Editing 1559

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1559}}
{{Year nav|1559}}
[[File:Cateau-Cambresis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[April 3]]&ndash; The [[Peace of Cateau Cambrésis]] is concluded]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
Year '''1559''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDLIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[Coronation of Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I of England is crowned]], in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Abbott|title=Crowning Disasters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DKgAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Capall Bann Publishing|isbn=978-1-86163-132-9|page=56|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 27]] &ndash; Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] establishes the [[Church of England]], with the [[Act of Uniformity 1558]] and the [[Act of Supremacy 1558]].  The [[Oath of Supremacy]] is reinstated.
* [[March 23]] &ndash; Emperor [[Gelawdewos of Ethiopia]], defending his lands against the invasion of [[Nur ibn Mujahid]], Sultan of [[Harar]], is killed in battle. His brother, [[Menas of Ethiopia|Menas]], succeeds him as king.
* [[March 31]] &ndash; The [[Westminster Conference 1559]] opens at [[Westminster Hall]] in London with nine leading Catholic churchmen, and nine Protestant reformers of the [[Church of England]].<ref name="Morrissey2011">{{cite book|author=Mary Morrissey|title=Politics and the Paul's Cross Sermons, 1558-1642|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7smutvuRcYC&pg=PA71|access-date=14 November 2012|date=16 June 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957176-5|page=71}}</ref> The conference adjourns on April 3 for [[Easter]] and never reconvenes.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Peace of Cateau Cambrésis]]: After two days of negotiations, France makes peace with England and Spain, ending the [[Italian War of 1551–59]]. France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including [[Savoy]]), retaining only [[Saluzzo]], but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of [[Metz]], [[Toul]], and [[Verdun]], and the formerly English town of [[Calais]].
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[John Knox]] returns from exile to Scotland, to become the leader of the beginning [[Scottish Reformation]].
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth of England]] gives [[royal assent]] to the [[Act of Supremacy 1558]] (requiring any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the English monarch as Supreme Governor of the [[Church of England]]) and to the [[Act of Uniformity 1558]] (requiring all persons in England to attend Anglican services on penalty of a fine for noncompliance). 
* [[May 13]] &ndash; At [[Basel]], the body of Dutch Anabaptist leader [[David Joris]] is exhumed and burned, following his posthumous conviction of heresy.
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Scottish Reformation]]: A Protestant mob, incited by the preaching of John Knox, sacks [[St Andrews Cathedral]].
* [[June 22]] &ndash; King [[Philip II of Spain]] and the 14-year-old [[Elisabeth of Valois]] are married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jean d' Aubusson de la Maison Neuve|author2=Victor Ernest Graham|author3=Victor E. Graham|title=Recueil Et Discours Du Voyage Du Roy Charles IX|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8pnAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-5406-7|page=457|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Tournament between Henry II and Lorges.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The fatal tournament between King Henry and [[Gabriel, comte de Montgomery|Lord Montgomery]]]]
* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[Henry II of France|King Henry of France]] participates in a [[jousting]] tournament at the [[Place des Vosges]] in Paris, where French nobles are celebrating the marriage of Princess Elisabeth to King Philip of Spain. During competition against [[Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery]], commander of King Henry's bodyguards, the [[Scottish Guards (France)|Garde Écossaise]], King Henry is struck in the eye by a splinter from Montgomery's lance and fatally injured.<ref>"[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25421951/"The death of Henry II, King of France (1519–1559): From myth to medical and historical fact], by Marc Zanello, et al., in ''Acta Neurochir'' (January 2015) pp.145-149</ref> Henry survives for 10 days without treatment until dying from [[sepsis]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Francis II of France|Francis II]] becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II.<ref name=Henry>{{cite web|title=Henry II {{!}} king of France|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-II-king-of-France|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=10 April 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Francis II {{!}} king of France|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-II-king-of-France|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=10 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> Members of the [[House of Guise]] and the new king's mother [[Catherine de' Medici]] dispute control over the kingdom.
