Editing 1556

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1556}}
{{Year nav|1556}}
[[File:1555-56 CE World Map.PNG|thumb|250px|The world in 1556]]
[[File:Shaanxi 1556 earthquake map of provinces.png|thumb|250px|[[January 23]]: [[Shaanxi earthquake]], devastation kills 830,000 people in China.]]
{{C16 year in topic}}

Year '''1556''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDLVI]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; In Japan, [[Saitō Yoshitatsu]], the eldest son of [[Saitō Dōsan]], arranges the murders of his two younger brothers, Magoshiro and Kiheiji, and forces his father to flee from the Sagiyama Castle.
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] abdicates the thrones of the [[Spanish Empire]] (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], and retires to a monastery.<ref>{{cite book|author=Allied Powers (1919- ). Reparation Commission|title=Belgian Claims to the Triptych of Saint Ildephonse and the Treasure of the Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDQ6AQAAMAAJ|year=1921|page=35|language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 23]] &ndash; The [[1556 Shaanxi earthquake|Shaanxi earthquake]], the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its [[epicenter]] in [[Shaanxi]] province, China; 830,000 people may have been killed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=X. |last2=Ma |first2=J. |last3=Zhou |first3=Y. |last4=England |first4=P. |last5=Parsons |first5=B. |last6=Rizza |first6=M. A. |last7=Walker |first7=R. T. |title=Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Weinan Fault, Shaanxi, Central China, and the Source of the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=December 2020 |volume=125 |issue=12 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1029/2019JB017848 |bibcode=2020JGRB..12517848F |s2cid=228829854 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JB017848 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en |issn=2169-9313}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=颤抖的地球: 地震科学 |date=2005 |publisher=清华大学出版社有限公司 |isbn=978-7-302-10694-4 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_2bizzqvFEC&q=1556 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=zh}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; In India, at the [[Sher Mandal]] in [[Delhi]], the Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]] trips while descending the stairs from his library and strikes the side of his head against a stone step, sustaining a fatal injury. He never regains consciousness and dies seven days later.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532498|title=History of Mughal architecture.|last=Nath|first=Ram|publisher=Abhinav|year=1982|isbn=039102650X|oclc=59153735|author-link=Ram Nath}}{{page needed|date=June 2019}}</ref> 
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Truce of Vaucelles]]: Fighting temporarily ends between [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Spanish Empire|Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89939-6 |page=272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnnJAwAAQBAJ&dq=truce+of+vaucelles+%225+february+1556%22&pg=PA272 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Akbar the Great]] ascends the throne of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]] at age 13; he will rule until his death in [[1605]], by which time most of the north and centre of the [[Indian subcontinent]] will be under his control.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parameswaran |first1=Dr S. Pari |title=ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY: AN EAGLE'S VIEW FOR CIVIL SERVICES AND OTHER EXAMS |date=13 January 2023 |publisher=MJP Publisher |isbn=978-93-5528-240-8 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWWnEAAAQBAJ&dq=Akbar+13+%2214+february+1556%22&pg=PA95 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 21]] &ndash; In [[Oxford]], [[Thomas Cranmer]], the former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], is burned at the stake for treason for his role in the [[English Reformation]] as chief bishop of the Anglican Church.