would cement international support for the old, [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist]] regime in Spain.

King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]], who assumed the throne after Napoleon was driven out of Spain, refused to agree to the [[liberalism|liberal]] [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]] on his accession to the throne in 1814.  The [[Spanish Empire]] in the New World had largely supported the cause of Ferdinand VII over the Bonapartist pretender to the throne in the midst of the [[Napoleonic Wars]].  When Ferdinand's rule was restored, these juntas were cautious of abandoning their autonomy, and an alliance between local elites, merchant interests, nationalists, and liberals opposed to the abrogation of the Constitution of 1812 rose up against the Spanish in the New World.

[[File:Battle of Chacabuco.jpg|thumb|The victory of General [[José de San Martín]] over Spanish forces at the [[Battle of Chacabuco]], 12 February 1817]]

The arrival of Spanish forces in the American colonies began in 1814, and was briefly successful in restoring central control over large parts of the Empire. [[Simón Bolívar]], the leader of revolutionary forces in [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]], was briefly forced into exile in British-controlled [[Jamaica]], and independent [[Haiti]]. In 1816, however, Bolivar found enough popular support that he was able to return to South America, and in a daring march from Venezuela to New Granada ([[Colombia]]), he defeated Spanish forces at the [[Battle of Boyacá]] in 1819, ending Spanish rule in Colombia. [[Venezuela]] was liberated June 24, 1821, when Bolivar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the Battle of Carabobo. [[Argentina]] declared its independence in 1816 (though it had been operating with virtual independence as a British client since 1807 after successfully [[British invasions of the River Plate|resisting a British invasion]]). [[Chile]] was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under [[José de San Martín]], for the first time in history, crossed the [[Andes Mountains]] from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the [[Battle of Chacabuco]] in 1817.

Spain would also lose [[Florida]] to the United States during this decade.  First, in 1810, the [[West Florida|Republic of West Florida]] declared its independence from Spain, and was quickly annexed by the United States.  Later, in 1818, the United States invaded Florida, resulting in the [[Adams-Onís Treaty]], wherein Spain ceded the rest of Florida to the United States.

In 1820, [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Central America]] still remained under Spanish control.  Although [[Mexico]] had been in revolt in 1811 under [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]], resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] bands in the countryside.  King Ferdinand was still dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it.  A large expedition was assembled in [[Cadiz]] with the aim of reconquest. However, Ferdinand's plans would be disrupted by [[Trienio Liberal|Liberal Revolution]], and Ferdinand was eventually forced to give up all of the New World colonies, except for [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]].

===War of 1812===
In 1812, the United States declared war on [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] in the [[War of 1812]].  The U.S. reasons for war included the humiliation in the [[Chesapeake–Leopard affair|"Chesapeake incident" of 1807]], continued British [[impressment]] of American sailors into the [[Royal Navy]], restrictions on trade with France, and arming hostile American Indians in Ohio and the western territories.<ref>Wood, ''Empire of Liberty'' (2009) ch 18</ref>  United States President [[James Madison]] signed a declaration of war on June 18, 1812.

The United States conducted two failed invasion attempts in 1812, first by General [[William Hull]] across the [[Detroit River]] into what is now [[Windsor, Ontario]], and a second offensive at the [[Niagara Peninsula|Niagara peninsula]].  A major American success came in 1813, when the American Navy destroyed the British fleet on Lake Erie, and forced the British and their American Indian allies to retreat back toward Niagara.<ref>Heidler and Heidler, ''Encyclopedia of the War of 1812'', pp 290-93</ref>    They were intercepted and destroyed by General [[William Henry Harrison]] at the [[Battle of the Thames]] in October 1813. [[Tecumseh]], the leader of the tribal confederation, was killed, and his Indian coalition disintegrated.<ref>Hickey, ''War of 1812'' p. 183</ref>

At sea, the powerful [[Royal Navy]] blockaded much of the coastline, conducting frequent raids. The most famous episode was a series of British raids on the shores of [[Chesapeake Bay]], including an attack on Washington that resulted in the British burning of the [[White House]], the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], the [[Washington Navy Yard|Navy Yard]], and other public buildings, in the "[[Burning of Washington]]" in 1814.

Once Napoleon was defeated in 1814, France and Britain became allies and Britain ended the trade restrictions and the impressment of American sailors.  Running out of reasons for war and stuck in a military stalemate, the two countries signed the [[Treaty of Ghent]] on December 24, 1814.  News of the peace treaty took two months to reach the U.S., during which fighting continued.  In this interim, the British made one last major invasion, attempting to capture New Orleans, but were decisively defeated with very heavy losses by General Andrew Jackson at the [[Battle of New Orleans]] in January 1815.  The ending of the war opened a long era of peaceful relations between the United States and the British Empire.