* [[July 25]] &ndash; The [[Articles of Leith]] are signed in [[Edinburgh]] between the Protestant [[Lords of the Congregation]] and the Roman Catholic representatives the Scottish regent, [[Mary of Guise]], the widow of [[James V of Scotland|King James V]], who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-old [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]. The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.<ref>Pamela E. Ritchie, ''Mary of Guise in Scotland: A Political Career'' (East Linton, Tuckwell, 2002), p.224</ref>
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]] authorizes the creation of the [[University of Douai]] (which will later become the [[University of Lille]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iso_AAAAYAAJ&q=L'abbaye+d'Anchin|title=L'abbaye d'Anchin, 1079-1792|last=Escallier|first=Énée Aimé|date=1852|publisher=L. Lefort|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Led by Don [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano]], a [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] missionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives from [[Veracruz (city)|Vera Cruz]] at [[Pensacola Bay]], founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. ([[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] is founded in [[1565]].)
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]], leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1555, dies at the age of 83 after a reign of four years. The office of the Pope remains vacant until almost the end of the year before a successor is chosen.
* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] state is established by [[Dravya Shah]], beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country of [[Nepal]].
* [[September 5]] &ndash; The [[1559 papal conclave|papal conclave to elect a new pope]] opens 18 days after the death of [[Pope Paul IV]] at the [[Apostolic Palace]] in [[Rome]] with 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present.<ref name=Salvador/> The conclave lasts 101 days before a successor to Pope Paul is elected.
* [[September 19]] &ndash; Just weeks after arrival at [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by a [[hurricane]] that kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with a [[galleon]], and grounds a [[caravel]]; the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in [[1561]].
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Francis II of France]] is crowned at [[Reims]]. The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles.<ref>Guy, John, My Heart is my Own, London, Fourth Estate, 2004, {{ISBN|1841157538}}</ref>
* [[September 25]] &ndash; At the age of 12, [[Peter the Younger|Petru cel Tânăr]] (Peter the Younger) is named as the new [[List of princes of Wallachia|Prince of Wallachia]] at the capital, [[Târgoviște]] (now in Romania) after the death of his father, [[Mircea the Shepherd]]. In response, members of Wallachian nobility ([[boyars]]) opposed to Mircea's rule launch the first of three attempts to take the throne, fighting battles at Românești, Șerpătești and Boiani.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 24]] &ndash; Backed by Ottoman Empire troops, the army of Wallachia defeats the boyars at the battle of Boiani. The [[Sublime Porte|Ottoman central government]] at Constantinople confirms Petru as the rightful ruler of the principality within the Empire. 
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Frederick III of Legnica|Frederick III]] is terminated from his post as [[Duchy of Legnica|Duke of Legnica]] on orders of [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]. The Emperor Ferdinand orders Frederick placed under house arrest, and restores Frederick's son, [[Henry XI of Legnica|Henry XI]] as Duke of Legnica.
* [[November 5]] &ndash; In Scotland, [[Crichton Castle]], home of the powerful [[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell|Earl of Bothwell]], is besieged and captured in an attack by the [[James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran|Earl of Arran]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 260-1, 262: [[Aeneas James George Mackay]], [https://archive.org/details/historieandcron01lindgoog/page/n180/mode/2up ''Chroniclis of Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1899), p. 163]</ref>
* [[November 6]] &ndash; The Ottoman Empire ends its attempt to wrest control of the island of [[Bahrain]] from Portuguese control, after a siege of Manama Castle that began on July 2.<ref>Svat Soucek (2008):"The Portuguese and Turks in the Persian Gulf", in ''Revisiting Hormuz: Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern Period'', p.37 copies archived on January 2, 2021 on the Wayback Machine website</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; After a [[1559 papal conclave|conclave of almost four months]], Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected as the 224th pope, and takes the name [[Pope Pius IV]].<ref name=Salvador>[http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xvi.htm "Conclave of September 5 to December 25, 1559", The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church], by Salvador Miranda.</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[University of Geneva]] is founded by [[John Calvin]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Pattison|title=Isaac Casaubon, 1559-1614|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjUGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1875|publisher=Longmans, Green|pages=11}}</ref>
* John Calvin publishes the final edition of the [[Institutes of the Christian Religion]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=John Calvin : for a new reformation|date=2019|editor1= Derek W. H. Thomas |editor2=John W. Tweeddale |publisher=Crossway |isbn=978-1-4335-1281-0|location=Wheaton, Illinois|oclc=1091236732}}</ref>
* [[Oda Nobunaga]] wins control of his native province of [[Owari Province|Owari]].
