Editing 1651

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1651}}
{{Year nav|1651}}
[[File:Battle of Worcester.jpg|thumb|300px|[[September 3]]: King Charles II of Scotland is defeated at the [[Battle of Worcester]], the last battle of the English Civil War.]]
{{C17 year in topic}}
[[File:De doorbraak van de Sint-Anthonisdijk bij Amsterdam Dijkdoorbraak te zien van de Amsterdamse Sint Anthonisdijk - nu Zeeburgerdijk - ten gevolge van de Sint-Pietersvloed in 1651, SK-A-5030.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[March 4]]: [[St. Peter's Flood]] breaches the dikes of Amsterdam]]
{{Year article header|1651}}

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] is crowned [[King of Scots]] at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]] ([[Scottish coronation of Charles II|his first crowning]]).<ref>George William Cullen Gross, '1651: The Last Coronation in Scotland', ''Court Historian'', 26:3 (December, 2021), p. 231.</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Parliament of Boroa]] in Chile: Spanish and [[Mapuche]] authorities meet at [[Boroa]], renewing the fragile peace established at the parliaments of Quillín, in [[Parliament of Quillín (1641)|1641]] and [[1647]].<ref name=barana339>{{Cite book|title=Historia general de Chile|last=Barros Arana|first=Diego|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|location=Alicante|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_69.html#I_15_|edition=Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000|volume=Tomo cuarto|language=es|author-link=Diego Barros Arana|page=339}}</ref><ref name=pinochetetal83>{{Cite book|title=Historia militar de Chile|last1=Pinochet Ugarte|first1=Augusto|publisher=Biblioteca Militar|year=1997|last2=Villaroel Carmona|first2=Rafael|last3=Lepe Orellana|first3=Jaime|last4=Fuente-Alba Poblete|first4=J. Miguel|last5=Fuenzalida Helms|first5=Eduardo|edition=3rd|language=es|author-link=Augusto Pinochet|author-link4=Juan Miguel Fuente-Alba|page=83}}</ref> 
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[St. Peter's Flood]]: A first storm tide in the [[North Sea]] strikes the coast of [[Germany]], drowning thousands.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=urtOAAAAcAAJ ''East Frisian History: From 1648 to 1668''], Volume 5, ed. by Tileman Dothias Wiarda Winter, 1795 - 453 pages; Page 56ff. Local History and Tourist Association Holtgast e. V., 1795) pages 56ff. accessed on April 8, 2009</ref> The island of [[Juist]] is split in half, and the western half of [[Buise]] is probably washed away.
* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[St. Peter's Flood]]: Another storm tide in the North Sea strikes the [[Netherlands]], flooding [[Amsterdam]].
* [[March 6]] &ndash; The town of [[Kajaani]] is founded by Count [[Per Brahe the Younger]].<ref>[https://www.kajaani.fi/tiedotteet/kajaanin-kaupunki-tayttaa-tana-vuonna-komeat-370-vuotta-juhlitaan-kaupunkiamme-eri-tavoin/ Kajaanin kaupunki täyttää tänä vuonna komeat 370 vuotta – juhlitaan kaupunkiamme eri tavoin] (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[March 15]] &ndash; Prince Aisin Gioro Fulin attains the age of 13 and becomes the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] of China, which had been governed by a regency since the death of his father [[Hong Taiji]] in 1643.
* [[March 26]] &ndash; The Spanish ship ''San José'', [[Real Situado|loaded with silver]], is pushed south by strong winds; [[wreckage of San José|it wrecks on the coast of southern Chile]], and its surviving crew is killed by indigenous [[Cunco people|Cuncos]].<ref name=Solano1899>{{cite book |last=Solano Astaburuaga |first=Francisco|edition=2nd|orig-year=1867 |date=1899 |title=Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile |page=280 |language=es }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Historia general de Chile|last=Barros Arana|first=Diego|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|location=Alicante|chapter-url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_69.html#I_15_|date=|edition=Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000|volume=Tomo cuarto|language=Spanish|chapter=Capítulo XIV|author-link=Diego Barros Arana|page=340}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]], Emperor of China, announces in an imperial edict that he will purge corruption from government. 