===1804–1813 Russo-Persian War===
The [[Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)|1804–1813 Russo-Persian War]] was one of the many wars between the [[Qajar dynasty|Persian Empire]] and [[Imperial Russia]], and was well underway at the beginning of the decade.  In 1810, the Persians scaled up their efforts late in the war, declaring a holy war on Imperial Russia.  However, Russia's superior technology and tactics ensured a series of strategic victories.  Even when the French were in occupation of the Russian capital Moscow, Russian forces in the south were not recalled but continued their offensive against Persia, culminating in [[Pyotr Kotlyarevsky]]'s victories at [[Battle of Aslanduz|Aslanduz]] and [[Lenkoran]], in 1812 and 1813 respectively. Upon the Persian surrender, the terms of the [[Treaty of Gulistan]] ceded the vast majority of the previously disputed territories to Imperial Russia. This led to the region's once-powerful [[Khan (title)|khans]] being decimated and forced to pay homage to Russia.

===Concert of Europe===
[[File:Europe 1815 map en.png|right|thumb|upright=1.35|National boundaries of Europe as set by the [[Congress of Vienna]], 1814.]]
{{Main|Concert of Europe}}
By 1815, Europe had been almost constantly at war. During this time, the military conquests of France had resulted in the spread of [[liberalism]] throughout much of the continent, resulting in many states adopting the [[Napoleonic code]]. Largely as a reaction to the radicalism of the [[French Revolution]],<ref>Wood, ''Empire of Liberty'' (2009), pg. 329.</ref> the victorious powers of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] resolved to suppress liberalism and [[nationalism]], and revert largely to the ''[[status quo]]'' of Europe prior to 1789.<ref>Wood, ''Empire of Liberty'' (2009), pg 330.</ref>

[[File:Congress of Vienna.PNG|left|thumb|Congress Vienna, Jean Godefroy – [[Jean-Baptiste Isabey]]]]
The result was the [[Concert of Europe]], also known as the "Congress System". It was the [[Balance of power in international relations|balance of power]] that existed in Europe from 1815 until the early 20th century. Its founding members were the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Austrian Empire]], [[Russian Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the members of the [[Quadruple Alliance (1815)|Quadruple Alliance]] responsible for the downfall of the [[First French Empire]]; in time France became established as a fifth member of the concert. At first, the leading personalities of the system were British foreign secretary [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Lord Castlereagh]], Austrian chancellor [[Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich]] and [[Tsar]] [[Alexander I of Russia]].

The [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Russian Empire]] formed the [[Holy Alliance]] with the expressed intent of preserving [[Christianity|Christian]] social values and traditional [[monarchism]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07398a.htm Spahn, M. (1910). Holy Alliance. In ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from New Advent.]</ref> Every member of the coalition promptly joined the Alliance, save for the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].

Among the meetings of the Powers in the latter part of the 1810s were the Congresses of [[Congress of Vienna|Vienna]] (1814–1815), [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)|Aix-la-Chappelle]] (1818), and [[Carlsbad Decrees|Carlsbad]] (1819).

===Other political events===

==== Australia ====
* [[Black War]] (1804–1835)
* [[Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars]] (1795–1816)

====Asia====
* 1810: [[Ching Shih]] and [[Zhang Baozai|Chang Pao]] surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government.
* 1810: Russia acquires [[Sukhumi]] through a treaty with the [[Abkhazia]]n dukes, and declares a [[protectorate]] over the whole of [[Abkhazia]].
* [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)]]
** May 28, 1812 – Russian field marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] signs the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1812|Treaty of Bucharest]], ending the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1806–1812]] and making [[Bessarabia]] a part of [[Imperial Russia]].
* October 31, 1817 – [[Emperor Ninkō]] accedes to the throne of Japan.
* 1818: The [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] is fought between the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] and the [[British East India Company]] troops resulting in the defeat of the [[Peshwa]], the breakup of the [[Maratha Empire]], and the loss of Maratha independence to the British as they annexed Central India. The last Peshwa is exiled to Bithur near Kanpur. His adopted son and heir [[Nana Saheb]] was one of the principal revolutionary commanders in the [[Indian Mutiny]].

