Editing 1801

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Year dab|1801|the microprocessor|1801 series CPU}}
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[[File:Philip James de Loutherbourg - The Battle of Alexandria, 21 March 1801 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|250px|March 21: [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]]. Depicted in [[Philip James de Loutherbourg]]'s ''[[The Battle of Alexandria (painting)|The Battle of Alexandria]]''.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1801}}

== Events ==

=== January–March ===

[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|January 1: The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] is formed.]]
*[[January 1]]
** The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland is completed under the [[Act of Union 1800]], bringing about the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], and the abolition of the [[Parliament of Ireland]].
** [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] discovers the asteroid and [[dwarf planet]] [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]].
*[[January 3]] – [[Toussaint Louverture]] triumphantly enters [[Santo Domingo]], the capital of the former Spanish [[Captaincy General of Santo Domingo|colony of Santo Domingo]], which has become a colony of [[First French Empire|Napoleonic France]].
*[[January 31]] – [[John Marshall]] is appointed [[Chief Justice of the United States]].
*[[February 4]] – [[William Pitt the Younger]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].
*[[February 9]] – The [[Treaty of Lunéville]] ends the [[War of the Second Coalition]] between France and Austria.  Under the terms of the treaty, all German territories left of the Rhine are officially annexed by France while Austria also has to recognize the Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics.
*[[February 17]] – An [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral]] tie between [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Aaron Burr]] is resolved, when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the [[United States House of Representatives]].
*[[February 27]] – Washington, D.C. is placed under the jurisdiction of the [[United States Congress]].
*[[March 10]] – The [[Census Act 1800|first census]] is held in Great Britain. The population of [[England and Wales]] is determined to be 8.9&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chronology.ndo.co.uk/1800-1849.htm|title=Chronology of State Medicine|access-date=August 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809081353/http://www.chronology.ndo.co.uk/1800-1849.htm |archive-date=August 9, 2007}}</ref> with London revealed to have 860,035 residents. 1.5&nbsp;million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, accounting for 17% of the total English population.
*[[March 14]] – [[Henry Addington]] becomes [[First Lord of the Treasury]] and [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], effectively [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].
*[[March 21]] – [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in Egypt: British troops defeat the French, but the British commander, Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]], dies later of a wound received in the action.
*[[March 23]] – Tsar [[Paul I of Russia]] is murdered; he is succeeded by his son [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]].

=== April–June ===
*[[April 2]] – [[War of the Second Coalition]]: First [[Battle of Copenhagen (1801)|Battle of Copenhagen]] – The  British [[Royal Navy]], under [[Hyde Parker (admiral)|Admiral Sir Hyde Parker]], forces the [[Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy]] to accept an [[armistice]]. Vice-Admiral [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] leads the main attack, deliberately disregarding his commander's signal to withdraw.<ref name="People's Chronology">{{cite book|chapter=1801|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}</ref> He is created a [[Viscount]] on May 19; Denmark-Norway is forced to withdraw from the [[Second League of Armed Neutrality]].
*[[April 21]] – [[Ranjit Singh]] is invested as Maharaja of Punjab.
*[[May 6]] – [[French Revolutionary Wars]]: [[Action of 6 May 1801]] off [[Barcelona]] – British Royal Navy brig [[HMS Speedy (1782)|HMS ''Speedy'']], although outmanned and outgunned, captures the 32-gun [[Spanish frigate El Gamo|Spanish frigate ''El Gamo'']].
*[[May 10]] – The pascha of [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripoli]] declares [[First Barbary War|war]] on the United States, by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
*[[June 7]] – [[War of the Oranges]] ends: Portugal and Spain sign the [[Treaty of Badajoz (1801)|Treaty of Badajoz]]; Portugal loses the city of [[Olivenza]].
*[[June 15]] – A bull breaks through barriers at a [[Bullfighting|bullfight]] in Madrid, killing two people (including the mayor of [[Torrejón de Ardoz]])<ref>"[http://www.nationalgalleries.org/index.php/collection/online_az/4:322/results/0/34098/ Dreadful events in the front rows of the ring at Madrid and the death of the mayor of Torrejón, Plate 21 of La Tauromaquia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608070953/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/index.php/collection/online_az/4:322/results/0/34098/ |date=June 8, 2011 }}". [[National Galleries of Scotland]]. Retrieved on February 25, 2010.</ref> and injuring a number of other spectators.
*[[June 27]] – [[Siege of Cairo]] ends: [[Cairo]] falls to British troops.

