Editing 1770

{{for-multi|the highway|Kentucky Route 1770|the year BCE|1770 BC}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1770|the village in Queensland|Seventeen Seventy, Queensland|the mummy|1770 (mummy)|1967 JR, the asteroid numbered 1770|1770 Schlesinger}}
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[[File:Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770 (painting by E Phillips Fox).jpg|thumb|[[April 29]]: [[James Cook]] lands at [[Botany Bay]] in Australia.]]
[[File:Chesmabattle.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 5]]: Russia defeats Ottomans at the [[Battle of Chesma]] (painting by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]])]]
{{Year article header|1770}}
{{C18 year in topic}}

== Events ==
=== January&ndash; March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; The foundation of [[Fort George, Bombay]] is laid by Colonel Keating, principal engineer, on the site of the former [[Dongri Fort]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}
* [[February 1]] &ndash; [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s home at [[Shadwell, Virginia]] is destroyed by fire, along with most of his books.<ref>Allen Jayne, ''Jefferson's Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy, and Theology'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p41</ref> 
* [[February 14]] &ndash; Scottish explorer [[James Bruce]] arrives at [[Gondar]], capital of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] (modern-day [[Ethiopia]]) and is received by the Emperor [[Tekle Haymanot II]] and Ras [[Mikael Sehul]].<ref>"Bruce, James", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th Edition, Volume IV (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p676</ref> 
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Christopher Seider]], an 11-year-old boy in [[Boston]] in the British [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], is shot and killed by a colonial official, Ebenezer Richardson. The funeral sets off anti-British protests that lead to the massacre days later.<ref>James Marten, ''Children in Colonial America'' (NYU Press, 2007) p173</ref>
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Boston Massacre]]: Eleven American men are shot (five fatally) by British troops, in an event that helps start the [[American Revolutionary War]] five years later.   
* [[March 21]] &ndash; King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] shifts to the newly constructed [[Nautalle Durbar|Basantapur Palace]], in the capital Kathmandu, as the first King of the Unified Kingdom of Nepal.
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[First voyage of James Cook]]: English explorer Captain [[James Cook]] and his crew aboard {{HMS|Endeavour}} complete the circumnavigation of [[New Zealand]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The [[Townshend Acts]] are repealed by Britain's Parliament by the efforts of Prime Minister [[Frederick North, Lord North|Frederick North]], with the exception of the increased duties on imported tea. The American colonists, in turn, stop their embargo on British imports.<ref name="Carruth1772">Gordon Carruth, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates''  3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp78-79</ref>
* [[April 18]] ([[April 19]] by Cook's log)<ref>{{cite journal|first=Arthur R.|last=Hinks|title=Nautical time and civil date|journal=[[The Geographical Journal]]|volume=86|year=1935|issue=2|pages=153–157|doi=10.2307/1786590|jstor=1786590|bibcode=1935GeogJ..86..153H }}</ref> 18:00 &ndash; First voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain [[James Cook]] and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to encounter the eastern coastline of the [[Australia]]n continent. Land is sighted at [[Point Hicks]], and named after Lieutenant Hicks who first observes landform at 6am. 
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Battle of Aspindza]]: [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n king [[Erekle II]] defeats the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces, despite being abandoned by an ally, Russian General [[Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben|Totleben]].
* [[April 29]] &ndash; [[First voyage of James Cook]]: Captain Cook drops anchor on {{HMS|Endeavour}} in a wide bay, about 16&nbsp;km (10&nbsp;mi) south of the present city of [[Sydney]], Australia. Because the young [[botanist]] on board the ship, [[Joseph Banks]], discovers 30,000 specimens of plant life in the area, 1,600 of them unknown to European science, Cook names the place [[Botany Bay]] on [[May 7]].
* [[May 16]] &ndash; 14-year-old [[Marie Antoinette]] of Austria marries Louis-Auguste (who in 1774 becomes King [[Louis XVI of France]]) at the [[Palace of Versailles]].
* [[May 20]] &ndash; A stampede at a celebration of the newly wedded Marie Antoinette and Louis-Auguste in Paris kills more than a hundred people.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Helene Delalex|author2=Alexandre Maral|author3=Nicolas Milovanovic|title=Marie-Antoinette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgVVDQAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=Getty Publications|page=25|isbn=9781606064832}}</ref>
* [[June 3]] 
**[[Gaspar de Portolà]] and Father [[Junípero Serra]] establish [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], the ''presidio'' of [[Alta California]] territory for Spain from [[1777]]–[[1822]], [[United Mexican States]] [[1824]]–[[1846]], until the [[California Republic]].
**The 7.5 {{M|w|link=y}} [[1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake|Port-au-Prince earthquake]] affects the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (''Extreme''), killing 250 or more.
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Falklands Crisis (1770)]]: Some 1,600 [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] marines, sent by the Spanish governor of [[Buenos Aires]] in five frigates, seize [[Port Egmont]] in the [[Falkland Islands]]. The small British force present promptly surrenders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindspring.com/~koz/papers/FalklandPaper.html|title=Nationalism and the Falkland Islands War|access-date=2007-08-19|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605130706/http://www.mindspring.com/~koz/papers/FalklandPaper.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[First voyage of James Cook]]: {{HMS|Endeavour}} grounds on the [[Great Barrier Reef]].

