Editing 1577

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1577}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Year nav|1577}}
[[File:Von einem Schrecklichen vnd Wunderbarlichen Cometen so sich den Dienstag nach Martini dieses lauffenden M. D. Lxxvij. Jahrs am Himmel erzeiget hat (grayscale).png|thumb|200px|[[November]]: the [[Great Comet of 1577]] is visible]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
Year '''1577''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDLXXVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 9]] &ndash; The second [[Union of Brussels]] is formed, first without the Protestant counties of [[Holland]] and [[Zeeland]] (which is accepted by King [[Philip II of Spain]]), later with the Protestants, which means open rebellion of the whole of the [[Seventeen Provinces|Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mack P. Holt|title=The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En23VTbYwhQC&pg=PA112|date=13 October 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44767-6|pages=112|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 12]] &ndash; The "[[Edict of 1577|Perpetual Edict]]", providing for the removal of Spanish troops from what is now the [[Netherlands]], is signed in the city of [[Marche-en-Famenne]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (now [[Belgium]]) by the Spanish Governor-General, [[John of Austria|Don Juan de Austria]] and representatives of the Dutch rebellion. The Perpetual Edict will last only five months, before Don Juan begins new attacks on the rebels.<ref>Alastair Duke, ''The Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries'' (Bloomsbury Academic, 2003) p.189</ref>
* [[February 23]] &ndash; The new Shah of Iran, [[Ismail II]], has most of the advisers of his late father executed, including Prince [[Ibrahim Mirza]].<ref>"Ebrāhīm Mīrzā", by Marianna S. Simpson, in 
''Encyclopedia Iranica'' online (1997)</ref>
* [[March 17]] &ndash; The [[Cathay Company]] is formed, to send [[Martin Frobisher]] back to the New World for more gold.<ref>{{cite book|author1=George Best|author2=Wilberforce Eames|title=The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher in Search of a Passage to Cathay and India by the North-west, A.D. 1576-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QR_AAAAMAAJ|year=1938|publisher=Argonaut Press|page=cxii}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Battle of Lubieszów]]: General [[Jan Zborowski]] leads the army of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in the catastrophic defeat of most of Jan Winkelbruch's 12,000 rebels and mercenaries from the Commonwealth's richest city, [[Danzig]], killing 4,420 of the men and capturing another 5,000 as prisoners. Only 88 of Zborowski's 2,500 troops are killed.<ref>Richard Brzezinski, ''Polish Armies 1569-1696'' (Osprey Publishing, 1988)</ref><ref>Radoslaw Sikora, ''Lubieszów 17 April 1577'' (Wydawnictwo Inforteditions, 2005)</ref> The [[Danzig Rebellion]] ends at the end of the year.
* [[May 27]] &ndash; English explorer [[Martin Frobisher]] departs from [[Blackwall, London|Blackwall]] in his flagship, [[English ship Aid (1562)|HMS ''Ayde'']], along with the ships ''Gabriel'' and ''Michael'', to begin the English expedition to North America.<ref name=RSR>Robert Steven Ruby, ''Unknown Shore: The Lost History of England's Arctic Colony'' (Henry Holt and Company, 2001) p.139</ref> 
*[[May 28]] &ndash; The ''Bergen Book'', better known as the ''Solid Declaration'' of the [[Formula of Concord]], one of the [[Lutheran]] confessional writings, is published. The earlier version, known as the ''Torgau Book'' ([[1576]]), had been condensed into an ''[[Epitome]]''; both documents are part of the [[1580]] ''[[Book of Concord]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Theodore Gerhardt Tappert|title=The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvKDx7gcH7kC&pg=PA464|date=1 January 1959|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-4514-1894-1|pages=464|language=en}}</ref>
*[[June 11]] &ndash; [[Sebastiano Venier]] becomes the new [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Venice]], succeeding [[Alvise I Mocenigo|Alvise Mocenigo]], who died on June 4.<ref>{{cite web|title=Venier, Sebastiano|last=Brunetti|first=Mario|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sebastiano-venier_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|publisher=[[Enciclopedia Italiana]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210822234633/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sebastiano-venier_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/|archive-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
*[[June 12]] &ndash; The French city of [[Issoire]] surrenders and 3,000 of its Protestant Huguenots are massacred by the troops of the French Catholic General [[Francis, Duke of Anjou]], on orders by King [[Henry III of France]]. The massacre is carried out 20 months after the October 15, 1575 killing of Catholic residents by [[Matthieu Merle]].<ref>Pierre Miquel, ''Les Guerres de Religion'' ("The Wars of Religion") (Fayard, 1980) p.325</ref> Most of Issoire's buildings are torn down, and the royal troops leave an inscription on a pillar, ''Ici fut Issoire'' ("Here stood Issoire.")<ref>[[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Issoire|"Issoire"]], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th ed.), Volume 14 (1911)</ref>
*[[June 13]] &ndash; [[Mirza Salman Jaberi]] is appointed as the new [[List of grand viziers of Persia|Grand Vizier of Persia]] by Shah Ismail II, replacing [[Mirza Shokrollah Isfahani]].