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Acs |first1=Pal |title=Thomas Cranmer's Martyrdom as Parable |url=http://real.mtak.hu/72109/1/acs_thomas_cranmer.pdf |website=mtak.hu |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Reginald Pole]], a [[Roman Catholic]] [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]], is appointed by Queen Mary of England as the new [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and head of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canterbury.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duffy |first=Eamon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npq81 |title=Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor |date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |jstor=j.ctt1npq81 |isbn=978-0-300-15216-6}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 3]] &ndash; In [[Qazvin]], the [[Safavid Iran|Shah of Iran]] [[Tahmasp I]], becomes enraged with the sexual orientation of his son [[Ismail II]], and sends Ismail to [[Afghanistan]] to serve as the Iranian governor of [[Herat]] province.<ref>{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Andrew J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPgBAwAAQBAJ&q=false |title=Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2008 |isbn=9780857716613 |page=33}}</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Pál Márkházy]] surrenders the Hungarian fortress at [[Hajnáčka|Ajnácskő]] (now Hajnáčka in [[Slovakia]]) to the Ottoman Empire. Márkházy, accused of treachery, is stripped of his estates and title by the King of Hungary, and forced to flee to the Principality of Transylvania.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Papp |first=Sándor |title=From a Transylvanian principality to an Ottoman sanjak: The life of Pál Márkházi, a Hungarian renegade |journal=Chronica |volume=4 |page=59 |year=2004 |url=http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/5780/1/chronica_004_057-067.pdf |issn=1588-2039}}</ref> 
* [[May 28]] (20th day of 4th month of [[Kōji (Muromachi period)|Kōji 2]]) &ndash; In [[Japan]], the [[Battle of Nagara-gawa]] takes place along the [[Nagara River]] in [[Mino Province]] near what is now the [[Gifu Prefecture]]. [[Saitō Yoshitatsu]], with 17,500 troops, overwhelms and kills his father, [[Saitō Dōsan]], who had attempted to avenge the Saitō family honor with less than 3,000 people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai Sourcebook |publisher=Cassell & Co. |year=1998 |ISBN=1-85409-523-4 |page=215}}</ref> 
* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Lorenzo Priuli]] becomes the new [[Doges of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Venetian Republic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacKay |first1=George Eric |title=The Doges of Venice Chronologically Arranged with Historical Notes by George Eric Mackay |date=1878 |publisher=F. Ongania |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSZqgy_j7EkC&dq=Lorenzo+Priuli+venice+%221556%22&pg=PA105 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> 
* [[June 27]] &ndash; Thirteen English Protestants (11 men and two women), the "[[Stratford Martyrs]]", are burned at the stake at [[Bow, London|Stratford-le-Bow]] near [[London]] after being convicted of heresy.<ref>[http://www.exclassics.com/foxe/foxe347.htm Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 344. "Thirteen Martyrs Burned at Stratford-Le-Bow".] Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103644/http://www.johnfoxe.org/freeman-marion.pdf List of martyrs according to Foxe]</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Kostajnica Fortress]] in what is now [[Croatia]] falls to the Ottoman Empire and remains under Turkish control for the next 132 years.
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Work begins on the ''[[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]'' at the [[Bernardine Monastery, Iziaslav|Monastery of the Holy Trinity]] in the  [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], and continues for the next five years.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312070811/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17039%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Information on the Peresopnytsia Gospel] from [[UNESCO]]</ref>
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] abdicates his position as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in favor of his younger brother, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand, King of the Romans]]. The Imperial Diet postpones recognizing the abdication for the next 18 months.