* [[Margaret of Parma]] becomes Governor of the [[Habsburg Netherlands|Netherlands]], in place of her brother, King [[Philip II of Spain]].
* [[Jean Nicot]], French ambassador to Portugal, introduces [[tobacco]] to the French court in the form of [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]], and describes its medicinal properties. The active ingredient in tobacco is later named "[[nicotine]]" in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.columbia.edu/centers/cifas/drugsandsociety/background/chronologydruguse.html |title=Chronology of Psychoactive Substance Use |first=Gregory |last=Austin |work=Drugs & Society |publisher=Comitas Institute for Anthropological Study |access-date=2011-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012060513/http://www.tc.columbia.edu/centers/cifas/drugsandsociety/background/chronologydruguse.html |archive-date=October 12, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Pope Paul IV]] promulgates the ''Pauline Index'', an early version of the ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]''.
* The first generation of the Protestant [[Reformation]] is completed, according to some historians.<ref>G.R. Elton, ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 2: The Reformation, 1520–1559'' (1st ed. 1958)</ref><ref>Lewis Spitz, ''The Protestant Reformation: 1517–1559'' (2003).</ref>

== Births ==
[[File:Nurhaci.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Emperor [[Nurhaci]] born on February 19]]
[[File:San Lorenzo da Brindisi.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Lawrence of Brindisi]] born on July 22]]
[[File:Sirmond, Jacques.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Jacques Sirmond]] born on October 12]]
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Virginia Eriksdotter]], Swedish noble (d. [[1633]])
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[William Helyar]], English chaplain (d. [[1645]])
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Aleixo de Menezes]], Roman Catholic archbishop (d. [[1617]])
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Catherine de Bourbon]], Princess of Navarre and Duchess consort of Lorraine (d. [[1604]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Isaac Casaubon]], French-born classical scholar (d. [[1614]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden]] (d. [[1588]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Nurhaci]], [[Chinese emperor]] (d. [[1626]])
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Christoph Brouwer]], Dutch historian (d. [[1617]])
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Amar Singh I]], eldest son and successor of [[Maharana Pratap]] of Mewar (d. [[1620]])
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Wolf Dietrich Raitenau]], [[Prince-Bishop]] of Salzburg (d. [[1617]])
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley]] (d. [[1637]])
* [[May 12]]
**[[Stanisław Radziwiłł]], Grand Marshal of Lithuania (d. [[1599]])
**[[Johann Georg Gödelmann]], German demonologist (d. [[1611]])
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Margareta Brahe (1559–1638)|Margareta Brahe]], Swedish political activist  (d. [[1638]])
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Lawrence of Brindisi]], Italian saint (d. [[1619]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg]] and Countess consort of Oettingen-Oettingen (d. [[1618]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Frederik van den Bergh (1559–1618)|Frederik van den Bergh]], Dutch soldier in the [[Eighty Years' War]] (d. [[1618]])
* [[August 24]] or [[September]] [[1556]] &ndash; [[Sophia Brahe]], Danish astronomer, horticulturalist (d. [[1643]])
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Cigoli]], Italian painter (d. [[1613]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Edmond Richer]], French theologian (d. [[1631]])
* [[October 12]] or [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Jacques Sirmond]], French Jesuit scholar (d. [[1651]])
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Tokuhime (1559–1636)|Tokuhime]], Japanese noble (d. [[1636]])
* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Yaza Datu Kalaya]], Crown Princess of Burma (d. [[1603]])
* [[November 13]] &ndash; [[Al-Mansur al-Qasim]], Imam of Yemen (d. [[1620]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]], Governor of the Low Countries (d. [[1621]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola]], Spanish writer (d. [[1613]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[George Chapman]], English dramatist (d. [[1634]])
** Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese military commander (d. [[1584]])
** [[John Penry]], Welsh Protestant martyr (d. [[1593]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biography.wales/article/s-PENR-JOH-1563|website=Welsh Biography Online|title=Penry, John (1563-1593), Puritan author|author=Robert Tudur Jones|access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>
** [[Honinbo Sansa]], Japanese player of Go (d. [[1623]])
** [[John Spenser]], president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (d. [[1614]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Christian III of Denmark.jpg|thumb|110px|right|King [[Christian III of Denmark and Norway]] died on New Year's Day, January 1, 1559]]
[[File:ChristianII of denmark.jpg|thumb|110px|right|King [[Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden]] died on January 25, 1559]]
[[File:Henry II of France..jpg|thumb|110px|right|King [[Henry II of France]] died on July 10, 1559]]
[[File:Pope Paul IV – Jacopino Conte (Manner), ca. 1560.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Pope Paul IV]] died on August 18, 1559]]
* [[January]] &ndash; [[Christina Gyllenstierna]], leading opponent of King [[Christian II of Denmark]] and Norway (b. [[1494]])
* [[January 1]] &ndash; King [[Christian III of Denmark]] and Norway (b. [[1503]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander Hopkins McDannald|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57ArAQAAMAAJ|year=1945|publisher=Americana Corporation|page=599|language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 25]] &ndash; King [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II of]] [[Kalmar Union|Denmark, Norway and Sweden]] (b. [[1481]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; Prince-elector [[Otto Henry, Elector Palatine|Otto Henry of the Palatinate]] (b. [[1502]])
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas Tresham (died 1559)|Thomas Tresham]], English Catholic politician
* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[Johann Gropper]], German Catholic cardinal (b. [[1503]])
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Anthony St Leger (Lord Deputy of Ireland)|Anthony St. Leger]], Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. [[1496]])
* [[March 23]] &ndash; Emperor [[Gelawdewos of Ethiopia]] (in battle) (b. [[1522]])
* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[Adam Ries]], German mathematician (b. [[1492]])
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen (1488–1559)|Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen]], German noblewoman (b. [[1488]])
* [[July 10]] &ndash; King [[Henry II of France]] (jousting accident) (b. [[1519]])<ref name=Henry />
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]] (b. [[1476]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul IV {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-IV |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=13 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Robert Estienne]], French printer (b. [[1503]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Isabella Jagiellon]], queen consort of Hungary (d. [[1519]])
* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[Jacquet of Mantua]], French composer (b. [[1483]])
* [[October 3]] &ndash; [[Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara]], Italian noble (b. [[1508]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg]] (b. [[1504]])
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen]] (b. [[1487]])
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Kanō Motonobu]], Japanese painter (b. [[1476]])
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Jacob Milich]], German astronomer and mathematician (b. [[1501]])
* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Cuthbert Tunstall]], English church leader (b. [[1474]])
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk]], English noblewoman and claimant to the throne of England (b. [[1517]])
* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken]], Count of Nassau (b. [[1526]])
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Irene di Spilimbergo]], Italian Renaissance poet and painter (b. [[1538]])
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Owen Oglethorpe]], deposed English bishop
* ''date unknown''
** [[Realdo Colombo]], Italian surgeon and anatomist (b. [[1516]])
** [[Elizabeth Wilford]], English merchant and company founder
** [[Father Francis of Aberdeen]], Catholic Trinitarian friar
** [[Leonard Digges (scientist)|Leonard Digges]], English mathematician and surveyor (b. c. [[1515]])
** [[Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone]], Irish rebel (b. [[1480]])
** [[Wen Zhengming]], Chinese painter (b. [[1470]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1559}}
[[Category:1559| ]]