Editing 1677

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1677}}
{{Year nav|1677}}
[[File:Battle of Tirups Hed-Johan Philip Lemke.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[July 14]]: At the [[Battle of Landskrona]], [[Charles XI of Sweden|King Charles XI]] of Sweden leads defense of kingdom from invasion force from [[Denmark]]'s [[Christian V of Denmark|King Christian V]].]]
{{C17 year in topic|Sumith=0782978349}}
{{Year article header|1677}}

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Jean Racine]]'s [[tragedy]] ''[[Phèdre]]'' is first performed, in Paris.
* [[January 21]] &ndash; The first medical publication in America (a pamphlet on smallpox) is produced in [[Boston]].
* [[February 15]] &ndash; Four members of the English [[House of Lords]] embarrass King Charles II at the opening of the latest session of the "[[Cavalier Parliament]]" by proclaiming that the session is not legitimate because it had not met in more than a year. The [[George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]], backed by [[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]], [[James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]]  and [[Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton|Baron Wharton]], makes an unsuccessful motion to end the session.  When the four Lords refuse to apologize, they are arrested and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].
* [[February 26]]
** The first arrests are made in the case that will develop into the "[[Affair of the Poisons]]" in France, as [[Magdelaine de La Grange]] and her accused accomplice, Father Nail, are detained on suspicion of poisoning her lover, a Messr. Faurie.<ref>"The Women of the Bastille", anonymous excerpt from ''Memoires Historiques et Authentiques sur la Bastille'' (1789), in ''New Monthly Magazine'' (April 1864) p. 435</ref>  While in prison in the Bastille and awaiting trial Mademoiselle La Grange writes letters accusing other persons of carrying out murders by poison as well.  
** On the Indonesian island of [[Java]], [[Amangkurat II]] of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] agrees to bring his kingdom under the protection of the [[Dutch East India Company]] to drive out rebels.
* [[February 28]] &ndash; During the [[Franco-Dutch War]], the [[Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677)|Siege of Valenciennes]] by the French Army begins in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (modern-day Belgium). The city surrenders on March 17.
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Franco-Dutch War]]: [[Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77)]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] ends with surrender of the town to the French.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] visits the [[University of Innsbruck]].
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Franco-Dutch War]]: [[Battle of Cassel (1677)|Battle of Cassel]] &ndash; A French force under [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]], defeats a combined Dutch-Spanish force under [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in [[French Flanders]].
* [[April 16]] &ndash; The [[Statute of Frauds]] is passed into English law.
* [[May 29]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of 1677|Treaty of Middle Plantation]] establishes peace between the [[Virginia]] [[colonist]]s and the local [[Native American (U.S.)|Indians]].
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Scanian War]]: [[Battle of Møn]] &ndash; [[Denmark|Danish]] ships clash with a [[Sweden|Swedish]] fleet under [[Niels Juel]], between [[Fehmarn]] and [[Warnemünde]]; the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships.
* [[June 25]]&ndash;[[June 26|26]] &ndash; [[Scanian War]]: [[Siege of Malmö]] &ndash; Danish attackers fail to take the town from the Swedish.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Landskrona]]: [[Sweden]] and its 13,000 troops, under the command of [[Charles XI of Sweden|King Charles XI]], successfully repel a 12,000-man invasion force from [[Denmark]], commanded by [[Christian V of Denmark|King Christian V]].  
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[William III of England|William of Orange]], the leader of the [[Dutch Republic]], is forced to end the siege of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) city of [[Charleroi]] after six days.<ref>Olaf van Nimwegen, ''The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688'' (Boydell Press, 2010) p. 504</ref>
* [[August 28]] &ndash; During [[Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)|war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire]], Russian troops led by [[Grigory Romodanovsky]] and Ukrainian Cossacks led by [[Ivan Samoylovych]] arrive at the besieged Ukrainian city of [[Chyhyryn|Chigirin]] (modern-day Chyhyryn) and inflict heavy casualties on the encamped Turkish and Tatar troops.<ref>Ian Grey, ''The Romanovs'' (New Word City, 1970)</ref> Ibrahim Pasha, leader of the 45,000 member Ottoman force, retreats the next day and, by the time of the relief of Chigirin on September 5, the Ottoman Army has lost 20,000 men. Ottoman Sultan [[Mehmed IV]], outraged by the defeat, sends 200,000 troops the following year and destroys the city. 
* [[August]] &ndash; The French guild of the ''[[Maitresses bouquetieres]]'' is founded in Paris.
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Henry Purcell]] is appointed a musician to the court of [[Charles II of England]].
