Editing 1594

{{Year dab|1594}}
{{Year nav|1594}}
[[File:Linschotens nordenkart, 1601 (12067624705).jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|[[June 5]]: First voyage  of [[Willem Barents]] in search of the [[Northeast Passage]].]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1594}}

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 3]] &ndash; [[Longvek]], the capital of the [[Post-Angkor period|Kingdom of Cambodia]], is conquered by the army of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] (now Thailand), commanded by [[Naresuan|King Naresuan]], after [[Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)|more than two years of war]]. King [[Chey Chettha I]] of Cambodia is able to flee to [[Laos]], along with the former King [[Satha I]], but the rest of the royal family is taken hostage, along with Prince [[Srei Soriyopear]]. <ref>"King Tilokarat (1441–1485)", in ''Popular History of Thailand'', by Manich Jumsai (Claremint, 1976) pp. 227–231
</ref>
* [[January 17]] &ndash; Construction of the [[Junagarh Fort]] in the Mughal Empire's [[Bikaner State|principality of Bikaner]] (now in India's [[Rajasthan]] state) is completed after almost five years.
* [[January 24]] &ndash; William Shakespeare's play ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'', is given its first performance, presented by the [[Admiral's Men]] company of players at ''[[The Rose (theatre)|The Rose]]'' in London. <ref>[https://www.bl.uk/treasures/shakespeare/titus.html "Shakespeare quartos: Titus Andronicus"]</ref>
* [[January 25]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Enniskillen (1594)|siege of Enniskillen Castle]] in Ireland (at [[County Fermanagh]]) is started by English commander John Dowdall, but is abandoned after one month.
* [[February 2]] &ndash; England's Admiral [[Richard Hawkins]] and the crew of the ship HMS ''Dainty'' become the first Europeans to see the [[Falkland Islands]].
* [[February 19]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Sigismund III Vasa]] as [[List of Swedish monarchs|King of Sweden]] takes place at [[Uppsala]].
* [[February 27]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] as King of France takes place at [[Chartres Cathedral]].
* [[March 18]] &ndash; Two warships of the English Navy, commanded by Captain James Langton, complete a three-day raid on the Spanish city of [[Puerto Cortés|Puerto de Caballos]] (now Puerto Cortés in [[Guatemala]]) and pillage the city.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Hyacinth of Poland]] is canonized by [[Pope Clement VIII]].
* [[April 27 ]] &ndash; After suppressing the Serbian [[uprising in Banat]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] rulers carry out [[Burning of Saint Sava's relics|the public burning of the bones]] of [[Saint Sava]] in [[Belgrade]]. <ref>Vladimir Ćorović, ''Istorija srpskog naroda'' (Ianis, 1997)</ref> 
* [[May 6]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Coevorden (1593)|siege of the Spanish-held city of Coevorden]] ends after six months as the city surrenders to the Dutch Republic.
* [[May 14]] &ndash; After almost two years of being closed because of [[bubonic plague]], theaters in England are allowed to reopen, as the [[Admiral's Men]] stage a performance of ''[[The Jew of Malta]]''. <ref>F. E. Halliday, ''A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964'' (Penguin, 1964) p.24</ref>
* [[May 19]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Groningen (1594)|Siege of Groningen]] by the [[Dutch Republic]] begins with an attack of 10,000 soldiers against the Spanish-held city. The Spanish commander surrenders after two months on July 22. 
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Willem Barents]] makes his first voyage to the  Arctic Ocean, in search of the [[Northeast Passage]].
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Philip II of Spain]] recognizes the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paves the way for the stabilization of the rule of the [[Principalía]].
* [[June 23]] &ndash; A cargo ship explosion [[Action of Faial|kills over 700 people]] the day after three English Navy ships— the ''Mayflower'', ''Sampson'' and ''Royal Exchange''— set fire to the Portuguese [[carrack]] ''[[Cinco Chagas]]'' off of the coast of [[Faial Island]] during the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]]. The treasure inside, gathered from the [[East Indies]], sinks in the north Atlantic Ocean. Only 13 people on the ''Cinco Chagas'' survive, and the cargo is lost. <ref>Richard Hakluyt, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120408083737/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/voyages/v11/chapter72.html#chapter72 The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation] '' (1598), reprinted 2002, p.571</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; Anglo-Spanish War: [[Action of Atacames Bay]] &ndash; English [[privateer]] [[Richard Hawkins]] in the [[English ship Dainty (1588)|''Dainty'']] is attacked and captured by a Spanish squadron off [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]] (now in [[Ecuador]]). <ref>David F. Marley, ''Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present'' (ABC-CLIO, 1994)</ref>
* [[July 3]] &ndash; The [[Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)|Ayutthayan–Cambodian War (1591–1594)]] concludes when [[Naresuan]], ruler of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]], sacks [[Longvek]], capital of [[Cambodia]].