=== July–September ===
*[[July 6]] – [[First Battle of Algeciras]]: The French fleet defeats the British fleet.
*[[July 7]] – [[Toussaint Louverture]] promulgates a reforming constitution for [[Santo Domingo]], declaring himself emperor for life of the entire island of [[Hispaniola]], and nominally abolishing [[slavery]].
*[[July 12]] – [[Second Battle of Algeciras]]: The British fleet defeats the French and Spanish fleets.
*[[July 18]] – [[Napoleon]] signs a [[Concordat of 1801|Concordat]] with [[Pope Pius VII]].
*[[August 1]] – [[First Barbary War]]: [[Action of 1 August 1801]] – [[United States Navy]] [[schooner]] {{USS|Enterprise|1799}} captures the 14-gun [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]tan corsair [[polacca]] ''Tripoli'' off the north African coast, in a single-ship action.
*[[September 9]] – [[Alexander I of Russia]] confirms the privileges of the [[Baltic provinces]].
*[[September 24]] – [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] exhibits his new invention, a [[loom]] where the pattern being woven is controlled by [[punched card]]s, at the National Exposition in Paris.<ref>Michael P. Fitzsimmons, ''From Artisan to Worker: Guilds, the French State, and the Organization of Labor, 1776-1821'' (Cambridge University Press, 2010) p132</ref>
*[[September 30]] – The Treaty of London is signed for preliminary peace between the [[French First Republic]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].

=== October–December ===
*[[October 17]] – A coup d'état is staged in the [[Batavian Republic]].
*[[November 16]] – The first edition of the ''[[New-York Evening Post]]'' is printed.
*[[December 15]] – [[Hadži Mustafa Pasha]], Ottoman commander and politician, is assassinated in [[Belgrade]], [[Sanjak of Smederevo]], by [[Kučuk-Alija]].
*[[December 19]] – South Carolina College, a precursor to The [[University of South Carolina]], is established in [[Columbia, South Carolina]].
*[[December 24]] – [[Cornish people|Cornish]] engineers [[Richard Trevithick]] and [[Andrew Vivian]] demonstrate "Puffing Devil", their steam-powered road locomotive, in [[Camborne]]. The trial is successful but Trevithick realises the limitations of steam power in a road-running vehicle and turns his attention to rail, introducing the world's first steam railway locomotive in 1804.<ref>{{cite book |title=British Steam |publisher=Igloo Books |date=2016 |pages=10–13}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
[[File:Elgin marbles frieze.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Elgin Marbles]] are removed from the [[Parthenon]].]]
* The first of a continuous series of censuses is held in France.
* [[Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin]], British ambassador to the [[Ottoman Empire]], begins removal of the [[Elgin Marbles]] from the [[Parthenon]] in Athens.
* [[Philippe Pinel]] publishes ''Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale; ou la manie'', presenting his enlightened humane psychological approach to the management of [[psychiatric hospital]]s. Translated into English by [[David Daniel Davis|D. D. Davis]] as ''Treatise on Insanity'' in 1806, it is influential on both sides of the Atlantic during the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michel|last=Foucault|author-link=Michel Foucault|title=[[Madness and Civilization|Folie et déraison: histoire de la folie à l'âge classique]]|year=1961}}</ref>
* [[Ultraviolet radiation]] is discovered by [[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]].
* The magnum opus ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]'' of [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] is published.
* The [[Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA)]] is founded within Freemasonry.