====Europe====
* August 21, 1810 – [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte]], [[Marshal of France]], is elected [[Crown Prince]] of Sweden by the Swedish [[Riksdag of the Estates]].
* September 26, 1810 – A new [[Swedish Act of Succession|Act of Succession]] is adopted by the [[Riksdag of the Estates]] and [[Charles XIV of Sweden|Jean Baptiste Bernadotte]] becomes heir to the [[Sweden|Swedish]] throne.
* October 12, 1810 – First [[Oktoberfest]]: The [[Bavaria]]n royalty invites the citizens of [[Munich]] to join the celebration of the marriage of [[Ludwig I, King of Bavaria|Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria]] to [[Princess]] [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]].
* February 5, 1811 – [[British Regency]]: [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince of Wales]] becomes [[prince regent]] because of the perceived insanity of his father, King [[George III of the United Kingdom]].
* September, 1811 – [[Nathan of Breslov]] leads the first annual [[Rosh Hashana kibbutz (Breslov)|Rosh Hashana kibbutz]] (pilgrimage) of [[Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)|Breslov]] Hasidim to the grave of [[Rabbi Nachman of Breslov]] in [[Uman, Ukraine]].
* January 1, 1812 – The ''[[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]'' (the Austrian [[civil code]]) enters into force in the [[Austrian Empire]].
* May 11, 1812 – [[John Bellingham]] assassinates [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Spencer Perceval]] in the lobby of the [[British House of Commons]].
* July 18, 1812 – [[Russia's Patriotic War]], 1812 – [[Battle of Klyastitsy]]: [[Kulnev]] defeats [[Oudinot]] but sustains a mortal wound.
* October 18–October 20, 1812 – [[Second Battle of Polotsk]] – Russia
* December 30, 1812 – [[Convention of Tauroggen]] was signed.
* 1812 – The [[Capital (political)|capital]] of Finland is moved from [[Turku]] to [[Helsinki]].
* November 10, 1813 – A [[1812 United Kingdom general election|general election]] in the United Kingdom sees victory for the [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] Party under [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]].
* 1813 – [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen|George Hamilton-Gordon]] serves as ambassador extraordinaire in [[Vienna]].
* [[Norway in 1814]]
** January 14, 1814 – Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden in exchange for west [[Pomerania]], as part of the [[Treaty of Kiel]].
** February 11, 1814 – Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the [[Kalmar Union]].
** April 12, 1814 – The [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] is re-established.
** May 17, 1814 – The [[Constitution of Norway]] is signed and the [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Crown Prince]] [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian Frederik]] is elected [[King of Norway]] by the [[Norwegian Constituent Assembly]].
* May 3, 1814 – The [[Duke of Provence]], the future [[Louis XVIII of France]], returns to Paris.
* May 17, 1814 – The [[Military occupation|occupation]] of [[Monaco]] changes from French to Austrian hands.
* May 30, 1814 – The [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|First Treaty of Paris]] is signed returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. [[Napoleon I of France]] is exiled to [[Elba]] on the same day.
* August 12, 1814 – In England, the last hanging under the [[Black Act]] is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an [[orchard]] (even the [[judge]] petitioned for reprieve).
* August 13, 1814 – The [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]] is signed.
* January 3, 1815 – [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against [[Prussia]] and Russia.
* March 15, 1815 – [[Joachim Murat]], [[Kingdom of Naples|King of Naples]] declares war on [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] in an attempt to save his throne, starting the [[Neapolitan War]].
* March 16, 1815 – [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]] becomes [[Dutch monarchy|King of the Netherlands]].
* April 23, 1815 – The [[Second Serbian Uprising]] against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule takes place in [[Takovo]], [[Serbia]]. By the end of the year [[Serbia]] is acknowledged as a semi-independent state; the ideals of the [[First Serbian Uprising]] have thus been temporarily achieved.
* May 3, 1815 – [[Battle of Tolentino]]: [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] defeats the [[Kingdom of Naples]], which quickly ends the [[Neapolitan War]]. [[Joachim Murat]], the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to [[Corsica]] and is later executed.
* 1815: In Britain, use of the [[pillory]] is limited to punishment for [[perjury]].
* January 1, 1816 – [[Tsar]] [[Alexander I of Russia]] signs an order for the expulsion of the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] from the Russian Empire.
* March 25, 1816 – [[Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]] dies and is succeeded by the later [[Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]], his son and founder of the [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]].
*  1816: The [[Senate of Finland]] is established.
* 1816: The [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottomans]] grant [[Serbia]] local [[autonomy]].
* April 3, 1817 – [[Princess Caraboo]] appears in [[Almondsbury]] in [[Gloucestershire]], England.
* May 11, 1818 – [[Charles XIV of Sweden|Charles XIV]] of [[Sweden-Norway]] is crowned king of Sweden.
* September 7, 1818 – [[Charles III John of Norway|Carl III]] of [[Sweden-Norway]] is crowned king of Norway, in [[Trondheim]].
* September 23, 1818 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of [[Moresnet]].
* September 20, 1819 – The [[Carlsbad Decree]] is issued throughout the [[German Confederation]].

====Africa====
* 1810: [[Amadou Lobbo]] initiates his [[Amadu's Jihad|jihad]] in present-day [[Mali]].
* 1810: The Battle of Vieux Grand Port (''Great Old Port'') in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the Island of Mauritius, was the only naval victory won by Napoleon. This battle has very often been ignored by scholars, but was of great importance for the control of the Indian Ocean as a trade route between Europe and the East.
* March 1, 1811 – [[Citadel Massacre]]: [[Egypt]]ian ruler [[Mehemet Ali (Egypt)|Mohammed Ali]] kills the last [[Mamluk]] leaders.
* 1813: Following the death of his father [[Wossen Seged]], [[Sahle Selassie]] arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Méridazmach of [[Shewa]].
* 1816: [[Banjul]], capital of [[the Gambia]], is founded as a trading post, and named Bathurst.
* August 27, 1816 – [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]]: Various European Allie ships force the [[Dey of Algiers]] to free Christian slaves.
* 1818: [[Shaka]] starts to rule.
* [[Mtetwa Empire]] Expansion