* [[July 22]] &ndash; After a [[Siege of Groningen (1594)|two-month siege]], the city of [[Groningen]] submits to Dutch troops, bringing the whole northern Netherlands under the [[Dutch Republic]].
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]], in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] (now in [[Argentina]]), is founded by Luis Jufré de Loaysa y Meneses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fundación de la Ciudad de San Luis |url=https://www.efemeridesargentina.com.ar/efemeridesargentina/default.asp?opt=1&condicion=5&buscar_efemerides=si&id_efemerides=1771 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=www.efemeridesargentina.com.ar |language=es}}</ref>
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Farkas Kovacsóczy]], who has served as [[Chancellor of Transylvania]] for 16 years, is arrested on orders of Prince [[Sigismund Báthory]], and [[István Jósika]] is appointed in his place. Kovacsóczy is imprisoned at [[Gherla|Szamosújvár]] (now Gherla in Romania) and executed by strangulation on September 11. <ref>László Markó, ''A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig – Életrajzi Lexikon'' ("The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia") (Helikon Kiadó Kft., 2006) p.113</ref>
* [[August 30]] &ndash; Diplomats meet at [[Stirling Castle]] for the [[Masque at the baptism of Prince Henry]], heir to the throne of Scotland. <ref>Clare McManus, ''Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court, 1590–1618'' (Manchester, 2002), p. 83.</ref>
* [[September 6]] &ndash; In France, [[Morlaix]], a walled city in Brittany controlled by the Spanish Army and the ''[[Catholic League (French)|Ligue catholique]]'', is [[Siege of Morlaix (1594)|besieged by the French Royal Army]] led by Marshal [[Jean VI d'Aumont]]. <ref>Wallace T. MacCaffrey, '' Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588-1603'' (Princeton University Press, 1994) pp. 193</ref> The French Army is supplemented by 2,000 troops commanded by [[John Norris (soldier)|John Norreys]]. 
* [[September 17]] &ndash; A fleet of six ships, commanded by the [[privateer]] [[Martin Frobisher]], arrives at Morlaix and prepares to bombard the city, under siege by the French Army. The Spanish Army commander of the Morlaix garrison surrenders, rather than facing the city's destruction. <ref>Hugh Bicheno, ''Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas'' (Conway, 2012) pp. 279–280</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; The [[siege of Fort Crozon]] begins as an English and French army attacks the Spanish held fortress at the [[Pointe des Espagnols]] in France.
* [[October 3]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Glenlivet]] is fought in [[Scotland]] between the Protestant forces loyal to [[James VI and I|King James VI]], assisted by the armies of 8 clans and led by the [[Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll|Earl of Argyll]], against Roman Catholic rebels supported by [[Clan Gordon]] (led by the Earl of Huntley), [[Clan Hay]] (led by the Earl of Errol), [[Clan Cumming|Clan Comyn]] and [[Clan Cameron]]. Despite being outnumbered 5 to 1, the Catholic clans win the battle, killing 500 of the Protestant forces. <ref>John Keay and Julia Keay, ''The Collins Enclyclopaedia of Scotland'' (HarperCollins, 1994) p.468</ref>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; The [[Campaign of Danture]], which began on July 5 as part of the [[Sinhalese–Portuguese War]], concludes with a decisive victory by forces of the [[Kingdom of Kandy]] over the [[Portuguese Empire]], reversing near-total control of [[Sri Lanka]] by Portugal. [[Pedro Lopes de Sousa]], the Governor of Portuguese Ceylon, is killed in the battle and replaced on December 24 by Jerónimo de Azevedo.
* [[November 13]] &ndash; After the [[Principality of Wallachia]] (now in Romania) joins other Eastern European nations in a Holy League, a rebellion breaks out in [[Bucharest]] as Christian residents massacre the soldiers of the Ottoman Muslim garrison, entering Wallachia into the ongoing [[Long Turkish War|Thirteen Years' War]]. 
* [[November 18]] &ndash; The Spanish fortress at [[Château de Brest]] in France falls after a siege of five months.
