Editing 1586

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1586}}
{{Year nav|1586}}
[[File:Battle of Zutphen.png|thumb|250px|[[September 22]]: [[Battle of Zutphen]]]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1586}}

== Events ==

==January &ndash; March==
* [[January 3]] &ndash; [[Augustus, Elector of Saxony|Augustus of Wettin]], the [[Elector of Saxony]], marries [[Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt]], the 12-year-old daughter of [[Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt]]. Augustus dies less than six weeks later.<ref>"Augustus I", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1911). Vol. 2</ref> 
* [[January 18]] &ndash; The 7.9 magnitude [[1586 Tenshō earthquake|Tenshō earthquake]] strikes the Chubu region of Japan, triggering a tsunami and causing at least 8,000 deaths.<ref name="Yamamura">{{cite journal |last1=Yamamura |first1=Norika |last2=Kano |first2=Yasuyuki |title=1586年天正地震の震源断層推定の試み: 液状化履歴地点における液状化可能性の検討から |journal=Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan) |series=Second Series |date=2020 |volume=73 |pages=97–110 |doi=10.4294/zisin.2019-7 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/zisin/73/0/73_2019-7/_article/-char/ja/ |trans-title=Source Fault Estimation of the 1586 Tensho Earthquake by Evaluating the Possibility of Liquefaction |publisher=Seismological Society of Japan |s2cid=229523816 |language=ja}}</ref>
* [[February 11]]
**After a two-day battle, an English assault force led by [[Francis Drake]] [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)|captures the South American port of Cartagena de Indias]], part of Spain's colony, the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] (now [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] in [[Colombia]].
**In [[Dresden]], [[Christian I, Elector of Saxony|Christian I]] becomes the new [[Elector of Saxony]], after the death of his father Augustus.
* [[February 14]] &ndash; In India, [[Yakub Shah Chak]] becomes the new Sultan of Kashmir after the death of his father, the [[Yousuf Shah Chak|Sultan Yousuf Shah]].<ref>Haidar Malik Chadurah, ''History of Kashmir'' (Jaykay Books, 2013) p.185</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; In what is now [[Buner District]], Pakistan, [[Kalu Khan Yousufzai|Kalu Khan]] leads his [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai-Afghan]] Lashkar to defeat the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]] at the [[Karakar Pass]] in the [[Mughal–Afghan Wars|Afghan-Mughal War]], annihilating them by the 10s of thousands and inflicting one of the greatest defeats in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] history to [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]] of [[Indian subcontinent|India]] [[Akbar|Akbar the Great]] known as [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|Battle of the Malandari Pass]].<ref name=Sarkar>Jadunath Sarkar and Raghubir Sinh, [https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Jaipur/O0oPIo9TXKcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=January+1586+Mughal&pg=PA68&printsec=frontcover''A History of Jaipur, c. 1503-1938'' (Orient Longman, 1984)], pp. 68-69</ref>
* [[February 23]] &ndash; The Scottish crown jewels, recovered for King James VI by [[William Stewart of Caverston]], are formally returned to the royal treasurer, [[Robert Melville, 1st Lord Melville|Lord Melville]]. The jewels include a square gold pendant, inlaid with a large diamond and a ruby and several other diamonds, the "[[Great H of Scotland]]".<ref>Thomas Thomson, ''A Collection of Inventories and Other Records of the Royal Wardrobe and Jewelhouse'' (Edinburgh, 1815), pp. 316-320</ref>
* [[March 3]] &ndash; [[Battle of Werl]] in the Duchy of Westphalia (Germany): [[Claude de Berlaymont]] and a large force of 4,000 troops attempt to capture [[Maarten Schenck van Nydeggen]], who had plundered the territory of [[Vest Recklinghausen]] within the Electorate of Cologne. Schenk and his men are able to escape after five days.<ref>Johann Heinrich Hennes, ''Der Kampf um das Erzstift Köln zur Zeit der Kurfürsten'' (1878), pp. 156–162</ref> 
* [[March 12]] &ndash; Greek-born Spanish artist Domḗnikos Theotokópoulos, known better as [[El Greco]], is commissioned to paint his most famous work, ''The Burial of the Count of Orgaz'', which he finishes in early 1588.<ref>Mauricia Tazartes, ''El Greco'' (Explorer Press, 2005) p.49</ref> 
* [[March 18]] &ndash; The [[Black Assize of Exeter 1586|Black Assize of Exeter]] begins in England as infected prisoners go on trial and an epidemic of [[typhus]] spreads quickly through the courtrooms above [[Exeter Prison]].<ref>"Exeter Typhus Epidemic of 1586", in ''Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present, 2008'', by George C. Kohn (Facts on File, 2007) p.122</ref> The disease is quickly transmitted from body lice on inmates who had been incarcerated in unsanitary conditions. In addition to prisoners who died from the disease, typhus claims the life of eight judges and 11 of the 12 jurors. Author Alexander Jenkins writes later, "A noisome and pestilential smell came from the prisoners who were arraigned at the crown bar which so affected the people present that many were seized with a violent sickness which proved mortal to the greatest part of them."<ref>Alexander Jenkins, ''Civil and Ecclesiastical History of the City of Exeter and its Environs'' (Exeter, 1841) p. 125</ref> 
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Forty Martyrs of England and Wales]]: The most infamous case in England of a torture and execution by ''[[Peine forte et dure]]''— slowly piling heavy stones upon a prisoner until they make a plea or die — is carried out against [[Margaret Clitherow]] of [[York]] after she refuses to enter a plea on charges of harboring Roman Catholic priests. She will be canonized as a Catholic saint in 1970 by [[Pope Paul VI]].