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Jane Baillie Carlyle (née Welsh) by Samuel Laurence detail.jpg|110px|right|thumb|[[Jane Welsh Carlyle]]]]
[[File:John Henry Newman by Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Bt.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John Henry Newman]]]]
[[File:William H. Seward portrait - restoration.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[William H. Seward]]]]
*[[January 3]] – [[Gijsbert Haan]], Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874)
*[[January 10]] – [[Thierry Hermès]], German-born French businessman, founder of [[Hermès]] (d. 1878)
*[[January 11]] – [[Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná]], Brazilian politician (d. 1856)
*[[January 14]] – [[Jane Welsh Carlyle]], Scottish writer, wife of [[Thomas Carlyle]] (d. [[1866]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/1f4f4b32-0fea-3a1f-98d2-7b917a7ba7bb#|title=Correspondence of Jane Baillie Welsh Carlyle (1801-1866)|website=JISC Archives Hub|access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
*[[February 1]]
** [[Jean-Baptiste Boussingault]], French chemist (d. 1887)
** [[Thomas Cole]], American artist (d. 1848)
*[[February 21]] – [[John Henry Newman]], English cardinal (d. 1890)
*[[March 15]] – [[George Perkins Marsh]], American diplomat, philologist and pioneer environmentalist (d. 1882)
*[[May 5]] – [[Pío Pico]], last Governor of Alta California (d. 1894)
*[[May 11]] – [[Henri Labrouste]], French architect (d. 1875)
*[[May 16]] – [[William H. Seward]], [[List of secretaries of state of the United States|24th]] [[United States Secretary of State]] (d. 1872)
*[[May 17]] – [[Lovisa Åhrberg]], first woman doctor, surgeon in Sweden (d. 1881)
*[[June 1]] – [[Brigham Young]], American Mormon leader, colonizer (d. 1877)
*[[June 5]] – [[William Scamp]], English architect and engineer (d. 1872)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Quentin|last2=Thake|first2=Conrad|title=Malta, War & Peace: An Architectural Chronicle 1800–2000|date=2005|publisher=Midsea Books Ltd|isbn=9789993270553|page=250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75IgAAAACAAJ|access-date=February 9, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101149/https://books.google.com/books?id=75IgAAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[June 4]] – [[James Pennethorne]], English architect (d. 1871)
*[[June 14]] – [[Heber C. Kimball]], American religious leader (d. 1868)
*[[June 16]] – [[Julius Plücker]], German mathematician, physicist (d. 1868)
*[[June 30]] – [[Frédéric Bastiat]], French philosopher (d. 1850)

=== July–December ===
[[File:Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria, Queen of Prussia.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria]]]]
[[File:Hortense Allart.jpg|thumbnail|right|110px|Hortense Allart]]
[[File:Hermann von Meyer.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer]]]]
*[[July 5]] – [[David Farragut]], American admiral (d. [[1870]])
*[[July 14]] – [[Johannes Peter Müller]], German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist (d. [[1858]])
*[[July 27]] – [[George Biddell Airy]], English mathematician, astronomer (d. [[1892]])
*[[September 1]] – [[Hortense Allart]], French writer (d. [[1879]])<ref>Helynne Hollstein Hansen, ''Hortense Allart : the woman and the novelist'', Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 1998. Page xix</ref>
*[[September 3]] – [[Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer]], German palaeontologist (d. [[1869]])
*[[October 12]]
**[[Friedrich Frey-Herosé]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (d. [[1873]])
**[[Carl August von Steinheil]], German engineer, astronomer (d. [[1870]])
*[[October 23]] – [[Albert Lortzing]], German composer (d. [[1851]])
*[[November 3]]
** [[Karl Baedeker]], German author, publisher (d. [[1859]])<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Baedeker, Karl}}</ref>
** [[Vincenzo Bellini]], Italian composer (d. [[1835]])
*[[November 10]] – [[Vladimir Dal]], Russian lexicographer (d. [[1872]])
*[[November 13]] – Queen [[Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria]], queen of Prussia (d. [[1873]])
*[[December 11]] – [[Christian Dietrich Grabbe]], German writer (d. [[1836]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lob |first1=Ladislaus |editor1-last=Konzett |editor1-first=Matthias |title=Encyclopedia of German Literature. |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135941222 |pages=362–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5uE4CQAAQBAJ&q=%22a+drunken+Shakespeare%22+Grabbe |accessdate=12 November 2019}}</ref>
*[[December 14]] – [[Joseph Lane]], American politician and general, 1st [[Governor of Oregon]] (d. 1881)

