Editing 1597

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1597}}
{{Year nav|1597}}
[[File:Navalzhugenu2.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[October 26]]: [[Battle of Myeongnyang]]]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1597}}

== Events ==
[[File:ALCHEMIA. ANDREAE LIBAVII.png|alt=The yellowed title page of Andreas Libavius's Alchemia, in Latin.|thumb|110px|Andreas Libavius's ''Alchemia'', an early chemistry text, is published.]]
<onlyinclude>

=== January–March ===
* [[January 4]] – Japan's Chancellor of the Realm, [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], sends [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|26 European Christians]], arrested on December 8, 1596, on a forced march from [[Kyoto]] to [[Nagasaki]]. 
* [[January 24]] – [[Battle of Turnhout (1597)|Battle of Turnhout]]: [[Maurice of Nassau]] defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas, in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Chris Cook|author2=Philip Broadhead|title=The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453-1763|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQkv6TFKMV4C&pg=PA110|date=2 October 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-13065-8|pages=110|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 5]] – In [[Japan]], [[26 Martyrs of Japan|26 European Catholic Christians]] are executed in [[Nagasaki]] by crucifixion. They had the misfortune of being shipwrecked on the Japanese coast on October 19, 1596. 
* [[February 8]] – Sir [[Anthony Shirley]], England's "best-educated pirate", raids [[Colony of Santiago|Jamaica]].
* [[February 24]] – The last battle of the [[Cudgel War]] is fought on the [[Santavuori Hill]] in [[Ilmajoki]], [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]].<ref>[https://ilmajoki.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/puistot-ja-yleiset-alueet/jaakko-ilkan-leikkipuisto/nuijasota/ Nuijasota – Ilmajoki] (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[March 11]] – [[Siege of Amiens (1597)#Spanish capture Amiens|Amiens is taken]] by [[Spain|Spanish]] forces.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 10]] – The [[Serb uprising of 1596–97]] ends in defeat for the rebels, at the field of [[Gacko]] ([[Gatačko Polje]]).
* [[April 19]] – Prince [[Nyaungyan Min]] ignores the orders of King [[Nanda Bayin]] of [[Burma]] and seizes control of the Kingdom of Ava (now in Upper Myanmar)
* [[April 23]] – Probable first performance of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''.
* [[April 27]] – [[Johannes Kepler]] marries Barbara Muhleck.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Hudson Tiner|title=Johannes Kepler: Giant of Faith and Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5mexmtKUXgC|year=1999|publisher=Mott Media|isbn=978-0-915134-11-3|page=86|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 13]] – King Henry IV of France and England's General [[Thomas Baskerville (general)|Thomas Baskerville]] begin the [[Siege of Amiens (1597)|siege of the city of Amiens]] in France, which had been captured on March 11 by the Spanish Army. The city is recaptured by September 25. 
* [[May 27]] – The [[Kingdom of Kotte]], on most of the western side of the island of [[Sri Lanka]], upon the death of [[Dharmapala of Kotte|King Dharmapala]]. With no heirs, Dharmapala had made a will bequeathing the entire kingdom to the European nation of [[Portugal]], creating the territory of [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (''Puruthugisi Lankawa'' or ''Porthueka Ilankai'').
* [[June 13]] – The [[States General of the Netherlands|Staten-Generaal]] of the [[Dutch Republic]]  approves a proposal for the ''Generaliteitscollege'', a common board for the Republic's five separate navies, the [[Admiralty of Amsterdam]], the [[Admiralty of Rotterdam]], the [[Admiralty of Zeeland]], the [[Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier]] and the [[Admiralty of Friesland]].