==April &ndash; June==
* [[April 12]] &ndash; Francis Drake and the English conquerors depart Cartagena after having looted the city and being paid a ransom of 250,000 Spanish pesos by the New Granadan Governor, Don Pedro Fernández.
* [[May 27]] &ndash; English privateers, commanded by Sir Francis Drake, [[Raid on St. Augustine|carry out a raid]] on the Spanish settlement of [[St. Augustine, Florida]].<ref>Angus Konstam, ''The Great Expedition: Sir Francis Drake on the Spanish Main - 1585-86'' (Osprey, 2011) p.66-70</ref>
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]]: The [[Siege of Grave (1586)|Siege of Grave]] in the Netherlands, by Spanish General [[Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort]], ends with the surrender of the garrison after a siege of four months.<ref>Graham Darby, ''The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt'' (Routledge, 2001) p.190</ref>

==July &ndash; September==
* [[July 6]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Berwick (1586)|Treaty of Berwick]] is signed between Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] and King [[James VI of Scotland]].<ref name="CBH 1586"/>
* [[July 17]] &ndash; In England, the [[Babington Plot]], a scheme to murder [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth]] and to replace her with [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], is discovered. Mary is implicated when she sends a cryptogram letter to [[Anthony Babington]] giving the go-ahead for the assassination, and the correspondence is decrypted by [[Thomas Phelippes]].
* [[July 21]] &ndash; English explorer [[Thomas Cavendish]] begins the first deliberately planned [[Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation|circumnavigation]] of the globe.<ref name=TTH>{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun}}</ref>
* [[July 22]] &ndash; Sir Francis Drake and his crew return to England, arriving at [[Portsmouth]] to heroes' welcome.<ref>John Sugden, ''Sir Francis Drake'' (Pimlico Press, 2006) pp. 189-190</ref> 
* [[August 4]] &ndash; Conspirator [[John Ballard (Jesuit)|John Ballard]] is the first person to be arrested by English security agents for the plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth. Under torture, he implicates Anthony Babington.
* [[August 13]] &ndash; In Germany, near [[Cologne|Köln]], the [[Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)|siege of Rheinberg]] by Spanish Army commander [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]] begins and is ultimately won by Spain, despite a defense by the [[Electorate of Cologne]] as well as Dutch and English troops.<ref>Peter Hamish Wilson, ''The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy'' (Penguin Group, 2009) p.210</ref>
* [[September 14]] &ndash; In one of the most spectacular feats of engineering up to that time, devised by [[Domenico Fontana]], the {{convert|82|ft|m}} tall, 327-ton [[Vatican obelisk]] is erected at [[St. Peter's Square]] in [[Rome]] after being transported between April 30 and May 17 from its previous location on orders of [[Pope Sixtus V]].
* [[September 20]] &ndash; The executions of the [[Babington Plot]] perpetrators begins. Over the two day period, the 14 men convicted of the a plot are [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] (the first seven being disembowelled before death) in St Giles Field, London.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology 1586">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2017}}
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Zutphen]]: Spanish troops defeat the Dutch rebels and their English allies. English poet and courtier Sir [[Philip Sidney]] is mortally wounded.<ref>{{cite book|title=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJtSxXbDq00C|year=1971|publisher=Society|page=423|language=en}}</ref>

==October &ndash; December==
* [[October 15]]&ndash; [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], goes on trial for treason at [[Fotheringhay Castle]] in England for complicity in the [[Babington Plot]], in a proceeding that lasts for 10 days.<ref name="CBH 1586">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 19]]&ndash; [[Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)]]: [[Nanda Bayin]], King of Burma, launches a two-pronged invasion of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] (now [[Thailand]]) with 25,000 troops, 1,200 horses and 220 elephants.<ref>''Hmannan Yazawin'', p. 84 (2003)</ref> The invasion will fail, as thousands of troops die from starvation and disease and the Burmese troops will withdraw in April.
* [[October 25]]&ndash; [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], is convicted of treason and sentenced to death. She will be beheaded on February 8.
* [[November 19]] &ndash; English [[Separatist Puritan]] [[Henry Barrowe]] is imprisoned.
* [[December 17]] &ndash; (Tenshō 14, 7th day of the 11th month) The reign of [[Emperor Ōgimachi]] of [[Japan]] ends, and [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]] ascends to the throne.