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Thomas Hobbes]] publishes his magnum opus, the political tract ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'', in England. <ref>"Leviathan and De Cive", by Karl Schuhmann, in ''Leviathan After 350 Years'', ed. by Luc Foisneau (Clarendon Press, 2004) p.17</ref>
* [[May 12]] &ndash; General [[Marcin Kalinowski]] of [[Poland]] wins the [[Battle of Kopychyntsi]] against [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]] forces under the command of Asand Demka during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in what is now [[Ukraine]].
* [[May 21]] &ndash; The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] purchases the Caribbean islands of [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Kitts|Saint Christopher]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] and [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] from the France's [[Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique]].  The Order will sell the islands in 1665 to the [[French West India Company]].
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Franco-Spanish War (1635)|Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659)]]; A squadron of Spanish [[galley]]s under [[John of Austria the Younger]] [[Capture of the galleon Lion Couronné|capture the French galleon ''Lion Couronné'']] off [[Formentera]], [[Balearic Islands]], Spain.
* [[June 30]] &ndash; After three days of fighting in the [[Battle of Berestechko]] in [[Ukraine]], one of the biggest land battles of the 17th century, with some 205,000 troops in the field, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] Army defeats the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 20]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Inverkeithing]] in [[Scotland]], the English [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] [[New Model Army]], under Major-General [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]], defeats a Scottish [[Covenanter]] army acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.
* [[August 13]] &ndash; The troops of King Charles II of Scotland force the retreat of English Commonwealth troops at the [[Battle of Warrington Bridge (1651)|Battle of Warrington Bridge]], the last victory of Scotland over England in battle.
* [[August 28]]
**The "Onfall of [[Alyth]] takes place in the Scottish town of the same name when most of the members of Scotland's governing body, the Committee of States, are betrayed to English invaders. The [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Earl of Leven]], the [[John Lindsay, 17th Earl of Crawford, 1st Earl of Lindsay|Earl of Crawford]], the [[William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal|Earl Marischal]], [[Robert Nairne, 1st Lord Nairne|Lord Nairne]] and other prominent people are captured and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://montrose-society.ndo.co.uk/pdf/Newsletter%20June%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://montrose-society.ndo.co.uk/pdf/Newsletter%20June%202010.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Marquis of Montrose Society newsletter June 2010|website=montrose-society.ndo.co.uk}}</ref>
**The [[Battle of Upton]] is fought at [[Upton-upon-Severn]] in England, where Scottish invaders commanded by Major General [[Edward Massey]] are defeated by the English Parliamentarians led by [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]].  The retreat of the Scots clears the way for the successful English attack at Worcester.   
* [[September 1]] &ndash; The [[siege of Dundee]] ends with the English Parliamentarian army, under [[General Monck]], decisively defeating Covenanters in the last battle of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] in Scotland.
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Kösem Sultan]] is assassinated by her daughter-in-law, [[Turhan Sultan]].
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Charles II of England]], leading a largely-Scottish army, is defeated in the [[Battle of Worcester]], the last major battle of the [[English Civil War]], and forced to flee.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 14]] &ndash; Laws are passed in [[Massachusetts]], forbidding poor people from adopting excessive styles of dress.
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Charles II of England|Prince Charles]]{{dubious|date=September 2022|reason=I believe he was Charles II by this time though it was disputed}} of the House of Stuart [[Escape of Charles II|escapes from England to find refuge in France]].<ref name="CBH1651">{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=185–186|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October]] &ndash; An English diplomatic team, headed by [[Oliver St John]], goes to [[The Hague]] to negotiate an alliance between the [[Commonwealth of England]] and the [[Dutch Republic]].
* [[November 3]] &ndash; The [[Manx Rebellion of 1651]] comes to an end as [[Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby|the Countess of Derby]] surrenders the [[Isle of Man]] to the forces of Oliver Cromwell in return for a guarantee of safe passage for herself, her family and her servants, off of the island.
* [[November 24]] &ndash; In China, [[Qing dynasty]] forces led by [[Shang Kexi]] capture the city of [[Guangzhou]] from the [[Southern Ming]] and then carry out a massacre of the population, killing as many as 70,000 people over 11 days ending on December 5.<ref>Frederic Wakeman, ''The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China'' (University of California Press, 1985) pp. 767–768</ref> 
* [[December 17]] &ndash; Castle Cornet in [[Guernsey]], the last stronghold which had supported the King in the [[Third English Civil War]], surrenders.