====North America====
* May 1, 1810 – [[Macon's Bill Number 2]] becomes law.
* June 4, 1810 – [[The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves]] is founded in [[Dedham, Massachusetts]].
* 1811: The [[Red River Colony]] is founded in [[Manitoba]], Canada.
* March 22, 1811 – The [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]] for Manhattan is presented.
* November 7, 1811 – [[Battle of Tippecanoe]]: American troops led by [[William Henry Harrison]] defeat the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] chief Tecumseh.
* February 11, 1812 – [[Massachusetts]] [[governor]] [[Elbridge Gerry]] invents [[gerrymandering]].
* April 4, 1812 – [[U.S. President]] [[James Madison]] enacts a 90-day [[embargo]] on trade with the United Kingdom.
* April 30, 1812 – [[Louisiana]] is admitted as the 18th [[U.S. state]].
* June 4, 1812 – Following [[Louisiana]]'s admittance as a [[U.S. state]], the territory by that name is renamed the [[Missouri Territory]].
* October 1812 – The capital of the [[Pennsylvania]], United States is permanently moved from [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].
* November 5, 1812 – [[James Madison]] defeats [[DeWitt Clinton]] in the [[1812 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]].
* March 27, 1814 – [[Creek War]] – [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)|Battle of Horseshoe Bend]]: In northern [[Alabama]], United States forces under General [[Andrew Jackson]] defeat the [[Muscogee|Creek]] Indians.
* December 15, 1814 – The [[Hartford Convention]] is convened by members of the American [[Federalist Party]].
* February – The [[Hartford Convention]] arrives in Washington, D.C..
* August 24, 1816 – The [[Treaty of St. Louis (1816)|Treaty of St. Louis]] is signed in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].
* November 6, 1816 – [[James Monroe]] defeats [[Rufus King]] in the [[1816 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]].
* December 11, 1816 – [[Indiana]] is admitted as the 19th [[U.S. state]].
* 1816: The [[Second Bank of the United States]] obtains its charter.
* The [[Era of Good Feelings]] (1816–1823/1824) in the U.S.
* March 3
**<!--March 3-->President [[James Madison]] vetoes [[John C. Calhoun]]'s [[Bonus Bill of 1817|Bonus Bill]].
**<!--March 3-->U.S. Congress passes law to split the [[Mississippi Territory]], after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the [[Alabama Territory]] effective in August.<ref name=TN/>
* March 4, 1817 – [[James Monroe]] [[First inauguration of James Monroe|succeeds]] [[James Madison]] as President of the United States of America.
* April 29, 1817 – The [[Rush–Bagot Treaty]] is signed.
<!--IMAGE-->[[File:Mississippi Territory dark.gif|thumb|Aug. 15: [[Alabama Territory]] new.<br/>[[December 10|Dec. 10]]: [[Mississippi]] statehood.]]
* August 15, 1817 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the [[Alabama Territory]] is created by splitting the [[Mississippi Territory]] in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, 4 months before [[Mississippi]] becomes a U.S. state.<ref name=TN/>
* November 20, 1817 – The [[First Seminole War]] begins in [[Florida]].
* December 10, 1817 – [[Mississippi]] is admitted as the 20th [[U.S. state]], formerly the [[Mississippi Territory]].<ref name="TN">"An 1820 Claim to Congress: Alabama Territory : 1817",
  ''The Intruders'', TNGenNet Inc., 2001, quick webpage:
  [http://www.tngenweb.org/tnland/intruders/claim-537 TN-537]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>
* April 4, 1818 – The [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] adopts the [[flag of the United States]] as having 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 stars) with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.
* August 1, 1818 – Separate [[Topographical Bureau]] of the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].
* October 20, 1818 – The [[Treaty of 1818]] between the United States and the United Kingdom establishes the northern boundary as the 49th parallel from the [[Lake of the Woods]] to the [[Rocky Mountains]], also creating the [[Northwest Angle]].
* December 3, 1818 – [[Illinois]] is admitted as the 21st [[U.S. state]].
*February 2, 1819 – The Supreme Court under [[John Marshall]] rules in favor of [[Dartmouth College]] in the famous ''[[Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]'' case, allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.
*March 6, 1819 – ''[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]'': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that the [[Second Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]] is constitutional.
* 1819: The [[ʻAi Noa]] movement takes power in [[Hawaii]].
* The city of Fernandina of Jagua (later Cienfuegos City) is founded in [[Cuba]].
*December 14, 1819 – [[Alabama]] is admitted as the 22nd [[U.S. state]].