=== July–September ===
* [[July 14]] – Scottish poet [[Alexander Montgomerie]] is declared an [[outlaw]], after the collapse of a Catholic plot.
* [[July 28]] – After the performance of the satirical play ''[[The Isle of Dogs (play)|The Isle of Dogs]]'', written by [[Thomas Nashe]] and [[Ben Jonson]], at the [[The Swan (theatre)|Swan Theatre]], the [[Privy Council of England]] concludes that the "lewd play" is full of [[sedition|seditious]] and [[slander|slanderous]] matter. Jonson is arrested, along with two actors, [[Gabriel Spenser]] and Robert Shaa, and the three are sent to [[Marshalsea Prison]]. A raid on the home of Thomas Nashe seizes his papers, but Nashe is not found. The three prisoners are released later in the year and return to the stage. All copies of ''The Isle of Dogs'' script are destroyed.
* [[August 13]] – The [[Siege of Namwon]] begins in [[Korea]].
* [[August 14]] – [[First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]]: A [[Netherlands|Dutch]] expedition commanded by [[Cornelis de Houtman]] returns to [[Amsterdam]], after having successfully reached [[Java]]. This achievement opens the [[Spice trade]], which had until then been monopolised by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.
* [[August 17]] – [[Islands Voyage]]: [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]], and Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] set sail on an expedition to the [[Azores]].
* [[August 19]] – [[Siege of Rheinberg (1597)|Rheinberg capitulates]] to forces led by Maurice of Naussau.
* [[August 24]] – [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV of Denmark-Norway]] refuses to let [[Tycho Brahe]] return to [[Denmark]].
* [[August 28]] – [[Imjin War]]: [[Battle of Chilcheollyang]] – The [[Japan]]ese fleet defeats the [[Korea]]ns, in their only naval victory of the war.<ref>{{cite book|author=DK|title=War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Llw8JSZEXYC&pg=PA403|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=978-1-4053-4778-5|pages=403|language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 25]] – [[Siege of Amiens (1597)|Amiens is retaken]] from the Spanish by Anglo-French forces, led by [[Henry IV of France]], after a four-month siege.

=== October–December ===
* [[October 18]] – The [[3rd Spanish Armada]], a fleet of 140 ships, departs from the port of [[La Coruña]] with 12,634 soldiers and sailors and a plan to invade the British Isles with a landing at [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] in [[Cornwall]]. <ref name=Tenace>"A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony"", by Edward Tenace, in ''The English Historical Review'' (2003) pp. 869–872</ref>
* [[October 21]] – The Spanish Armada reaches the [[English Channel]] without opposition. An English ship sees the invading force's approach, but is intercepted and sunk, with the survivors being taken prisoner. The Armada encounters a storm the next day. <ref name=Wernham> R. B. Wernham, ''The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603'' (Clarendon Press, 1994) pp. 185–187</ref> 
* [[October 25]] – Following the loss of an artillery ship and the galleon ''San Bartolome'', Spanish Admiral [[Diego Brochero]] orders the remaining ships in the attacking Armada to disperse until the weather improves. <ref name=Wernham/> 
* [[October 26]] – [[Battle of Myeongnyang]]: The Koreans, commanded by [[Yi Sunsin]], are victorious over a Japanese invasion fleet.
* [[November 10]] – In the last major action during the war of the [[3rd Spanish Armada]], the galleon ''Bear of Amsterdam'' is captured as it approaches Falmouth, where an English squadron intercepts it and leads it into Dartmouth. 
* [[November 12]] – [[Siege of Lingen (1597)|Lingen capitulates]] to forces led by [[Maurice, Prince of Orange|Maurice of Nassau]].
* [[November 21]] – The remainder of the 3rd Spanish Armada is assembled at La Coruña. Only 108 of the original fleet of 140 ships is left, and many of the vessels require food and supplies. King Philip elects not to attempt another invasion of the British Isles.
* [[December 6]] – Queen Elizabeth of England appoints [[George Nicholson (diplomat)|George Nicholson]] as the English Resident in Scotland, the [[London]]'s chief diplomatic official to [[Edinburgh]], with a letter of accreditation for Nicholson to present to King James VI of Scotland. <ref>John Duncan Mackie, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603'' (Edinburgh, 1969) p. 126.</ref>
* [[December 7]] – [[Lazzaro Grimaldi Cebà]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]], as the previous chief executive, [[Matteo Senarega]] completes his two-year term. Senarega is given the post of ''procuratore perpetuo''.
* [[December 23]]
**The Roman Catholic order of the [[Christian Doctrine Fathers|Congregatio Patrum Doctrinae Christianae]], which will later be more commonly known as the Christian Doctrine Fathers, is approved by [[Pope Clement VIII]]. Founded on September 29, 1592, the order continues to operate more than four centuries later and is headquartered in [[Rome]].
**Prince [[Sigismund Báthory]] signs an agreement with [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor]] to abdicate the throne of Transylvania in return for the Silesian duchies of Racibórz and Opole and an annual subsidy of 50,000 thalers.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Abbas I of Safavid|Abbas I]] ends the [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] raids on his lands.
* [[Yaqob]] succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel, as Emperor of [[Ethiopia]] at the age of 7.
* [[Jacopo Peri]] writes ''[[Dafne]]'', now recognised as the first [[opera]].
* The first edition of [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Francis Bacon]]'s ''[[Essays (Francis Bacon)|Essays]]'' is published.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lisa Jardine|author2=Professor of Renaissance Studies Lisa Jardine|title=Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Og89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA228|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20494-1|pages=228}}</ref>
* [[Andreas Libavius]] publishes ''Alchemia'', a pioneering [[chemistry]] textbook.<ref>{{cite web|title= From liquid to vapor and back: origins|work=Special Collections Department|publisher=University of Delaware Library|url=http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/vapor/origins.htm|access-date=March 12, 2007}}</ref>
* 12&nbsp;million [[peso]]s of silver cross the [[Pacific]]. Although it is unknown just how much silver flowed from the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] base of [[Manila]] in the [[Philippines]] to the [[Ming Dynasty]] of [[China]], it is known that the main port for the [[Mexico|Mexican]] silver trade—[[Acapulco]]—shipped out 150,000 to 345,000&nbsp;kg (4 to 9&nbsp;million [[tael]]s) of silver annually from this year to 1602.
* [[Tobias Hess]] corresponds with [[Simon Studion]] and agrees with him that the [[Papacy]] must fall in [[1604]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:SirHenryGage.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Henry Gage (soldier)|Henry Gage]]]]
[[File:Justus Sustermans by van dyck.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Justus Sustermans]]]]