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Dai Xi]], Chinese painter (d. [[1860]])
* [[Brita Sofia Hesselius]], Swedish photographer (d. [[1866]])

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Borovikovsky Pavel I.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Paul I of Russia]]]]
*[[January 2]] – [[Johann Kaspar Lavater]], Swiss physiognomist (b. [[1741]])
*[[January 11]] – [[Domenico Cimarosa]], Italian composer (b. [[1749]])
*[[February 7]] – [[Daniel Chodowiecki]], Polish painter (b. [[1726]])
*[[February 17]] – [[Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia]] (b. [[1716]])
*[[March 14]] – [[Margarita "Peggy" Schuyler Van Rensselaer]], American socialite, [[Angelica Schuyler Church]]'s sister (b. [[1758]])
*[[March 16]] – [[Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia]], daughter of [[Paul I of Russia]] (b.[[1783]])

*[[March 19]] – [[Ambrosio O'Higgins, 1st Marquis of Osorno]], Spanish [[Viceroyalty of Peru|viceroy of Peru]] and Governor of the [[Captaincy General of Chile]], father of [[Bernardo O'Higgins]], (b. c. 1720)
*[[March 21]] – [[Andrea Luchesi]], Italian composer (b. 1741)
*[[March 23]] – Tsar [[Paul I of Russia]] (b. [[1754]])
*[[March 25]] – [[Novalis]], German poet (b. [[1772]])<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Novalis|volume=19|page=829}}</ref>
*[[March 28]] – [[Ralph Abercromby]], British general (b. 1734)
*[[April 2]] – [[Thomas Dadford, Jr.]], British engineer (b. ca. 1761)
*[[April 7]] – [[Noël François de Wailly]], French lexicographer (b. 1724)
*[[May 3]] – [[Cyrus Trapaud]], British Army general (b. 1715)
*[[May 17]] – [[William Heberden]], English physician (b. 1710)
*[[June 4]] – [[Frederick Muhlenberg]], first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
*[[June 14]] – [[Benedict Arnold]], American Revolution hero, then traitor (b. 1741)

=== July–December ===
[[File:Ulrica Arfvidsson.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ulrica Arfvidsson]]]]
[[File:Benedict Arnold. Copy of engraving by H. B. Hall after John Trumbull, published 1879.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Benedict Arnold]]]]
*[[July 4]] – [[Leendert Viervant the Younger]], Dutch architect (b. 1752)
*[[August 13]] – [[George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen]] (b. 1722)
*[[August 31]] – [[Nicola Sala]], Italian opera composer (b. 1713)
*[[September 19]] – [[Johann Gottfried Koehler]], German astronomer (b. 1745)
*[[October 3]] – [[Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur]], Marshal of France (b. 1724)
*[[November 4]] – [[William Shippen Sr.|William Shippen]], American physician, Continental Congressman (b. 1712)
*[[November 5]]
** [[Humphry Marshall]], American botanist (b. [[1722]])
** [[Motoori Norinaga]], Japanese philologist and scholar (b. 1730)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/210420|title=本居宣長墓(樹敬寺)附 本居春庭墓|language=Japanese |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |accessdate=August 20, 2020}}</ref>
*[[November 24]]
** [[Franz Moritz von Lacy]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1725]])
** [[Philip Hamilton]], son of American soldier and statesman, [[Alexander Hamilton]] (b. [[1782]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Ulrica Arfvidsson]], Swedish fortune teller (b. [[1734]])
* [[Frances Williams (convict)|Frances Williams]], Welsh convict (b. {{circa|1760}})<ref>{{Dictionary of Welsh Biography|id=s14-WILL-FRA-1760|title=Williams, Frances (Fanny) (?1760 - C.1801), Convict and Australian Settler|year=2022|first=Ffion Mair|last=Jones|author-link=|access-date=September 10, 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1801}}
[[Category:1801| ]]