*[[June 29]] &ndash; [[Mehmed II Giray]] becomes the new [[Crimean Khanate|Khan of Crimea]] for the [[Ottoman Empire]], after the death of his father, [[Devlet I Giray]], from a plague.<ref>"Devlet I Giray (ö. 985/1577) Kırım hanı (1551-1577)", in ''TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi'', ed. by Halil Inalcik (in Turkish)</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Ludvig Munk]] is appointed [[Governor-General of Norway]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ludvig Munk |encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Magne |last=Njåstad |editor=[[Knut Helle|Helle, Knut]]|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Ludvig_Munk/utdypning |language=no |access-date=9 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[:de:Göran Boije|Göran Boije]] becomes the new [[Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)|Duke of Estonia]], ruling what is, at the time, a dominion of the Swedish Empire.
* [[August 23]] &ndash; Martin Frobisher ends his expedition to Canada and he and his crew begin the journey back to England on the ships ''Ayde'', ''Gabriel'' and ''Michael''.<ref name=RSR/>
* [[September 8]] &ndash; (11th waning of Tawthalin [[Burmese calendar|939 ME]]) [[Min Phalaung]], [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|King of Arakan]] in what is now northern [[Myanmar]] and southern [[Bangladesh]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]], enters his new palace in dedication ceremonies at the capital at [[Mrauk U]].
* [[September 17]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Bergerac]] is signed between [[Henry III of France]] and the [[Huguenots]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mack P. Holt|title=The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En23VTbYwhQC&pg=PA112|date=13 October 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44767-6|pages=112|language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 23]] &ndash; The first [[Inuit]] people to see Europe— Kalicho, [[Arnaq]], and Arnaq's son, Nutaaq— are brought as captives of Martin Frobisher when HMS ''Gabriel'' arrived in England at [[Bristol]]. All three were captured on [[Baffin Island]], and none of the three survive to the end of the year.<ref>Renée Fossett, ''In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550–1940'' (University of Manitoba Press, 2001) p.37</ref><ref name=RSR/>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 19]] &ndash; In Italy, [[Giovanni Battista Gentile Pignolo]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]] for a two-year term, replacing [[Prospero Centurione Fattinanti]]. 
* [[October 28]] &ndash; In [[Flanders]] (now part of [[Belgium]]), two Protestant members of the city council of [[Ghent]], [[Jan van Hembyze]] and François van Ryhove, proclaim the [[Calvinist Republic of Ghent]].<ref>P.J. Blok, ''History of the People of the Netherlands: The War with Spain'' (G. P. Putnam's sons, 1900)</ref> The stadtholder of Flanders, [[Philippe III de Croÿ]], Duke of Aarschot is arrested, along with the Roman Catholic bishops [[Martin Rythovius]] of [[Diocese of Ypres|Ypres]] and [[Remi Drieux]] of [[Diocese of Bruges|Bruges]]. The Calvinist Republic will exist for seven years until the [[Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)|Spanish conquest of Ghent]] in 1584.
* [[November 6]] &ndash; The first recorded observation from Earth of the [[Great Comet of 1577]] takes place by Aztec astronomers in Mexico, followed by reports from Italy on November 7 and Japan on November 8.<ref>"Abū'l Faẓl, independent discoverer of the Great Comet of 1577", by R. C. Kapoor, ''Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage'' vol.18, No.3 (2015) pp.249–260</ref> Astronomer [[Tycho Brahe]] will track the comet from November 13 until January 26 before it departs the Solar System.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harvard University Library|title=Harvard Library Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAzhAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Harvard University Library|page=128|language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; In the [[Battle of Tedorigawa]], [[Uesugi Kenshin]]'s forces decisively defeat the forces of [[Oda Nobunaga]], in what will be Kenshin's last victory before his death the following year.