====South America====
* 1814: [[Guyana]] is transferred from the Netherlands to Britain; it is renamed ''[[British Guiana]]''.
* August 22, 1817 – The city of [[Araraquara]], Brazil is founded.
*The Spanish [[colony]] of [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]] declares independence as the [[Republic of Gran Colombia]] under President [[Simón Bolívar]] (1800–1900)* Stars the period of [[Spanish American wars of independence|Latin American revolutions]]. Several states declare their independence from Spain.
* 1817: The [[Pernambucan Revolt]] breaks out in Brazil.

==Commerce==

=== Trading companies ===
* June 23, 1810 – [[John Jacob Astor]] forms the [[Pacific Fur Company]].
* September 8, 1810 – The ''[[Tonquin (1807)|Tonquin]]'' sets sail from [[New York Harbor]] with 33 employees of [[John Jacob Astor]]'s newly created [[Pacific Fur Company]] on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the [[Columbia River]] and Astor's men establish the fur-trading town of [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]].
* 1810: [[Palm oil]] sales from West Africa to Britain reach 1,000 tons.
* February 2, 1812 – Russia establishes a fur trading colony at [[Fort Ross, California]].
* June 19, 1816 – [[Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)|Battle of Seven Oaks]]: The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] is defeated by the [[North West Fur-Trading Company]], near [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Canada.
* 1818: [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]], [[governor-general]] of India, gives approval to [[Sir]] [[Stamford Raffles]] to establish trading station at the southern tip of the [[Malay Peninsula]] (modern-day [[Singapore]]).
* 1818: The [[British East India Company]] controls territory occupied by 180 million [[demographics of India|Indians]].
*January 29, 1819 – Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] lands on the island of [[Singapore]].
*February 6, 1819 – A formal treaty between [[Hussein Shah of Johor]] and the British Sir [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] establishes a trading settlement in [[Singapore]].

===Establishments===
* 1812: The Old Oscar Pepper Distillery (now the [[Woodford Reserve|Woodford Reserve Distillery]]), the oldest [[Kentucky]] [[Bourbon whiskey|Bourbon]] [[distillation|distillery]], is established along [[Glenn's Creek]] in [[Woodford County, Kentucky]].
* February 3, 1815 – The first commercial [[cheese]] factory is founded in Switzerland.
* 1816: ''[[E. Remington and Sons]]'' (the famous firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company) is founded.
* April 7, 1818 –  ''[[Brooks Brothers]]'', the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the [[South Street Seaport]] now stands.
*March 20, 1819 – [[Burlington Arcade]] opens in London.

===Slavery, Serfdom and Labor===
* 1810: Adult cotton spinners stage a [[general strike]] in [[Manchester]].
* 1810: 18,000 [[Angola]]ns are sold at [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil.
* January 8, 1811 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by [[Charles Deslandes]] in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, [[Louisiana]].
* March 23, 1816 – [[Estonia]] emancipates its peasants from [[serfdom]].
*February 15, 1819 – The [[United States House of Representatives]] agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the [[Missouri Compromise]]).
*August 16, 1819 – [[Peterloo Massacre]]:  The cavalry charges into a crowd of protesters in [[Manchester]], UK, resulting in 11 deaths and over 400 injuries.
* 1819: [[Serfdom]] is abolished in [[Livonia]].

===Luddites===
* The [[Luddite]]s (1811–1816) in Britain were machine-wreckers, protesting against machines perceived as taking their jobs.
* November, 1811 – [[Luddite]] uprisings begin in northern England and the [[English Midlands|Midlands]].
* February 27, 1812 – [[Poet]] [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] gives his first address as a member of the [[House of Lords]], in defense of [[Luddite]] violence against [[Industrialism]] in his home county of [[Nottinghamshire]].
* March 15, 1812 – [[Luddites]] attack the [[wool]] processing factory of [[Frank Vickerman]] in [[West Yorkshire]].

===Economics===
* February 21, 1814 – [[Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814]].
*January 2, 1819 – The [[Panic of 1819]] (the first major [[financial crisis]] in the United States) begins.

==Science and technology==
[[File:Goethe-LightSpectrum.svg|thumb|Goethe publishes ''[[Theory of Colours]]'']]
* [[Gas lighting]] becomes a practical technology and is implemented in cities in Europe and the United States.
* June – [[Nicolas Appert]] publishes ''L'art de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les substances animales ou végétales'', the first description of modern [[food preservation]] using airtight containers
* 1810: [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] publishes his ''[[Theory of Colours]]''.
* July 11, 1811 – Italian scientist [[Amedeo Avogadro]] publishes his memoire about the molecular content of gases.
* February 12, 1812 – [[Napoleon]] authorizes the usage of "[[Mesures usuelles]]", a system of [[measurement]] introduced as compromise between the [[metric system]] and traditional French measurements. The system was restricted to use in the retail industry and continued in use until 1840, when the laws of measurement from the 1795 and 1799 were reinstituted. (see also: [[Units of measurement in France]])
* 1813: [[Mathieu Orfila]] publishes his groundbreaking ''Traité des poisons'', formalizing the field of [[toxicology]].
* October 21, 1815 – [[Humphry Davy]] patents the [[miner's safety lamp]] for use in [[coal]] [[mining]].
* January 9, 1816 – Sir [[Humphry Davy]] tests the [[Davy lamp]] for Miners at [[Hebburn]] Colliery.
* 1816 – [[René Laennec]] invents the [[stethoscope]].
* 1816 – [[Robert Stirling]] [[patent]]s his [[Stirling engine]], then known as Stirling's air engine.
* [[John Kidd (chemist)|John Kidd]] extracts [[naphthalene]] from [[coal]] tar.