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Keian Uprising]] fails in [[Japan]].
* The first [[coffee house]] in England is opened in [[Oxford]],<ref name="CBH1651" /> indicative of their increasing popularity in Europe.
* The Madanmohan-jiu Temple is built at [[Samta (India)]], a village in the [[Howrah district]] of [[West Bengal]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:Phips portrait.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[William Phips]]]]
[[File:Francisco Ignacio Ruiz de la Iglesia (attributed to) - Infanta Margarita.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Margaret Theresa of Spain]]]]
* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[Petronio Franceschini]], Italian Baroque composer (d. [[1680]])
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[William Coddington, Jr.]], Rhode Island colonial governor (d. [[1689]])
* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[Johannes Wolfgang von Bodman]], German bishop (d. [[1691]])
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Edward Tyson]], British scientist (d. [[1708]])
* [[February 2]] or [[1950]] &ndash; [[William Phips]], first royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (d. [[1695]])
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Procopio Cutò]], French entrepreneur (d. [[1727]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Sir Ralph Assheton, 2nd Baronet, of Middleton]], English politician (d. [[1716]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch]], wealthy Scottish peeress (d. [[1732]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Silvius II Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Oels]] (d. [[1697]])
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Quirinus Kuhlmann]], German Baroque poet and mystic (d. [[1689]])
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Pieter van der Hulst (IV)|Pieter van der Hulst]], Dutch painter (d. [[1727]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Carlo Gimach]], Maltese architect, engineer and poet (d. [[1730]])
* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[John Somers, 1st Baron Somers]], Lord Chancellor of England (d. [[1716]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Karl II, Elector Palatine]] of Germany (d. [[1685]])
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Fabrizio Paolucci]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1726]])
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[André Dacier]], French classical scholar (d. [[1722]])
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]], German mathematician (d. [[1708]])
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Archinto]], Italian cardinal, Archbishop of Milan (d. [[1712]])
* [[April 21]] &ndash; Blessed [[Joseph Vaz]], Apostle of Ceylon (d. [[1711]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Jean-Baptiste de la Salle]], French educational reformer (d. [[1719]])
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Jacques Gravier]], French Jesuit missionary in the New World (d. [[1708]])
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Louis-Antoine, Cardinal de Noailles]], French bishop (d. [[1729]])
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Willem van Ingen]], Dutch painter (d. [[1708]])
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Alexander Edward]], Scottish landscape architect (d. [[1708]])
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Francisco Cuervo y Valdés]], Spanish colonial governor (d. [[1714]])
* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]] (d. [[1670]])
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Honoratus a Sancta Maria]], French Discalced Carmelite (d. [[1729]])
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Margaret Theresa of Spain]] (d. [[1673]])
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand Tobias Richter]], Austrian Baroque composer (d. [[1711]])
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Jacques Bigot (Jesuit)]], French Jesuit priest, missionary to the Abenakis in Canada (d. [[1711]])
* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[François Fénelon]], Archbishop of [[Cambrai]], France (d. [[1715]])
* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld]], Swedish Field Marshal (d. [[1722]])
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Balthasar Permoser]], German sculptor (d. [[1732]])
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[François Baert]], Jesuit hagiographer (d. [[1719]])
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina]], Tsaritsa of Russia (d. [[1694]])
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Zubdat-un-Nissa]], Mughal princess, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb (d. [[1707]])
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[William Dampier]], English explorer (d. [[1715]])
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Aoyama Tadao]], Japanese daimyō (d. [[1685]])
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Engelbert Kaempfer]], German physician and traveler (d. [[1716]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Francis Daniel Pastorius]], German founder of Germantown, Pennsylvania (d. [[1720]])
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Jean de La Chapelle]], French writer and dramatist (d. [[1723]])
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Perizonius]], Dutch linguist (d. [[1715]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay]], French politician (d. [[1690]])
* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Juana Inés de la Cruz]], Mexican nun, writer and poet (d. [[1695]])
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Pedro Manuel Colón de Portugal]] (d. [[1710]])