* [[November 19]] &ndash; The [[siege of Fort Crozon]] by English and French soldiers ends with a massacre of all but 13 of the nearly 400 Spaniards living there, including women and children. <ref>Cesáreo Fernández Duro, ''Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Aragón y Castilla'' ("The Spanish Armada after the Union of the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile") Vol. III. (Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1897). pp. 86–90.</ref>
* [[December 2]] &ndash; The proposal for the [[Union of Brest]] (moving the [[Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1441–1596)|Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus]] from the [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] to the [[Roman Catholic Church]]) is made in a petition by the Metropolitan [[Michael Rohoza]] in a petition to [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund]], monarch of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden and Finland.<ref name=Herbermann>"Union of Brest", by Charles Herbermann, in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (Robert Appleton Company, 1913)</ref> After a similar petition to Pope Clement VIII on June 12, 1595, the Union will be proclaimed on October 8, 1596. <ref name=Herbermann/>
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Udai Singh of Marwar|King Udai Singh]] of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]] (now the [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] states of India and the [[Punjab (province)|Punjab province]] of Pakistan) returns to [[Lahore]] after having captured the [[Siwana]] fort. <ref>Visheshwar Sarup Bhargava, ''Marwar And The Mughal Emperors (1526–1748)'' (Munshiram Manoharlal, 1966) pp. 61–62</ref> 
* [[December 27]] &ndash; French university student [[Jean Châtel]] attempts to assassinate [[King of France|King]] [[Henry IV of France]] after gaining entrance into the King's office. Châtel attacks the monarch with a knife and causes a minor injury. After the court jester, [[Mathurine de Vallois]] intervenes, she detains Châtel until the King's bodyguard can carry out the arrest. Two days later, is executed by dismemberment. The [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand|Collège de Clermont]], the Jesuit institution where Châtel was a student, is closed and the order of the [[Jesuits]] is temporarily banned. <ref>[[Voltaire]] (François-Marie Arouet) ''Histoire du Parlement de Paris'' (1769)</ref>
* [[December 28]] &ndash; The earliest known performance of [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'' takes place at [[Gray's Inn]] in [[London]], and is played by the [[Lord Chamberlain's Men]] acting company. The production is held before members of the English court on Innocents' Day as part of the Gray's Inn Christmas festivities. <ref>"Introduction", by Charles Whitworth, ed., ''William Shakespeare: The Comedy of Errors'' (Oxford University Press, 2003) p.1</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[St. Paul's College, Macau|St. Paul's College]] is founded in [[Macau]] by [[Jesuits]], being the first western style university in the far east.
* In [[Amsterdam]], the [[Compagnie van Verre]] is created, with the goal of breaking the Portuguese monopoly on spice trade.
* [[Tulip]] bulbs planted by [[Carolus Clusius]] in the [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden]], [[Holland]], flower for the first time.
* The city of Pompeii is rediscovered more than 1,500 years after its burial by [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79|the eruption of Mount Vesuvius]].
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==

===January&ndash;June===
[[File:Johannes Körnlein - portrait of Maria Tesselschade Visscher.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Maria Tesselschade Visscher]]]]
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Barthélemy Vimont]], French missionary (d. [[1667]])
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua]], Italian duke and Catholic cardinal (d. [[1627]])
* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Gregers Krabbe]], Governor-general of Norway (d. [[1655]])
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Maeda Toshitsune]], Japanese warlord (d. [[1658]])
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Pierre de Marca]], French bishop and historian (d. [[1662]])
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Philip Powell (martyr)|Philip Powell]], Welsh martyr (d. [[1646]])
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Biagio Marini]], Italian violinist and composer (d. [[1663]])
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Juliana Morell]], Spanish-French scholar (d. [[1653]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]], elder son of King James I & VI and [[Anne of Denmark]] (d. [[1612]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ronald H. Fritze|author2=William B. Robison|title=Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8goko0Lpr5sC&pg=PA228|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28391-8|pages=228|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar]], German duke (d. [[1626]])
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[William Wadsworth (patriarch)|William Wadsworth]], American colonial (d. [[1675]])
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Maria Tesselschade Visscher]], Dutch poet and engraver (d. [[1649]])
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Bernardino Spada]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1661]])
* [[April 29]] &ndash; [[Samuel Fairclough]], English minister (d. [[1677]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[John Haynes (governor)|John Haynes]], governor of Connecticut (d. [[1653]])
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Louis Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg]], military leader in the Thirty Years' War (d. [[1662]])
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Sophie of Solms-Laubach]], wife of Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. [[1651]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim]], field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War (d. [[1632]])
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[César, Duke of Vendôme]], French nobleman (d. [[1665]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass]], English nobleman (d. [[1653]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Thomas Tyrrell]], English judge and politician (d. [[1672]])
* June &ndash; [[Nicolas Poussin]], French painter (d. [[1665]])

===July&ndash;December===
[[File:Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle at Breitenfeld.jpg|thumb|110px|right|King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]]]