=== Astronomy ===
* [[March 25]], [[1811]] – The [[Great Comet of 1811]] is discovered by [[Honoré Flaugergues]].
* [[July 1]], [[1819]] – [[Johann Georg Tralles]] discovers the [[Great Comet of 1819]], (C/1819 N1). It was the first comet analyzed using [[polarimetry]], by [[François Arago]].

=== Steamboats ===
[[File:Enterprise 03.jpg|left|thumb|"Enterprise on her fast trip to Louisville, 1815"]] 
The 1810s continued a trend of increasing commercial viability of [[steamboat]]s in North America, following the early success of [[Robert Fulton]] and others in the preceding years.  In 1811 the first in a continuously operating line of river steamboats left the dock at [[Pittsburgh]] to steam down the [[Ohio River]] to the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and on to [[New Orleans]].<ref>[http://www.carnegielibrary.org/locations/pennsylvania/history/pghsts3.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191549/http://www.carnegielibrary.org/locations/pennsylvania/history/pghsts3.html|date=September 27, 2007}}</ref>  Inventor [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]]' boat, the ''Juliana'', began operation as the first [[steam]]-powered [[ferry]] October 11, 1811, with service between [[New York City|New York]], and [[Hoboken, New Jersey]]. [[John Molson]]'s [[PS Accommodation|PS ''Accommodation'']] was the first steamboat on the [[St. Lawrence]] and in Canada.<ref>"Canadian Encyclopedia", 2010.</ref> Unlike Fulton, Molson did not show a profit. Molson had also two paddle steamboats "Swiftsure" of 1811 and "Malsham" of 1813 with engines by B&W.<ref>Boulton & Watt Engine Order Book, Birmingham Public Library, England.</ref> The experience of these vessels, especially that they could now offer a regular service, being independent of wind and weather, helped make the new system of propulsion commercially viable, and as a result its application to the more open waters of the [[Great Lakes]] was next considered. That idea went on hiatus due to the [[War of 1812]].

In a 25-day trip in 1815, the [[Enterprise (1814)|''Enterprise'']] further demonstrated the commercial potential of the steamboat with a 2,200-mile voyage from [[New Orleans]] to [[Pittsburgh]].<ref>''Western Courier'' [Louisville, Ky.], 1 June 1815: "Arrived in this port, in 25 days from New-Orléans, the Steam-Boat ''Enterprize'', capt. SHRIEVE. The celerity and safety with which this boat descends and ascends the currents of these mighty waters, the improvement of the navigation of which is so advantageous to the western world, must be equally interesting to the farmer and the merchant. The facility and convenience of the passage, in ascending the rivers, are such as to give a decided preference to this mode of navigation, while the size and construction of the boat entitles it to all the advantages which the ''Ætna and Vesuvius'' have in vain attempted to ''monopolize'' over the ''free'' waters of our common country."</ref><ref>''American Telegraph'' [Brownsville, Pa.], 5 July 1815: "Arrived at this port on Monday last, the Steam Boat Enterprize, Shreve, of Bridgeport, from New Orleans, in ballast, having discharged her cargo at Pittsburgh. She is the first steam boat that ever made the voyage to the Mouth of the Mississippi and back. She made the voyage from New Orleans to this port, in fifty four days, twenty days on which were employed in loading and unloading freight at different towns on the Mississippi and Ohio, so that she was only thirty four days in active service, in making her voyage, which our readers will remember must be performed against powerful currents, and is upwards of ''two thousand two hundred miles in length.''"</ref>  In 1817, a consortium in [[Sackets Harbor, New York]], funded the construction of the first US steamboat, ''Ontario'', to run on [[Lake Ontario]] and the [[Great Lakes]], beginning the growth of lake commercial and passenger traffic.<ref>[http://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/ Barlow Cumberland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206183038/http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes/ |date=2005-02-06 }}, ''A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River'', 1911, accessed 20 August 2010</ref>