== Date unknown ==
* [[Flanders|Flemish]] mathematician [[Simon Stevin]] publishes a study showing that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.
* [[Jacobus Gallus]] composes his motet ''O magnum mysterium''.
* English topographer [[William Harrison (priest)|William Harrison]] becomes [[Canon (priest)|canon]] of [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]].
* [[António da Madalena]] from [[Portugal]] is the first westerner to visit [[Angkor Wat]].
* [[English ship Vanguard (1586)|English ship ''Vanguard'']], the first [[Royal Navy]] vessel to bear this name, is launched at [[Woolwich]].
* The cities of [[Voronezh]], [[Samara, Russia|Samara]], and [[Tyumen]] in Russia are founded.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:Kurfürstin Magdalene Sibylle von Sachsen mit ihrem Sohn Christian von Sachsen-Merseburg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia]]]]
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Pau Claris i Casademunt]], Catalan ecclesiastic (d. [[1641]])
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Johann Hermann Schein]], German composer of the early Baroque era (d. [[1630]])<ref>{{cite book|author=L. C. Harnsberger|title=Essential Dictionary of Music: The Most Practical and Useful Music Dictionary for Students and Professionals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aV_PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|date=3 May 2005|publisher=Alfred Music|isbn=978-1-4574-1069-7|pages=248|language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard]] (1617–1631) (d. [[1631]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Jacob Praetorius]], German Baroque composer and organist (d. [[1651]])
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Jacques de Bela]], French writer (d. [[1667]])
* [[February 20]] &ndash; [[Hachisuka Yoshishige]], Japanese daimyō of the Edo period (d. [[1620]])
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Matthias Faber]], German Jesuit priest, writer (d. [[1653]])
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Niccolò Cabeo]], Italian Jesuit writer, theologian (d. [[1657]])
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Jean Dolbeau]], French missionary (d. [[1652]])
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Domenico Massenzio]], Italian baroque composer (d. [[1657]])
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[Ludwig Crocius]], German Calvinist minister (d. [[1653]])
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Pietro Della Valle]], Italian composer (d. [[1652]])
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Richard Saltonstall]], English diplomat (d. [[1661]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Christopher Levett]], English explorer (d. [[1630]])
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg]] (d. [[1665]])
* [[April 12]] ''(bapt.)'' &ndash; [[John Ford (dramatist)|John Ford]], English dramatist and poet (d. c. [[1639]])
* [[April 20]] &ndash; Saint [[Rose of Lima]], Spanish colonist in Lima (d. [[1617]])
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Martin Rinkart]], German clergyman and hymnist (d. [[1649]])
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon]], English noble (d. [[1643]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Étienne de Courcelles]], French scholar (d. [[1659]])
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua]] and Montferrat (d. [[1612]])
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Tsugaru Nobuhira]], Japanese daimyō (d. [[1631]])
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Angelo Giori]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1662]])
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Paul Siefert]], German composer and organist (d. [[1666]])
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[George John II, Count Palatine of Lützelstein-Guttenberg]], German noble (d. [[1654]])
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Claudio Saracini]], Italian composer (d. [[1630]])
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Thomas Hooker]], prominent Puritan colonial leader (d. [[1647]])
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Thomas Trevor (1586–1656)|Thomas Trevor]], English politician and judge (d. [[1656]])
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel]], English courtier (d. [[1646]])
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Diego de Colmenares]], Spanish historian (d. [[1651]])
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[William Hutchinson (Rhode Island judge)|William Hutchinson]], founder of Rhode Island (d. [[1642]])
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Johann Valentin Andrea]], German theologian (d. [[1654]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Antoon Sanders]], Dutch priest, historian (d. [[1664]])
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[William Lytton]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1660]])
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Isaac Massa]], Dutch diplomat (d. [[1643]])
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Leopold V, Archduke of Austria]], regent of Tyrol (d. [[1632]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Franz Daxecker|title=The Physicist and Astronomer Christopher Scheiner: Biography, Letters, Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMnuAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck|isbn=978-3-901249-69-3|page=15|language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Luke Foxe]], English explorer (d. [[1635]])
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Francis West]], Deputy Governor of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia (d. [[1634]])
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Polykarp Leyser II]], German theologian (d. [[1633]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Walter Erle]], English politician (d. [[1665]])
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Juan Bautista de Lezana]], Spanish theologian (d. [[1659]])
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1655]])
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1650]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Niccolò Zucchi]], Italian astronomer and physicist (d. [[1670]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Georg Calixtus]], German Lutheran theologian who looked to reconcile all Christendom (d. [[1656]])
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia]], Electress of Saxony (d. [[1659]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[John Mason (governor)|John Mason]], English explorer (d. [[1635]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Kocc Barma Fall]], Senegambian philosopher (d. 1655)<ref>Diagne, Léon Sobel, « Le problème de la philosophie africaine » (2004), p. 10 (archived by French Wikipedia) [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224081746/http://sfc.education.sn/IMG/pdf/LE_PROBLEME_DE_LA_PHILOSOPHIE_AFRICAINE_Leon_OK.pdf]</ref><ref>''Kocc Barma Fall disait…'' [in] Au Senegal (26 Sep 2013) [https://www.au-senegal.com/kocc-barma-fall-disait,6832.html?lang=fr]</ref>
*''probable''
** [[Giles Fletcher]], English poet (d. [[1623]])
** [[David HaLevi Segal]], Polish Jewish rabbi (d. [[1667]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Margaret Clitherow.png|thumb|110px|right|Saint [[Margaret Clitherow]]]]
[[File:Prince Sanehito.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Prince Masahito]]]]

