Editing 1558

{{About year|1558}}
{{Year nav|1558}}

[[File:1838 François-Édouard Picot - The Siege of Calais.jpg|thumb|300px|[[January 7]]: [[Siege of Calais (1558)|France recaptures Calais from England]]]]
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| footer            = [[November 17]]: [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I of England dies]], and her half-sister begins her reign as [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]]}}
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[[File:Pieter Snayers Siege of Gravelines.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[July 13]]: [[Battle of Gravelines (1558)|Battle of Gravelines]]]]
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Year '''1558''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDLVIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of France|French]] troops, led by [[Francis, Duke of Guise]], take [[Calais]], the last continental possession of the [[Kingdom of England]], in the [[Siege of Calais (1558)|Siege of Calais]].
* [[January 22]] &ndash; The [[Livonian War]] begins.
* [[February 2]] &ndash; The [[University of Jena]] is founded in [[Thuringia]], [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource|title=Jena|date=1911|plaintitle=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|wslink=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jena|chapter=Jena|edition=11th|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor-last=Chisholm|editor-first=Hugh}}</ref>
* [[February 4]] &ndash; (16th day of 1st month of [[Eiroku]] 1) [[Takeda Shingen]] becomes the [[shugo]] (military governor) of [[Shinano Province]] after his successful military campaign there. 
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Arauco War]]: [[Pedro de Avendaño]], with sixty men, captures [[Caupolicán]] (the [[Mapuche]] Gran [[Toqui]]), who is leading their first revolt against the [[Spanish Empire]] (near [[Antihuala]]), encamped with a small band of followers.
* [[March 8]] &ndash; The city of [[Pori]] ({{langx|sv|Björneborg}}) is founded by [[Duke John (Sweden)|Duke John]] on the shores of the [[Gulf of Bothnia]].<ref>{{cite book | author = J. W. Ruuth| title = Porin kaupungin historia II| year = 1958| chapter = Kaupungin perustamiskirje | page = 269| publisher = City of Pori | language = fi}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 17]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Thionville (1558)|siege of Thionville]] in the Duchy of Luxembourg, is started by the French Army, led by [[Francis, Duke of Guise]].
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], [[Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France|marries]] [[Francis II of France|Francis]], [[Dauphin of France]], at [[Notre Dame de Paris]].<ref>Lucinda H. S. Dean, 'In the Absence of an Adult Monarch', ''Medieval and Early Modern Representations of Authority in Scotland and the British Isles'' (Routledge, 2016), p. 155.</ref>
* [[May 3]] &ndash; The Imperial Diet of [[the Holy Roman Empire]] gives recognition to [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]] as [[Holy Roman Emperor]], two months after his proclamation on March 14 as the successor to his brother [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]].
* [[June 13]] &ndash; An armada of ships from the [[Ottoman Empire]], dispatched by Sultan [[Suleyman the Magnificent]] at the request of King [[Henry II of France]], sails into the Bay of Naples at Italy and attacks the city of [[Sorrento]].
* [[June 23]] &ndash; France is successful in the [[Siege of Thionville (1558)|siege of Thionville]] in the Duchy of Luxembourg and recovers the fortress from the Spanish Empire after an operation that began on April 17 and lasted more than two months.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 9]] &ndash; The Ottoman Empire, with 15,000 troops and 150 warships, besieges the Spanish garrison at [[Ciutadella de Menorca]] at Spain's Balearic Islands. When the town falls on July 17, the 3,099 surviving inhabitants are sold into slavery.<ref>Phil Lee, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MweB03W3K8AC&pg=RA1-PA275 The Rough Guide to Mallorca & Menorca]'' (Rough Guides, 2004), p. 171.</ref> 
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Battle of Gravelines (1558)|Battle of Gravelines]]: Near the border between the [[Kingdom of France]] and the [[Spanish Netherlands]], [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] forces led by [[Lamoral, Count of Egmont]], and assisted by the [[English Navy]], inflict a major defeat on the French forces of Marshal [[Paul de Thermes]].
* [[July 18]] &ndash; The city of [[Tartu]], capital of the [[Bishopric of Dorpat]] (in modern-day [[Estonia]]) surrenders to [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]].
* [[August 22]] &ndash; In Spain, [[Bartolomé Carranza]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Toledo]], is arrested at [[Torrelaguna]] on orders of the [[Grand Inquisitor#List of Spanish Grand Inquisitors|Grand Inquisitor]], [[Fernando de Valdés y Salas]]. Carranza is brought a prisoner to [[Valladolid]] to face accusations of [[heresy]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1 |last=Gordon |first=Alexander |authorlink=Alexander Gordon (Unitarian) |wstitle=Carranza, Bartolomé |volume=5 |pages=399–400}}</ref> He remains in prison for eight years before being transferred to Rome for the Pope to hear his appeal.<ref>J. P. Kirsch, "Bartolomé Carranza," Catholic Encyclopedia (1917 ed.)</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Postage stamps and postal history of Poland|Postal history of Poland]]: King [[Sigismund II Augustus]] appoints an Italian merchant living in [[Kraków]] to organise a consolidated postal service in [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]], the origin of [[Poczta Polska]].
* [[November 6]] &ndash; On her deathbed, [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary of England]] designates her half-sister, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]], as her successor.<ref>{{Citation |last=Neale |first=J. E. |title=Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography |date=1954 |orig-date=1934 |edition=reprint |place=London |publisher=Jonathan Cape |oclc=220518 |author-link=J. E. Neale| page=59}}</ref> Both Mary and Elizabeth are daughters of the late [[Henry VIII|King Henry VIII]].
* [[November 15]] &ndash; The five [[Canterbury Martyrs]], three men and two women, are burned at the stake, becoming the last of 312 Protestants put to death for [[heresy]] during the reign of England's last Roman Catholic ruler, [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103644/http://www.johnfoxe.org/freeman-marion.pdf "Foxe’s Marian Martyrs"], by Thomas S. Freeman, JohnFoxe.org</ref> Queen Mary dies two days later, bringing an end to her campaign. During the final year of Mary's reign, 49 Protestants are burned at the stake and three others die in prison while awaiting execution. 
* [[November 17]] &ndash; Queen Mary, a devout Roman [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] dies of uterine cancer at the age of 42, and is succeeded by her younger half-sister [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]], an adherent to the Protestant [[Church of England]], beginning the [[Elizabethan era]] in British history.
* [[December 5]] &ndash; Less than three weeks of becoming Queen of England, Elizabeth summons the members of the [[1st Parliament of Elizabeth I|English Parliament]] with orders to assemble at Westminster on January 23. Under Elizabeth's agenda, the Parliament is charged with restoring the laws passed at the beginning of the [[English Reformation]], and repealing the reforms made during the reign of Queen Mary.