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Krieger]], German composer and organist (d. [[1735]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; Gorgin Khan, Persian Governor of Kandahar (d. [[1709]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Iemitu.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Tokugawa Iemitsu]]]]
[[File:Philippus Rovenius door Pieter de Grebber.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Philippus Rovenius]]]]
* January &ndash; [[Thomas Greene (governor)|Thomas Greene]], [[List of colonial governors of Maryland|Colonial governor of Maryland]] (b. [[1609]])
* [[January 22]] &ndash; [[Johannes Phocylides Holwarda]], Dutch astronomer (b. [[1618]])
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Diego de Colmenares]], Spanish historian (b. [[1586]])
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[Erdmann August of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]], Hereditary Margrave (b. [[1615]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Richard Newport, 1st Baron Newport]], English politician (b. [[1587]])
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Herman Krefting]], Norwegian businessman (b. [[1592]])
* [[March 11]] &ndash; [[Alvise Contarini (diplomat)|Alvise Contarini]], Italian diplomat, nobleman (b. [[1597]])
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[John of Hesse-Braubach]], German general (b. [[1609]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Lennart Torstensson]], Swedish Field Marshal, Privy Councillour and Governor-General (b. [[1603]])
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Sir William Airmine, 1st Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1593]])
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Sophie of Solms-Laubach]], wife of Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. [[1594]])
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Jeane Gardiner]], British woman executed for witchcraft in Bermuda
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent]] (b. [[1594]])
* [[June 8]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1604]])
* [[June 17]] 
** [[Roger North (died 1651)|Roger North]], English politician (b. [[1577]])
** [[Francesco Piccolomini (Jesuit)|Francesco Piccolomini]], Italian Jesuit (b. [[1582]])
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Dina Vinhofvers]], Danish alleged conspirator (b. [[1620]]) 
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Maria Anna Vasa]], Polish princess (b. [[1650]])
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Ercole, Marquis of Baux]], member of the House of Grimaldi (b. [[1623]])
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg]], regent of Hesse-Kassel (b. [[1602]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Filippo Benedetto de Sio]], Italian  Catholic prelate and bishop (b. [[1585]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Jeremi Wiśniowiecki]], Polish nobleman (b. [[1612]])
* [[September 2]] 
** [[Kösem Sultan]], regent of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1590)
** [[William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington]], English landowner, politician (b. [[1610]])
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Yui Shōsetsu]], Japanese rebel (b. [[1605]])
* [[September 12]] 
** [[Félix Castello]], Spanish artist (b. [[1595]])
** [[William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton]], Scottish nobleman (b. [[1616]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Henriette Marie of the Palatinate]], German noble (b. [[1626]])
* [[September 24]] 
** [[Étienne Pascal]], French mathematician (b. [[1588]])
** [[Marubashi Chūya]], Japanese rebel
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]] (b. [[1573]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Ludwig Camerarius]], German politician (b. [[1573]])
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Heinrich Albert (composer)|Heinrich Albert]], German composer and poet (b. [[1604]])
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Jacques Sirmond]], French Jesuit scholar (b. [[1559]])
* [[October 8]]
** [[Isaac Elzevir]], Dutch printer and publisher (b. [[1596]])
** [[Anna Catherine Constance Vasa]], Polish princess, daughter of King Sigismund III Vasa (b. [[1619]])
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Philippus Rovenius]], Dutch priest (b. [[1573]])
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby]] (b. [[1607]])
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Saint Job of Pochayiv]], Ukrainian Orthodox Christian saint (b. [[1551]])
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Mikołaj Potocki]], Polish soldier (b. [[1595]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch]], son of Walter Scott (b. [[1626]])
* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[Henry Ireton]], English Civil War leader (b. [[1611]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Pierre Dupuy (scholar)|Pierre Dupuy]], French scholar (b. [[1582]])
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Virginia Centurione Bracelli]], Italian saint (b. [[1587]])
* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach]], Regent of Nassau-Saarbrücken (b. [[1595]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath]] (b. [[1580]])
* ''date unknown'' 
** [[Eva Bacharach]], Bohemian Hebraist (b. [[1580]])
**[[Giulia Tofana]], Italian poisoner (b. [[1581]])
**[[Angélique Paulet]], French salonnière, singer, musician and actress (b. [[1592]])
**[[Helena Czaplińska]], Ukrainian Hetmana

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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