* [[November 19]] &ndash; With defeat coming close in the [[siege of Shigisan]], [[Matsunaga Hisahide]] commits suicide.
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Francis Drake]] leaves [[Plymouth]], [[Kingdom of England|England]], aboard the ''[[Golden Hind|Pelican]]'', with four other ships and 164 men, on an expedition against the [[Spain|Spanish]], along the [[Pacific coast]] of the [[Americas]], which will become [[Francis Drake's Circumnavigation|his circumnavigation]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Frederick William Butt-Thompson|title=King Peters of Sierra Leone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Il9CAQAAMAAJ|year=1920|publisher=Religious Tract Society|page=122|language=en}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* Supposed massacre of the [[Clan Donald|MacDonald]] inhabitants of the [[Scotland|Scottish]] island of [[Eigg]], by the [[Clan MacLeod]].
* [[Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge]] over the [[Drina]] in [[Višegrad]] is completed in the Ottoman Empire.
* The church in [[San Pedro de Atacama]] is built, in the [[Atacama Desert]] in Chile.
* [[Casiodoro de Reina]] publishes his "Declaracion, o confesion de fe", the first and only Spanish confession of faith in the post Reformation period.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:Christian IV Pieter Isaacsz 1612.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Christian IV of Denmark and Norway]]]]
[[File:Sir Peter Paul Rubens - Portrait of the Artist - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Peter Paul Rubens]]]]
* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[Anthony Irby (1577–1610)|Anthony Irby]], English politician (d. [[1610]])
* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Francesco Stelluti]], Italian mathematician (d. [[1652]])
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Hugh Audley]], English moneylender/lawyer/philosopher (d. [[1662]])
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Johann Baptist Grossschedel]], German noble, alchemist and esoteric author (d. [[1630]])
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[Beatrice Cenci]], Italian noblewoman who conspired to kill her father (d. [[1599]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Irene Musillo Mitchell|title=Beatrice Cenci|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoSgAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-1525-3|page=15|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Francis Walsingham (Jesuit)|Francis Walsingham]], English Jesuit (d. [[1647]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Robert Burton (scholar)|Robert Burton]], English scholar at Oxford University (d. [[1640]])
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Jean Riolan the Younger]], French anatomist (d. [[1657]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg]], German noble (d. [[1656]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Roger North (died 1651)|Roger North]], English politician (d. [[1651]])
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Pieter Huyssens]], Flemish architect (d. [[1637]])
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland]] (d. [[1635]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[George Sandys]], English traveller (d. [[1644]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Franciscus Dousa]], Dutch classical scholar (d. [[1630]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Alessandro Tiarini]], Italian Baroque painter of the Bolognese School (d. [[1668]])
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Francis, Duke of Pomerania]]-Stettin, Bishop of Cammin (d. [[1620]])
* [[April 12]] &ndash; King [[Christian IV of Denmark and Norway]] (d. [[1648]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Council of Europ|author2=Steffen Heiberg|author3=Nationalhistoriske museum på Frederiksborg|title=Christian IV and Europe: The 19th Art Exhibition of the Council of Europe, Denmark 1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N55DAQAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Foundation for Christian IV Year 1988|isbn=978-87-982843-2-1|page=18|language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Countess Elisabeth of Nassau]], French noble (d. [[1642]])
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Philip de' Medici]], Italian noble (d. [[1582]])
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Nur Jahan]], empress consort of the Mughal Empire (d. [[1645]])
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Paul Guldin]], Swiss Jesuit mathematician (d. [[1643]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Peter Paul Rubens]], Flemish painter (d. [[1640]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Oppenheimer|title=Rubens: A Portrait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mKQdAfl5R4C&pg=PA85|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8154-1209-0|pages=85}}</ref>
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr]], English governor of Virginia (d. [[1618]])
* [[July 21]]
** [[Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis]], French countess (d. [[1644]])
** [[Adam Willaerts]], Dutch painter (d. [[1664]])
* [[August 11]] ''(bapt.)'' &ndash; [[Barnaby Potter]], English [[Bishop of Carlisle]] (d. [[1642]])