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]] (1622–1659) (d. [[1659]])
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Bartolomeo Gennari]], Italian painter (d. [[1661]])
* [[July 14]] &ndash; [[Beat Albrecht von Ramstein]], German Catholic bishop (d. [[1651]])
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł]], Polish noble (d. [[1654]])
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Stefano Durazzo]], Italian cardinal (d. [[1667]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Queen Inyeol]], Korean royal consort (d. [[1636]])
* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Francesco Manelli]], Italian composer (d. [[1667]])
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant]], French poet (d. [[1661]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Johan Schatter]], Dutch Golden Age member of the [[Haarlem schutterij]]  (d. [[1673]])
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Johann Rudolf Wettstein]], Swiss diplomat (d. [[1666]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[Jean Puget de la Serre]], French author and dramatist (d. [[1665]])
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent]] (d. [[1651]])
* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[James Ware (historian)|James Ware]], Irish genealogist (d. [[1666]])
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[John Cosin]], English churchman (d. [[1672]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Frederik Coning]], Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. [[1636]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Pierre Petit (engineer)|Pierre Petit]], French astronomer, military engineer, and physicist (d. [[1677]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], Swedish king and general (d. [[1632]])
* [[December 21]] &ndash; [[Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton]], English politician (d. [[1668]])
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]], Prince of Hesse-Kassel, Administrator of Hersfeld Abbey (d. [[1617]])
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Ove Gjedde]], Danish admiral, member of the interim government after the death of Christian IV (d. [[1660]])

===Date unknown===
* [[John Bramhall]], English Anglican clergyman and controversialist (d. [[1663]])
* [[Peter Oliver (painter)|Peter Oliver]], English miniaturist (d. [[1648]])
* [[Tomasz Zamoyski]], Polish nobleman (d. [[1638]])

===Probable===
* [[Tarquinio Merula]], Italian composer (d. [[1665]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Tintorettoselfportrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Tintoretto]]]]
[[File:Sir Martin Frobisher by Cornelis Ketel.jpeg|thumb|right|110px|[[Martin Frobisher]]]]
[[File:Mercator.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Gerardus Mercator]]]]
* February &ndash; [[Barnabe Googe]], English poet (b. [[1540]])
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], Italian composer (b. [[1525]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Clara Marvin|title=Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: A Research Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdFYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|date=15 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-61754-7|pages=10|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim]], Duchess of Saxony (b. [[1540]])
* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby]] (b. [[1559]]), second in line to the throne of [[Kingdom of England|England]]<ref name="Lefranc1988">{{cite book|author=Abel Lefranc|title=Under the Mask of William Shakespeare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6dlAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Merlin|isbn=978-0-86303-352-0|page=72}}</ref>
* [[April 29]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cooper (bishop)|Thomas Cooper]], English bishop, lexicographer, and writer (b. c. [[1517]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Edward Atslowe]], English physician
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Charlotte de La Marck]], French duchess (b. [[1574]])
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[Bálint Balassi]], Hungarian writer and noble (b. [[1554]])
* [[May 31]] 
** [[Tintoretto]], Italian painter (b. [[1518]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Tom Nichols|title=Tintoretto: Tradition and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1B-16o9Qr-sC&pg=PA245|year=1999|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-120-4|pages=245|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Francesco Panigarola]], Italian bishop (b. [[1548]])
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[John Aylmer (bishop)|John Aylmer]], English divine (b. [[1521]])
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Rodrigo López (physician)|Rodrigo Lopez]], Queen Elizabeth's physician (executed for treason) (b. [[1525]])
* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Orlande de Lassus]], Flemish composer (b. [[1532]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Belgian Laces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI4MAQAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Belgian Researchers, Incorporated|page=2|language=en}}</ref> 
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Niels Kaas]], Danish chancellor (b. [[1535]])
* July &ndash; [[Girolamo Mei]], Italian historian and humanist (b. [[1519]])
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Paolo Bellasio]], Italian composer and organist (b. [[1554]])
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Archduchess Eleanor of Austria]] (b. [[1534]])
* [[October 8]] &ndash; [[Ishikawa Goemon]], Japanese ninja and thief (b. [[1558]])
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[William Allen (cardinal)|William Allen]], English cardinal (b. [[1532]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; Sir [[Martin Frobisher]],  British explorer (b. [[1535]])<ref>{{cite DNB |last=Coote |first=Charles Henry |author-link=Charles Henry Coote |wstitle=Frobisher, Martin |volume=20 |pages=281–284}}</ref>
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela]], General Inquisitor of Spain (b. [[1512]])
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga]], Basque soldier and poet (b. [[1533]])
* [[December 2]] &ndash; [[Gerardus Mercator]], Flemish-German cartographer (b. [[1512]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Allison Balfour]], alleged Scottish witch 
* ''date unknown'' 
** [[John Johnson (composer)|John Johnson]], English lutenist and composer (b. c. [[1545]])
** [[Thomas Kyd]], author of ''[[The Spanish Tragedy]]'' (b. [[1558]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1594}}
[[Category:1594| ]]