===January–March===
* [[January 12]] – [[François Duquesnoy]], Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (d. [[1643]])
* [[January 25]] – [[Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]], German Duke (d. [[1639]])
* [[January 31]] – [[John Francis Regis]], French Jesuit priest (d. [[1640]])
* [[February 24]] – [[Vincent Voiture]], French poet (d. [[1648]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Do1YAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Grolier Incorporated|isbn=978-0-7172-0131-0|page=215}}</ref>
* [[March 1]] – [[Jean-Charles de la Faille]], Belgian mathematician (d. [[1652]])
* [[March 10]] – [[Ercole Gennari]], Italian drawer and painter (d. [[1658]])
* [[March 18]] – [[Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière]], French nobleman, founder of Montreal and an order of nursing Sisters (d. [[1659]])
* [[March 21]] – [[Juan Alonso y Ocón]], Spanish Catholic prelate, Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (d. [[1656]])
* [[March 27]] – [[William Hyde (Douai)|William Hyde]], President of English College, Douai (d. [[1651]])

===April–June===
* [[April 9]] – [[John Davenport (minister)|John Davenport]], English Puritan clergyman, co-founder of the American colony of New Haven (d. [[1670]])
* [[April 13]] – [[Giovanni Battista Hodierna]], Italian astronomer (d. [[1660]])
* [[April 23]] – [[Alvise Contarini (diplomat)|Alvise Contarini]], Italian diplomat, nobleman (d. [[1651]])
* [[May 13]] – [[Cornelis Schut]], Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (d. [[1655]])
* [[May 15]] – [[Squire Bence]], English politician (d. [[1648]])
* [[May 25]] – [[Veit Erbermann]], German theologian (d. [[1675]])
* [[May 31]] – [[Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac]], French author (d. [[1654]])
* [[June 9]] – [[Pieter Jansz. Saenredam]], Dutch painter (d. [[1665]])

===July–September===
* [[July 2]] – [[Theodoor Rombouts]], Flemish painter (d. [[1637]])
* [[July 13]] – [[Sebastian Stoskopff]], French painter (d. [[1657]])
* [[July 22]] – [[Virgilio Mazzocchi]], Italian Baroque composer (d. [[1646]])
* [[July 29]] – [[Abdias Treu]], German mathematician and academic (d. [[1669]])
* [[August 20]]
** [[Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1685]])
** [[Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic]], Polish poet (d. [[1677]])
* [[August 21]] – [[Roger Twysden]], English antiquarian and royalist (d. [[1672]])
* [[August 29]] – [[Henry Gage (soldier)|Henry Gage]], Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d. [[1645]])
* [[September 23]] – [[Francesco Barberini (1597–1679)|Francesco Barberini]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1679]])
* [[September 28]] – [[Justus Sustermans]], Flemish painter  (d. [[1681]])

===October–December===
* [[October 7]] – [[Captain John Underhill]], English settler and soldier (d. [[1672]])
* [[October 13]] – [[Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen]], Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War (d. [[1634]])
* [[October 20]] – [[Matthew Hutton (MP)|Matthew Hutton]], English politician (d. [[1666]])
* [[November 15]] – [[Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna]] (d. [[1656]])
* [[November 19]] – [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (1597–1660)|Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]], wife of George William, Elector of Brandenburg (d. [[1660]])
* [[December 16]]
** [[George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg]] (d. [[1647]])
** [[Pieter de Neyn]], Dutch painter (d. [[1639]])
* [[December 22]] – [[Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]] (d. [[1659]])
* [[December 23]]
** [[Martin Opitz]], German poet (d. [[1639]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Honoré II, Prince of Monaco]] (d. [[1662]])