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Scipione Borghese]], Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (d. [[1633]])
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Otto Heurnius]], Dutch physician and philosopher (d. [[1652]])
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]] from 1596 to 1626 (d. [[1626]])
* [[October 3]] &ndash; [[Tobie Matthew]], English Member of Parliament, later Catholic priest (d. [[1655]])
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand of Bavaria (bishop)|Ferdinand of Bavaria]] (d. [[1650]])
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Jørgen Lunge]], Danish politician (d. [[1619]])
* [[October 17]]
** [[Cristofano Allori]], Italian portrait painter (d. [[1621]])
** [[Dmitry Pozharsky]], Russian prince (d. [[1642]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[John Bridgeman (bishop)|John Bridgeman]], British bishop (d. [[1652]])
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[François Leclerc du Tremblay]] (d. [[1638]])
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Jacob Cats]], Dutch poet, jurist and politician (d. [[1660]])
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Guttenberg]], Palatinate-Veldenz (d. [[1601]])
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Piet Pieterszoon Hein]], Dutch admiral and privateer for the Dutch Republic (d. [[1629]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Mario Minniti]], Italian artist active in Sicily after [[1606]] (d. [[1640]])
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[Antonio Brunelli]], Italian composer and theorist (d. [[1630]])
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Petrus Kirstenius]], German physician and orientalist (d. [[1640]])
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Effingham]], English politician and Baron (d. [[1615]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Christoph Besold]], German jurist (d. [[1638]])
** [[Giacomo Cavedone]], Italian painter (d. [[1660]])
** [[Robert Cushman]], English Plymouth Colony settler (d. [[1625]])
** [[Kobayakawa Hideaki]], Japanese samurai and warlord (d. [[1602]])
** [[William Noy]], English lawyer and politician (d. [[1634]])
** [[Samuel Purchas]], English travel writer (d. [[1626]])
** [[Meletius Smotrytsky]], [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] religious activist and author, who developed [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]] grammar (d. [[1633]])
** [[Gerhard Johann Vossius]], German classical scholar and theologian (d. [[1649]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Erik_XIV_(1533-1577)_Domenicus_Verwildt.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Eric XIV of Sweden]]]]
[[File:Cuthbert Mayne.jpg|thumb|110px|Saint [[Cuthbert Mayne]]]]
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur]], Roman Catholic bishop (b. [[1524]])
* [[February]] &ndash; [[Adam von Bodenstein]], Swiss alchemist and physician (b. [[1528]])
* [[February 26]] &ndash; King [[Eric XIV of Sweden]] (b. [[1533]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Erik XIV {{!}} king of Sweden |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erik-XIV |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]] (b. [[1529]])
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Konrad Hubert]], German theologian and hymnwriter (b. [[1507]])
* May &ndash; [[Richard Aertsz]], Dutch painter (b. [[1482]])
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Viglius]], Dutch statesman (b. 1507)<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ie_kAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|page=149}}</ref>
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca]], Spanish noble and admiral (b. [[1514]])
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Alvise I Mocenigo]], [[Doge of Venice]] (b. [[1507]])
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Daniel, Count of Waldeck]] (b. [[1530]])
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Orazio Samacchini]], Italian painter (b. [[1532]])
* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[Scipione Rebiba]], Italian cardinal (b. [[1504]])
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc]], Marshal of France (b. [[1502]])
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Thomas Smith (diplomat)|Thomas Smith]], English scholar and diplomat (b. [[1513]])
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Infanta Maria of Guimarães]] (b. [[1538]])
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva]], Spanish jurist and archbishop of Cuenca (b. [[1512]])
* [[October 3]] &ndash; [[Henry IX, Count of Waldeck]] (b. [[1531]])
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[George Gascoigne]], English poet (b. c. [[1525]])
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu]] (b. [[1521]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Matsunaga Hisahide]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1508]])
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Cuthbert Mayne]], English saint (b. [[1543]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Achilles Gasser]], German physician and astrologer (b. [[1505]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Anna of Saxony]], princess consort of Orange (b. [[1544]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1577}}
[[Category:1577| ]]