The first commercially successful steamboat in Europe, [[Henry Bell (engineer)|Henry Bell's]] ''[[PS Comet|Comet]]'' of 1812, started a rapid expansion of steam services on the [[Firth of Clyde]], and within four years a steamer service was in operation on the inland [[Loch Lomond]], a forerunner of the lake steamers still gracing Swiss lakes.  On the Clyde itself, within ten years of ''Comet's'' start in 1812 there were nearly fifty steamers, and services had started across the [[Irish Sea]] to [[Belfast]] and on many British estuaries.  P.S."Thames", ex "Argyle" was the first seagoing steamer in Europe, having steamed from Glasgow to London in May 1815.<ref>John Kennedy, "The History of Steam Navigation" Liverpool,1903.</ref>  P.S."Tug", the first tugboat, was launched by the Woods Brothers, Port Glasgow, on November 5, 1817; in the summer of 1817 she was the first steamboat to travel round the North of Scotland to the East Coast.<ref>A.I.Bowman, "Swifts & Queens", Strathkelvin, 1983.</ref>

[[File:Draisine1817.jpg|upright|right|thumb|Karl Drais' laufmaschine]]
The first steamship credited with crossing the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe was the American ship ''[[SS Savannah]]'', though she was actually a hybrid between a steamship and a sailing ship. The ''SS Savannah'' left the port of [[Savannah, Georgia]], on May 22, 1819, arriving in [[Liverpool]], England, on June 20, 1819; her steam engine having been in use for part of the time on 18 days (estimates vary from 8 to 80 hours).

=== Locomotives ===
* July 25, 1814 –[[George Stephenson]] tests his [[locomotive]] ''[[Blücher (locomotive)|Blucher]]'' successfully.
* February 6, 1815 – [[New Jersey]] grants the first American [[railroad]] charter to a [[John Stevens (New Jersey politician)|John Stevens]].
* 1816: A [[Rail tracks|rail]] capable of supporting a heavy [[locomotive]] is developed.

=== Other transportation ===
* July 4, 1817 – At [[Rome, New York]], construction on the [[Erie Canal]] begins.
*1818 - Baron [[Karl Drais]] patents the [[laufmaschine]], a forerunner to the [[bicycle]]

==Natural events==
* December 16, 1811 – The [[New Madrid earthquake]] in [[Mississippi Valley]] near [[New Madrid, Mississippi|New Madrid]] reverses the course of the river for a while. Other earthquakes along the fault occur on January 23, 1812, and February 7, 1812.
* February 7, 1812 – The last [[New Madrid earthquake]] strikes [[New Madrid, Missouri]], with an estimated [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of over 8;
* March 26, 1812 – An [[1812 Caracas earthquake|earthquake]] destroys [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]].
* April, 1817 – An [[earthquake]] strikes [[Palermo]], Italy.
* August 23, 1817 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of [[Helike]] results in 65 deaths.

===Year Without a Summer===
[[File:1815 Tambora Sumbawa explosion path large.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right| April 5–April 12: [[Mount Tambora]] explodes, changing climate.]]
{{Main|Year Without a Summer}}
* April 5–April 12, 1815 – [[Mount Tambora]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]] blows its top explosively during an eruption, killing upwards of 92,000 and propelling thousands of tons of aerosols ([[Sulfide]] gas compounds) into the upper atmosphere ([[stratosphere]]). The following year (1816) becomes known as "Year Without a Summer", as the high level gases reflect sunlight and cause the widespread cooling (known as a [[volcanic winter]]) and heavy rains, snows in June and July in the northern hemisphere, and widespread crop failures.

==Culture==

=== Literature ===
[[Lord Byron]], regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential, wrote his most well-known work during this decade.  Amongst Byron's works are the brief poems ''[[She Walks in Beauty]]'', ''When We Two Parted'', and ''[[So, we'll go no more a roving]]'', in addition to the [[narrative]] poems ''[[Childe Harold's Pilgrimage]]'' and ''[[Don Juan (Byron)|Don Juan]]''.

Other events in literature:
* December 20, 1812 - The first volume of ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tales]]'' is published.
* January 28, 1813 – [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' is published.
* September, 1813 – [[Robert Southey]] becomes Poet Laureate of Britain.
* 1813: The [[Philomathean Society]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] is founded (the oldest continuously existing literary society in the United States).
* 1814: [[Missionaries]] attempt to write down the [[Māori language]].
* 1814: [[Sir Walter Scott]] writes ''[[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]]''.
* 1816: [[Jane Austen]]'s ''Emma'' is published.
* 1817: [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] publishes ''[[Biographia Literaria]]''.
* January 1, 1818 – [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein|Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus]]'' is published.

===Fashion===
{{Main|1795–1820 in fashion}}

===Theatre===
* 1818: [[Old Vic]] founded (''as Royal Coburg Hall'').