===Date unknown===
* [[Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña]], Spanish missionary and explorer (d. [[1676]])
* [[Johan van Heemskerk]], Dutch poet (d. [[1656]])
* [[Cornelis Jol]], Dutch naval commander and privateer (d. [[1641]])
* [[Wang Wei (17th-century poet)|Wang Wei]], Chinese poet (d. [[1647]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Barents.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Willem Barentsz]]]]
[[File:Edward Kelly prophet or seer to Dr Dee 02355.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Edward Kelley]]]]
[[File:Saint Petrus Canisius.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Peter Canisius]]]]
* [[January 29]]
**  [[Maharana Pratap]], Indian statesman (b. [[1540]])
** [[Elias Ammerbach]], German organist (b. [[1530]])
* [[February 2]] – [[James Burbage]], English actor
* [[February 5]]
** [[Francisco Blanco (martyr)|Francisco Blanco]], Spanish [[Franciscan]] and [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. [[1570]])
** [[Gonsalo Garcia]], Portuguese [[Franciscan]] and [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. [[1557]])
** [[Paulo Miki]], Japanese [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and saint (b. {{Circa|[[1562]]}})
** [[Philip of Jesus]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. [[1572]])
** [[26 Martyrs of Japan]]
* [[February 6]] – [[Franciscus Patricius]], Italian philosopher and scientist (b. [[1529]])
* [[February 16]] – [[Gilbert Génébrard]], French [[Roman Catholic]] archbishop (b. [[1535]])
* [[March 6]] – [[William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham]], English noble and politician (b. [[1527]])
* [[April 2]] – [[Blas Valera]], Peruvian historian (b. [[1545]])
* [[April 16]] – [[Caspar Cruciger the Younger]], German theologian (b. [[1525]])
* [[June 6]] – [[William Hunnis]], English poet
* [[June 8]] – [[Barbara of Hesse]] (b. [[1536]])
* [[June 9]] – [[José de Anchieta]], Spanish [[Jesuit]] missionary (b. [[1534]])
* [[June 18]] – [[Markus Fugger]], German businessman (b. [[1529]])
* [[June 20]] – [[Willem Barents]], Dutch navigator and explorer (b. {{Circa|[[1550]]}})<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barwolt Sijbrand Ebbinge|author2=P. S. Tomkovich|title=Heritage of the Russian Arctic: Research, Conservation, and International Co-operation : Proceedings of the International Scientific Willem Barents Memorial Arctic Conservation Symposium, Held in Moscow, Russia, 10-14 March 1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOPaAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Ecopros Publishers|isbn=978-5-88621-057-6|page=1}}</ref>
* [[July 8]] – [[Luís Fróis]], Portuguese [[Jesuit]] missionary (b. [[1532]])
* [[July 19]] – [[Gunilla Bielke]], Queen of Sweden (b. [[1568]])
* [[July 20]] – [[Franciscus Raphelengius]], Dutch printer (b. [[1539]])
* [[July 22]] – [[Gabriele Paleotti]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b. [[1522]])
* [[August 27]]
** [[Won Gyun]], Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b. [[1540]])
** [[Yi Eokgi]], Korean admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b. [[1561]])
* [[September 3]] – [[Jakobea of Baden]], Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b. [[1558]])
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Helena Magenbuch]], German pharmacist (b. [[1523]])
* [[September 20]] – [[Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria]], Austrian archduchess (b. [[1581]])
* [[September 30]] – [[William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen]] (b. [[1534]])
* [[October 4]] – [[Sarsa Dengel]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1550]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Saheed A. Adejumobi|title=The History of Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U7aydmefrgC&pg=PA169|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32273-0|pages=169|language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 19]] – [[Ashikaga Yoshiaki]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1537]])
* [[October 23]] – [[Cyriakus Schneegass]], German hymnwriter (b. [[1546]])
* [[October 27]] – [[Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara]], Italian noble (b. [[1533]])
* [[November 1]] – [[Edward Kelley]], English spirit medium (b. [[1555]])
* [[November 11]] – [[Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg]], German noble (b. [[1570]])
* [[November 6]] – [[Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain]] (b. [[1567]])
* [[December 17]] – [[Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein]] (b. [[1557]])
* [[December 21]] – [[Petrus Canisius]], Dutch [[Jesuit]] priest and saint (b. [[1521]])<ref>{{cite book|author=John McClintock|title=Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkolilnkt6oC|year=1981|publisher=Baker Book House|isbn=978-0-8010-6123-3|page=74|language=en}}</ref>
* date unknown – [[Margaretha Coppier]], Dutch heroine (b. [[1516]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1597}}
[[Category:1597| ]]