=== July&ndash; September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Lexell's Comet]] (D/1770 L1) passes the [[Earth]] at a distance of {{convert|2184129|km}}, the closest approach by a [[comet]] in recorded history.<ref>{{cite web|title=D/1770 L1 (Lexell)|url=http://cometography.com/pcomets/1770l1.html|work=Gary W. Kronk's Cometography|access-date=2012-07-02}}</ref>
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Chesma]] and [[Battle of Larga]]: The [[Russian Empire]] defeats the [[Ottoman Empire]] in both battles. When the news of the defeat reaches the Ottoman city of Smyrna ([[July 8]]), the crowd attacks the [[Rum Millet|Greek]] community of the city (perceived as favourable to the Russian cause) and kills an estimated 200 Greeks and three Western Europeans (although some reports estimate the number of victims at 3,000 or even 5,000 including "3 or 4 thousands who die due to the fright").<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rear|first1=Marjorie|title=William Barker. Member of the Right Worshipful Levant Company 1731-1825. A Life in Smyrna|date=2015|page=30|url=http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/Biography-of-William-Barker-Levant-Company-Merchant-Marjorie-Rear.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/Biography-of-William-Barker-Levant-Company-Merchant-Marjorie-Rear.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blondy|first1=Alain|last2=Labat Saint Vincent|first2=Xavier|title=Malte et Marseille au XVIIIème siècle|date=2014|publisher=La Fondation de Malte|isbn=9781291435467|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oX62BgAAQBAJ&q=massacre+smyrna+orlov+1770&pg=PA161}}</ref>
* [[August 1]] (July 21 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)]] &ndash; [[Battle of Kagul]]: Russian commander [[Pyotr Rumyantsev]] routs 150,000 Turks. 
* [[August 22]] ([[August 23]] by Cook's log) &ndash; [[First voyage of James Cook]]: Captain Cook determines that [[New Holland (Australia)]] is not contiguous with [[New Guinea]], and claims the whole of its eastern coast for Great Britain, later naming it all [[New South Wales]].
* c. September &ndash; [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] meets [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in [[Strasbourg]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; In [[Hillsborough, North Carolina]], the [[War of the Regulation|Regulator Movement]] riots against local authorities.<ref>Charles D. Rodenbough, ''Governor Alexander Martin: Biography of a North Carolina Revolutionary War Statesman'' (McFarland, 2004) p28</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Phillis Wheatley]] becomes the first African American woman to have her work published, after having written a poetic [[elegy]] to the late Reverend [[George Whitefield]].<ref>Vincent Carretta, ''Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage'' (University of Georgia Press, 2014) p78</ref> 
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[James Bruce]] discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile.
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] of [[Kingdom of France|France]] issues the "Edict of December", dismissing the rebellious magistrates of the [[Parlements]] of Paris and the other 13 provinces.<ref>
Leonore Loft, ''Passion, Politics, and Philosophie: Rediscovering J.-P. Brissot'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002) p55</ref><ref>Dale K. Van Kley, ''The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791'' (Yale University Press, 1996) p249</ref>
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[France]]'s Secretary of the Navy, [[César Gabriel de Choiseul]], is dismissed from his position by the king.<ref>Antony Strugnell, ''Diderot’s Politics: A Study of the Evolution of Diderot’s Political Thought after the Encyclopedie'' (Martinus Nijhoff, 2012) p123</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Joseph Priestley]], English [[chemist]], recommends the use of a rubber [[eraser]] to remove [[pencil]] marks.
* [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] proves [[Lagrange's four-square theorem|Bachet's conjecture]].
* The [[Baron d'Holbach]]'s (anonymous) materialist work ''[[The System of Nature|Le Système de la Nature ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral]]'' is produced in [[Neuchâtel]].
* The last [[Cuman]] to speak the [[Cuman language]] ({{ill|István Varró|fr|István Varró}}) dies in Hungary.