* [[September 17]] &ndash; Troops from [[Denmark]] invade and capture the Swedish island of [[Rügen]] and drive out the local population.  Five months later, on January 18, 1678, Sweden recaptures the island.  Nine months later, troops from Denmark and Brandenburg invade for a third time and capture the island again on October 22, 1678. Eight months later, Denmark is given the island back under a [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)|treaty ending the Swedish-Brandenburg War]] on June 29, but by then, the island of Rügen is in ruins. In modern times, the island becomes a vacation resort in Germany.
* [[September 18]] &ndash; the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of China grants titles and ranks to all of his wives, and names [[Empress Xiaozhaoren]] as his consort.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Michel le Tellier]] becomes Chancellor of France.
* [[November 4]] &ndash; The future [[Mary II of England]] marries [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in London.
* [[November 16]] &ndash; [[France|French]] troops occupy [[Freiburg]].
* [[December 7]] &ndash; Father [[Louis Hennepin]] of Belgium, exploring North America, becomes the earliest known European person to discover [[Niagara Falls]], and the first to report its existence.  In his book ''A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America'', published in 1698, Hennepin writes "Betwixt the lakes Ontario and Eire there is a vast prodigious Cadence of water which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, inasmuch that the Universe does not afford its parallel."<ref>"Hennepin at Niagara", by Eleanor Clapp Waltz, in ''Beeson's Marine Directory of the Northwestern Lakes'' (H. C. Beeson, 1910) pp. 169-170</ref>
* [[December 9]] &ndash; The French Navy, led by [[Charles de Courbon de Blénac]] with a land force of 950 men, lands at the Caribbean island of [[Tobago]], lays siege to the Dutch fort defending the territory during the [[Franco-Dutch War]], and destroys the structure when it fires a cannon overlooking the fort, striking the gunpowder arsenal. The explosion kills 250 of the defenders, including Dutch Admiral [[Jacob Binckes]] and 16 officers.  Combined with the sinking of four ships of the Netherlands Navy, the victory at Tobago ends Dutch military power in the Antilles.
* [[December 15]] &ndash; The Siege of Stettin (the modern-day Polish city of [[Szczecin]] but, at this time, a possession of Sweden) ends after almost five months with Sweden's surrender of the city to Prussia's [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]]. The siege, part of the [[Scanian War]], had begun on June 25.

=== Date unknown ===
* Yusuf Bey is replaced as ''[[sanjak-bey]]'' of [[Lajjun Sanjak]] by an Ottoman officer, ending the power of the [[Turabay dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharon|first=Moshe|author-link=Moshe Sharon|editor-last=Ma'oz|editor-first=Moshe|title=Studies on Palestine During the Ottoman Period|date=1975|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Magnes Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoJtAAAAMAAJ|chapter=The Political Role of the Bedouins in Palestine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|isbn=978-965-223-589-3|oclc=2298443}}</ref>
* The [[1689 Baptist Confession of Faith|Second London Baptist Confession of Faith]] is written (published in [[1689]]).
* [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]'s ''[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]'' (''Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata'') is published as part of his ''[[Opera Posthuma]]'' in [[Amsterdam]].
* [[Robert Plot]] publishes ''The Natural History of Oxford-shire, Being an Essay Toward the Natural History of England'', in which he describes the fossilised femur of a human giant, now known to be from the [[dinosaur]] ''[[Megalosaurus]]''.
* [[Elias Ashmole]] gifts the collection that begins the [[Ashmolean Museum]] to the [[University of Oxford]] in England.
* [[Jules Hardouin Mansart]] begins ''la place Vendôme'' in [[Paris]] (it is completed in [[1698]]).
* [[Francis Aungier, 1st Earl of Longford|Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford]], is created 1st [[Earl of Longford]] in the [[Peerage of Ireland]].
* [[The John Roan School]] is established in [[Greenwich]], London.
* [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] gives a complete solution to the [[tangent problem]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kreyszig|first=Erwin|title=Differential Geometry|isbn=978-0-486-66721-8|date=June 1991|publisher=Courier Corporation }}</ref>
* [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] observes [[spermatozoa]] under the [[microscope]].
* The use of [[Erectile dysfunction#History|male impotence]] is ended as a factor in French divorce proceedings.