=== Unknown  ===
* [[John Knox]]'s attack on female rulers, ''[[The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women]]'', is published anonymously from [[Geneva]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lillian S. Robinson|title=Monstrous Regiment: The Lady Knight in Sixteenth-century Epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVuFAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Garland Pub.|isbn=978-0-8240-6709-0|page=112}}</ref>
* English explorer [[Anthony Jenkinson]] travels from Moscow to [[Astrakhan]] and [[Bukhara]].<ref name=tts247>{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun/page/247 247]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun}}</ref> He is the first Englishman to note that the [[Amu Darya]] changed course, to start flowing into the [[Aral Sea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Percy|title=A History of Persia|year=1921|publisher=Macmillan and Company|location=London|page=64|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7307/view/1/64/}}</ref>
* Queen Elizabeth I of England grants rest and refreshment to pilgrims and travellers who pass by the [[Holy Well, Malvern|Holy Well Spring]] at [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]] in England.

=== Ongoing ===
* [[1557 influenza pandemic]].
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== Births ==
[[File:Du Laurens (small).jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[André du Laurens]]]]
[[File:Justus Sustermans 012.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria]]]]
* [[January]] or [[February]] &ndash; [[Hendrik Goltzius]], Dutch painter (d. [[1617]])
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Jakobea of Baden]], Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (d. [[1597]])
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Paul Hentzner]], German lawyer (d. [[1623]])
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg]], Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (d. [[1592]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger]], Polish noble (d. [[1629]])
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Margrave Andrew of Burgau]], German nobleman, Cardinal, Bishop of Constance and Brixen (d. [[1600]])
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[David Origanus]], German astronomer (d. [[1628]])
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[Robert Greene (dramatist)|Robert Greene]], English dramatist (d. [[1592]])
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Herman van den Bergh]], Dutch soldier in the [[Eighty Years' War]] (d. [[1611]])
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland]], English noble (d. [[1605]])
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]] (d. [[1614]])
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur]], French soldier (d. [[1602]])
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure]], English politician (d. [[1617]])
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria]] (d. [[1618]])
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Szymon Szymonowic]], Polish writer (d. [[1629]])
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force]], Marshal of France (d. [[1652]])
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Mingyi Swa]], Crown Prince of Burma (d. [[1593]])
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Gregorio Pagani]], Italian painter (d. [[1605]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[François de La Rochefoucauld (cardinal)|François de La Rochefoucauld]], French Catholic cardinal (d. [[1645]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[André du Laurens]], French physician (d. [[1609]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Meir Lublin]], Polish rabbi (d. [[1616]])
** [[Kōriki Masanaga]], Japanese military commander (d. [[1599]])
** [[Bessho Nagaharu]], Japanese nobleman (d. [[1580]])
** [[Olivier van Noort]], first Dutchman to circumnavigate the world (d. [[1627]])
** [[Chidiock Tichborne]], English conspirator and poet (d. [[1586]])
** [[Michael the Brave]], Prince of Wallachia ([[1593]]&ndash;[[1601]]) (d. [[1601]])
** [[Thomas Kyd]], English playwright (d. [[1594]])
** [[Françoise de Cezelli]], French war hero (d. [[1615]])
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons]], French merchant (d. [[1628]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Elderly Karl V.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]]]
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| footer = Queen [[Mary I of England]] and Cardinal [[Reginald Pole]] died on [[November 17]], 1558
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* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Jacob Micyllus]], German humanist (b. [[1503]])
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Eleanor of Austria]], Queen of Portugal and France (b. [[1498]])
* [[February 27]]