== Births ==
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Georges Mouton]], Marshal of France (d. [[1838]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet]], Marshal of France (d. [[1826]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], German writer (d. [[1843]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]], Greek general (d. [[1843]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[William Wordsworth]], English poet (d. [[1850]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[John Thomas Campbell|John Campbell]], Australian public servant, politician (d. [[1830]])
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[George Canning]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1827]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Georg Sverdrup]], Norwegian philologist (d. [[1850]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], English-Canadian explorer (d. [[1857]])
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]], Marshal of France (d. [[1823]])
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Ezekiel Hart]], Canadian entrepreneur, politician (d. [[1843]])
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Ignaz Döllinger]], German anatomist, physiologist (d. [[1841]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Charles Adams (1770–1800)|Charles Adams]], second son of President John Adams (1735–1826) (d. [[1800]])
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Laun]], German author (d. [[1849]])
[[File:Manuel Belgrano.JPG|thumb|right|110px|[[Manuel Belgrano]]]]
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Manuel Belgrano]], Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (d. [[1820]])
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Eleonora Charlotta d'Albedyhll]], Swedish countess, poet and salon holder (d. [[1835]])
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1828]])
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Moses Waddel]], American educator/[[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] and bestselling author (d. [[1840]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[William Clark]], American explorer, Governor of Missouri Territory, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. [[1838]])
* [[August 3]] &ndash; King [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] (d. [[1840]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer]], German scholar (d. [[1825]]) 
[[File:Hegel portrait by Schlesinger 1831.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]]]
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], German philosopher (d. [[1831]])
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Adam Johann von Krusenstern]], [[Baltic German]] explorer who led the [[First Russian circumnavigation]] (d. [[1846]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Thomas Phillips]], English painter (d. [[1845]]) 
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Sarah Guppy]], English inventor (d. [[1852]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Bertel Thorvaldsen]], Danish-Icelandic sculptor (d. [[1844]]) 
[[File:Beethoven.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]]]
* [[December 17]] ''(bapt.)'' &ndash; [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], German classical composer (d. [[1827]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Nicolas Joseph Maison]], Marshal of France, Minister of War (d. [[1840]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Carl Gustaf Tessin]], Swedish politician (b. [[1695]])
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[John Michael Rysbrack]], Flemish sculptor (b. [[1694]])
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Charles Yorke]], Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. [[1722]])
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Johann Karl Philipp von Cobenzl]], 18th-century politician (b. [[1712]])
* [[January 30]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis]], Maltese linguist, historian and cleric (b. [[1712]])
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Philippe Macquer]], French historian (b. [[1720]])
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Tartini]], Italian composer, violinist (b. [[1692]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Crispus Attucks]], African-American dockworker, first to die in the [[Boston Massacre]] (b. [[1723]])
* [[File:Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista - Fresken Treppenhaus des Würzburger Residenzschlosses, Szenen zur Apotheose des Fürstbischofs, Detail Giovanni Battista Tiepolo - 1750-1753.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]]]] [[March 27]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]], Venetian artist (b. [[1696]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[José Solís Folch de Cardona]], Spanish colonial governor (b. [[1716]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Jean-Antoine Nollet]], French abbot, physicist (b. [[1700]])
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[François Boucher]], French painter (b. [[1703]])
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Philip Carteret Webb]], English barrister (b. [[1702]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Mark Akenside]], English poet, physician (b. [[1721]])
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Joseph Paris Duverney]], French banker (b. [[1684]])
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Charlotta Frölich]], Swedish agronomist (b. [[1698]])  
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Robert Dinwiddie]], British colonial Governor of Virginia (b. [[1693]])
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Edward Antill (colonial politician)]], American winemaker (b. [[1701]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Thomas Chatterton]], English poet (b. [[1752]])
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Hongzhou (prince)|Hongzhou]], Manchu prince of the Qing Dynasty (b. [[1712]])
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Bernhard Siegfried Albinus]], German anatomist (b. [[1697]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Ignatius of Santhià]], Italian Catholic priest (b. [[1686]])
[[File:George Whitefield (head).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[George Whitefield]]]]
* [[September 30]]
** [[George Whitefield]], English-born Methodist leader (b. [[1714]])
** [[Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham]], English politician and diplomat (b. c. [[1695]])
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Benning Wentworth]], colonial governor of New Hampshire (b. [[1696]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[John Manners, Marquess of Granby]], British soldier (b. [[1721]])
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[William Bartram (North Carolina politician)|William Bartram]], American scientist and politician (b. [[1711]])<ref name=Bible>{{cite book|title=Some Bible and Cemetery Records of the MacKethan / Robeson Family (Booklet I, Bible Records)|url=https://digital.ncdcr.gov/Documents/Detail/some-bible-and-cemetery-records-of-the-mackethan-robeson-family-booklet-i-bible-records/1375115?item=1375208|via=Digital Collections of the [[State Archives of North Carolina]] and the [[State Library of North Carolina]]}}</ref>
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll]], Scottish politician (b. c. [[1693]])
* [[November 13]] &ndash; [[George Grenville]], Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. [[1712]])<ref>{{cite web |title=History of George Grenville - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/george-grenville |website=www.gov.uk |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Charles-Jean-François Hénault]], French historian (b. [[1685]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont]], Irish politician (b. [[1711]])
* [[December 5]] &ndash; [[James Stirling (mathematician)|James Stirling]], Scottish mathematician (b. [[1692]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Neri Maria Corsini]], Italian Catholic priest and cardinal (b. [[1685]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Blair's Chronological Tables |author1=John Blair |author-link=John Blair (priest) |author2=J. Willoughby Rosse|location= London |publisher=[[Henry George Bohn|H.G. Bohn]] |year=1856 |via=Hathi Trust |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=684 |chapter=1770 |hdl=2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=684 }}

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