* [[Ice cream]] becomes popular in Paris.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grun|first=Bernard|title=The Timetables of History: A Horizontal Linkage of People and Events|location=New York|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=1991|pages=308–309|quote=Ice cream becomes popular as dessert in Paris.|ol=1756160M}}</ref>
* The population of [[Paris]] first exceeds 500,000.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:Françoise-Marie de Bourbon in 1700; Duchess of Chartres.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Françoise Marie de Bourbon]]]]
[[File:Stanis%C5%82aw Leszczy%C5%84ski par Girardet.PNG|thumbnail|110px|King [[Stanisław Leszczyński]]]]
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Jan Santini Aichel]], Czech architect (d. [[1723]])
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Johann Ludwig Bach]], German composer (d. [[1731]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cassini]], French astronomer (d. [[1756]])
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Françoise-Marie de Bourbon]], youngest daughter of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] (d. 1749)
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun]], Austrian field marshal (d. [[1748]])
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Stephen Hales]], English physiologist, chemist, and inventor (d. [[1761]])
* [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Stanisław Leszczyński]], King of Poland (d. [[1766]])
* ''date unknown''
**William Dummer, acting Governor of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (d. [[1761]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Spinoza.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Baruch Spinoza]]]]
[[File:Bernardo Strozzi 001.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Barbara Strozzi]]]]
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Sir John Fowell, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1623]])
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Jan van Riebeeck]], Dutch founder of Cape Town (b. [[1619]])
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]] (b. [[1617]])
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[George Horner (died 1677)|George Horner]], English politician (b. [[1605]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Baruch Spinoza]], Dutch philosopher (b. [[1632]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Wiep van Bunge|author2=Henri Krop|author3=Piet Steenbakkers|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Spinoza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lG_jAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|date=31 July 2014|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4725-2760-8|pages=36}}</ref>
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Marie Luise von Degenfeld]], morganatic second wife of [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine]] of Germany (b. [[1634]])
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Václav Hollar]], Czech-born actor (b. [[1607]])
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Václav Eusebius František, Prince of Lobkowicz]], Austrian field marshal and prince (b. [[1609]])
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Isaac Barrow]], English mathematician (b. [[1630]])
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol]], English statesman (b. [[1612]])
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[William, Margrave of Baden-Baden]] (b. [[1593]])
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[John, Count of Nassau-Idstein]] (1629–1677) (b. [[1603]])
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Anders Bording]], Danish writer (b. [[1619]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Jacques Esprit]], French writer (b. [[1611]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg]] (b. [[1647]])
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Johann Franck]], German poet and hymnist (b. [[1618]])
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Francesco Buonamici (architect)|Francesco Buonamici]], Italian architect, painter and engraver (b. [[1596]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Oechslin |first=Werner |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |title=BUONAMICI, Francesco |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-buonamici_res-20b6e98a-87e9-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |language=Italian |date=1972 |volume=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123183429/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-buonamici_res-20b6e98a-87e9-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |archive-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[Timothy Turner]], English judge, actor (b. [[1585]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Johannes Loccenius]], German historian (b. [[1598]])
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Fabian von Fersen]], Swedish soldier (b. [[1626]])
* August 
**[[Matthew Locke (composer)|Matthew Locke]], English composer (b. [[1621]])
** [[Joseph Pardo (hazzan)|Joseph Pardo]], English-Jewish hazzan (b. c. [[1624]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[George Christian, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg]] (1669–1671) (b. [[1626]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Pierre Petit (engineer)|Pierre Petit]], French astronomer, military engineer, and physicist (b. [[1594]])
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Wallerant Vaillant]], painter of the Dutch Golden Age (b. [[1623]])
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[James Harrington (author)|James Harrington]], English political philosopher (b. [[1611]])
* [[September 12]] 
** [[Tønne Huitfeldt]], Norwegian landowner and military officer (b. [[1625]])
** [[Camillo Massimo]], Italian cardinal, patron of the arts (b. [[1620]])
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Gustav Adolph, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken]] and general sergeant of the Holy Roman Empire at the Rhine (b. [[1632]])
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic]], Polish poet (b. [[1597]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester]], English politician (b. [[1595]])
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Aernout van der Neer]], Dutch painter (b. [[1603]])
* [[November 11]] 
** [[Johann Weikhard of Auersperg]], Austrian prime minister (b. [[1615]])
** [[Barbara Strozzi]], Italian singer and composer (b. [[1619]])
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Matthias Abele]], Austrian jurist, mine official (b. [[1618]])
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk]], English noble (b. [[1627]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Christian Albert, Burgrave and Count of Dohna]], German nobleman and general in the army of Brandenburg (b. [[1621]])
* [[December 26]] &ndash; [[Bernhard Gustav of Baden-Durlach]], Swedish general, Prince-Abbot and cardinal (b. [[1631]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Gilbert Sheldon]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1598]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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