===Music===
* April 27, 1810 – [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] composes his famous piano piece, ''[[Für Elise]]''.
* January 24, 1813 – The Philharmonic Society founded in London (later the [[Royal Philharmonic Society]]).
* December 8, 1813 – [[Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)|Beethoven's seventh symphony]] is performed for the first time in [[Vienna]]. 
* February 27, 1814 – [[Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)|Beethoven's eighth symphony]] is performed for the first time in [[Vienna]], less than three months after his seventh symphony was first performed.  Beethoven reportedly told one of his pupils that the seventh symphony was more popular because his eighth symphony was better.<ref>[[Michael Steinberg (music critic)|Steinberg, Michael]]. "The Symphony: a listeners guide". pp. 44–47. Oxford University Press, 1995.</ref>  It would be over ten years before the first performance of [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|his next symphony]] in Vienna.
* February 20, 1816 – [[Gioachino Rossini]]'s ''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' debuts at [[Largo di Torre Argentina|Teatro Argentina]], with a ''fiasco''.
* December 24, 1818 – ''[[Silent Night (song)|Silent Night]]'' composed by [[Franz Gruber (musician)|Franz Xaver Gruber]] and [[Josef Mohr]].

===Other===
<!--IMAGE-->[[File:Elgin Marbles British Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Elgin Marbles]] displayed.]]
===Other===
* [[November 10|10 November]] 1810 – [[Berners Street hoax]]: [[Theodore Hook]] attracts dozens of people to 54 Berners Street in [[London]].
* 1815: [[First-class cricket]] begins.
* 1817: [[Elgin Marbles]] are displayed in the [[British Museum]].
* 1818: The first edition of the ''[[Farmer's Almanac]]'' is published.

==People==

===Authors===
* [[Mary Shelley]] (''Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus'')

===Composers===
* [[Ludwig Van Beethoven]] (“Fidelio”, “Wellingtons Victory”, “Symphony No.7” Piano Concerto No.5 “Emperor” )

===Disasters===
* June 9, 1811 – The [[1811 Great fire of Podil|Great fire of the Podil]] breaks out in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]].
* May 25, 1812 – [[Felling mine disaster]]: A mine explosion at the [[Felling (UK)|Felling]] [[colliery]] near [[Jarrow]], England, leaves 96 dead.
* February 12, 1814 – A fire destroys the [[Custom House, City of London|Custom House]] in London.
* October – A large vat full of [[porter (beer)]] owned by [[Meux's Brewery]] of London bursts, demolishing houses and killing 9 people. See [[London Beer Flood]].
* May 30, 1815 – The ''[[Arniston (ship)|Arniston]]'', an [[East Indiaman]] repatriating wounded troops to England from [[Ceylon]], is wrecked near [[Waenhuiskrans]], [[South Africa]] with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board.
* September 23, 1815 – The [[Great September Gale of 1815]] is the first [[hurricane]] to strike New England in 180 years.
* October 3, 1815 – The [[Chassigny (meteorite)|Chassigny]] Mars meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France.
* February 12, 1816 – Fire nearly destroys the city of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]].
* July 17, 1816 – The French passenger ship ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Medusa]]'' runs aground off the coast of [[Senegal]], with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.
* June 25, 1817 – A large riot breaks out in [[Copenhagen]] Prison; the army is sent to quell it.
* 1817 – A [[typhus]] epidemic occurs in [[Edinburgh]] and [[Glasgow]].

===Establishments===
* 1812 – The [[Bishop James Madison Society]] is founded at the [[College of William & Mary]], [[Williamsburg, Virginia]].
* August 7, 1814 – [[Pope Pius VII]] decrees the bull [[Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum]] reestablishing the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits) all over the world, after having approved their survival and existence in Russia.
* February 4, 1815 – The first Dutch student association, the Groninger Studenten Corps, [[Vindicat atque Polit]] is founded in the Netherlands. The first rector of the senate was B.J. Winter.
* April 11, 1816 – In [[Philadelphia]], the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] is established by [[Richard Allen (Reverend)|Richard Allen]] and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination completely independent of White churches.
* 1816 – [[Rammohun Roy]] founds [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Hindu College]] in [[Calcutta]], offering instructions in Western languages and subjects.
* April 15, 1817 – The first American school for the deaf opens in [[Hartford, Connecticut]].
* May, 1817 – The [[General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America|General Convention]] of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal Church]] founds the [[General Theological Seminary]] while meeting in New York City.
* November 11, 1818 – [[Ying Wa College|Anglo-Chinese College]] is founded by [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] in [[Malacca]] (later renamed [[Ying Wa College]]).
* January 25, 1819 – [[Thomas Jefferson]] founds the [[University of Virginia]].
* August 6, 1819 – [[Norwich University]] is founded by Captain [[Alden Partridge]] in [[Vermont]] as the first private military school in the United States.

===Other events===
* August 3, 1811 – First ascent of [[Jungfrau]], third highest summit in the [[Bernese Alps]],
* July 13, 1813 – Missionaries [[Adoniram Judson]] and his wife [[Ann Hasseltine Judson]] arrive in [[Burma]].
* 1815 – British missionaries arrive in New Zealand.
* 1815 – The second wave of [[Amish]] immigration to North America begins.
* 1816 – [[Tsultrim Gyatso]] becomes the 10th [[Dalai Lama]].
* November 22, 1817 – [[Frédéric Cailliaud]] discovers the old Roman [[emerald]] mines at [[Sikait]], [[Egypt]].

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{19th century}}
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[[Category:1810s| ]]