** [[Johann Faber of Heilbronn]], controversial Catholic preacher (b. [[1504]])
** [[Kunigunde of Brandenburg-Kulmbach]], German noblewoman (b. [[1524]])
* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Luca Gaurico]], Italian astrologer (b. [[1475]])
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Anna van Egmont]], Countess of Egmond and Buren (b. c. [[1533]])
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Marcos de Niza]], French Franciscan explorer (b. c. [[1495]])
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Wolfgang of the Palatinate]], Count Palatine of Neumarkt (b. [[1494]])
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Hurrem Sultan]], Ruthenian-born wife of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] (b. c. [[1500]])
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Johannes Bugenhagen]], German reformer (b. [[1485]])
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Jean Fernel]], French physician (b. [[1497]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=BONO |first1=JAMES J. |last2=SCHMITT |first2=CHARLES B. |title=AN UNKNOWN LETTER OF JACQUES DALÉCHAMPS TO JEAN FERNEL: LOCAL AUTONOMY VERSUS CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1979 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=100–127 |jstor=44451300 |pmid=387127 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44451300.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44451300.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |issn=0007-5140}}</ref>
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Francisco de Sá de Miranda]], Portuguese poet (b. [[1485]])
* [[May 19]] &ndash; [[Juan Téllez-Girón, 4th Count of Ureña]], Spanish count (b. [[1494]])
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen]] (1525–1540) (b. [[1510]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Katharina M. |title=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers |date=1991 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA200 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Philip Hoby]], English politician (b. [[1505]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche]], English courtier (b. [[1506]])
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard]] (b. [[1498]])
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Justus Menius]], German Lutheran pastor (b. [[1499]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Bente|title=Historical Introductions to the Lutheran Confessions: As Contained in the Book of Concord of 1580|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ucmAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Concordia Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7586-0921-2|page=132}}</ref>
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], Holy Roman Emperor (b. [[1500]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles V {{!}} Accomplishments, Reign, Abdication, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=14 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October]] &ndash; [[Mellin de Saint-Gelais]], French poet (b. c. [[1491]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Maria of Austria]], queen of [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia]] (b. [[1505]])
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Julius Caesar Scaliger|J. C. Scaliger]], Italian scholar (b. [[1484]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Vernon Hall|title=Life of Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558): Transactions, APS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA158|date=December 2007|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-1-4223-7704-8|pages=158}}</ref>
* [[November 1]]
** [[Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham]], English noble (b. [[1501]])
** [[Erhard Schnepf]], German theologian (b. [[1495]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis]], Scottish politician and judge (b. [[1515]])
* [[November 17]]
** ''(bur.)'' [[Hugh Aston]], English composer (b. [[1485]])
** Queen [[Mary I of England]] (b. [[1516]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Jane Resh Thomas|title=Behind the Mask: The Life of Queen Elizabeth I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSskqOSBkVEC&pg=PA73|year=1998|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-395-69120-6|pages=73}}</ref>
** [[Reginald Pole]], Cardinal [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1500]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Johann Forster]], German theologian (b. [[1496]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cheney]], Lord Warden of the ''Cinque Ports'' (b. c. [[1485]])
* [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Cornelius Grapheus]], Flemish writer (b. [[1482]])
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Hermann Finck]], German composer (b. [[1527]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll]], Scottish nobleman and politician (b. [[1507]])
** [[Robert Recorde]], Welsh physician and mathematician (b. c. [[1512]])

== References ==
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