[[File:Portrait of Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle by Willem Key.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle]]]]
[[File:Adolf, 1526-1586, hertig av Holstein-Gottorp - Nationalmuseum - 15979.tif|thumb|110px|right|[[Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]]]]
[[File:Sir Philip Sidney from NPG.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Philip Sidney]]]]
[[File:Stefan Batory 11.PNG|thumb|110px|King [[Stefan Batory]]]]
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Austria (1522–1583)|Margaret of Austria]], regent of the Netherlands (b. [[1522]])
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Lucas Cranach the Younger]], German painter (b. [[1515]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Augustus, Elector of Saxony]] (b. [[1526]])
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Amalia of Cleves]], German princess and writer (b. [[1517]])
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Margaret Clitherow]], English [[Roman Catholic]] nun, saint and martyr (b. [[1556]])
* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[Anna of Veldenz]], Margrave of Baden (b. [[1540]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Martin Chemnitz]], Lutheran reformer (b. [[1522]])
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Henry Sidney]], Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. [[1529]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mary Sidney Pembroke (comtesse de).)|author2=Mary Sidney Herbert Countess of Pembroke|author3=Mary Sidney Herbert|title=The Collected Works of Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke: Poems, translations, and correspondence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSSR4SjcePsC&pg=PA6|year=1998|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-811280-8|pages=6|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[George II of Brieg]], Duke of Brieg (1547–1586) (b. [[1523]])
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Luis de Morales]], Spanish religious painter (b. [[1510]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Adam Lonicer]], German botanist (b. [[1528]])
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Martín de Azpilcueta]], Spanish theologian and economist (b. [[1491]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Matthew Wesenbeck]], Belgian jurist (b. [[1531]])
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Filippo Boncompagni]], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. [[1548]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Primož Trubar]], Carniolan Protestant reformer (b. [[1508]])
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Ludwig Lavater]], Swiss Reformed theologian (b. [[1527]])
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley]] (b. [[1525]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Richard Maitland]], Scottish statesman and historian (b. [[1496]])
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Prince Masahito]], member of the Japanese imperial family (b. [[1552]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma]] (b. [[1521]])
* [[September 20]]
** Sir [[Anthony Babington]], English Catholic conspirator (executed) (b. [[1561]])
** [[Chidiock Tichborne]], English conspirator and poet (executed) (b. [[1558]])
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle]], French [[Roman Catholic]] cardinal (b. [[1517]])
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]] (b. [[1526]])
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg]], Danish princess (b. [[1524]])
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Philip Sidney]], English poet, courtier and soldier (b. [[1554]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Donna B. Hamilton|title=Shakespeare and the Politics of Protestant England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVJrs4zvoXMC&pg=PA24|date=1 January 1992|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=0-8131-1790-9|pages=24|language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]] (b. [[1532]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Willem IV van den Bergh]], Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (b. [[1537]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt]] (b. [[1536]])
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Stefan Batory]], King of Poland (b. [[1533]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Tomasz M. M. Czepiel|title=Music at the Royal Court and Chapel in Poland, C.1543-1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bd8XAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Garland|isbn=978-0-8153-2237-5|page=11}}</ref>
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Luigi d'Este]], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. [[1538]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:1586| ]]