* [[September 1]] &ndash; After [[Pope Paul IV]] attempts to get [[Henry II of France|King Henry II of France]] to join him in an invasion of [[History of Naples#The Aragonese period|Spanish-controlled Naples]], Spain's [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]] invades the [[Papal States]] in Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodward |first1=Geoffrey |title=Philip II |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, New York |isbn=978-1317897736 |chapter=8}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===  
* [[October 7]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]] is fought in India, at [[Tughlaqabad]]) near [[Delhi]] between forces of the [[Sur Empire]] (ruled by [[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Muhammad Adil Shah]]) and the [[Mughal Empire]] (ruled by [[Akbar the Great]]). General [[Hemu|Hemchandra Vikramaditya]] (Hemu) of the Suris overwhelms the forces commanded by the Mughal Governor of Delhi, [[Tardi Beg Khan]] within one day.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longmans | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | year=1960 | page=66 | isbn=9780861251551 }}</ref>
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Second Battle of Panipat]]: Fifty miles north of [[Delhi]], a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army defeats the forces of [[Hemu]] and recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeing [[Akbar]]'s rule.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Kanwal Kishore |title=Hemu: Napoleon of Medieval India |date=2000 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-663-7 |pages=35–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Emm0nTvllKoC&q=%225%20november%22 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mubārak |first1=Abū al-Faz̤l ibn |title=The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl |date=1902 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=978-81-7536-295-6 |pages=60–62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdIVAQAAMAAJ&dq=Panipat+hemu+akbar+%225+november+1556%22&pg=RA2-PA60 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 10]] &ndash; The English ship ''Edward Bonadventure'', commanded by [[Richard Chancellor]] is wrecked on the coast of [[Scotland]] at [[Pitsligo]], killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5099?docPos=1|first=James |last=McDermott|chapter=Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/5099 }}
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* [[November 17]] &ndash; In the Holy Roman Empire, the ''[[Hofkriegsrat|Steter Kriegsrat]]'' is founded as a War Council with five generals and five civil servants to advise the Habsburg rulers.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Holmes |title=The Oxford companion to military history |year=2001 |page=411}}</ref>   
* [[December 7]] &ndash; The Mughal Emperor [[Akbar the Great|Akbar]] personally travels with [[Bairam Khan]] to lead an invasion force to defeat the Sultan of the Sur Empire, [[Sikandar Shah Suri]].<ref name=r2>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.106-7</ref>   
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Péter Erdődy]] is appointed as the [[Ban of Croatia|Ottoman Viceroy of Croatia]] after the death on September 7 of [[Nikola IV Zrinski]].    
* [[December 31]] &ndash; All military authorities in the Holy Roman Empire are ordered to submit to the decisions of the Imperial War Council.

===Date unknown ===
* The kings of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] take control of the [[Flanders]] region, including what is now the French [[département]] of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Diccionario Enciclopedico Hispano-Americano |date=1887 |publisher=W.M. Jackson |location=London |page=578 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ddBAQAAMAAJ&dq=espa%C3%B1a+flandes+norte+%221556%22&pg=PA578 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* The [[Plantations of Ireland]] are started in King's County (now [[County Offaly]]) and Queen's County (now [[County Laois]]), the earliest attempt at systematic [[ethnic cleansing]] in Ireland, by the [[Roman Catholic]] ruler Queen [[Mary I of England]].
* Future King [[John III of Sweden|Prince John]], younger son of King [[Gustav I of Sweden]] becomes [[Duke of Finland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Aaland Islands Question: Report Submitted to the Council |date=1921 |publisher=League of Nations Commission of Rapporteurs on the Åland Islands Question |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYZ_QRJFBo0C&dq=John+gustav+duke+of+finland+%221556%22&pg=PP17 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Ivan the Terrible]] conquers [[Astrakhan]], opening the [[Volga River]] to Russian traffic and trade.
* The [[Welser]] banking families of [[Augsburg]] lose colonial control of [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Denzer |first1=Jörg |title=Die Konquista der Augsburger Welser-Gesellschaft in Südamerika (1528-1556): historische Rekonstruktion, Historiografie und lokale Erinnerungskultur in Kolumbien und Venezuela |date=2005 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-53484-3 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQ2-439u1-YC&q=1556 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* The false [[Martin Guerre]] appears in the [[Kingdom of France|French]] village of Artigat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castaño |first1=Emilio José Álvarez |title=Le retour de Martin Guerre: de la impostura a la metahistoria |journal=FILMHISTORIA Online |date=21 December 2020 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=99–108|url=https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/filmhistoria/article/view/33116 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=es |issn=2014-668X}}</ref>
* The first [[printing press]] in India is introduced by [[Jesuits]], at [[Saint Paul's College, Goa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saradesāya |first1=Manohararāya |title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-664-7 |pages=15–16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&dq=henrique+henriques+st+paul+college+goa&pg=PA15 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
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== Births ==
[[File:Maria of Nassau.jpg|thumbnail|right|110px|[[Countess Maria of Nassau (1556–1616)|Countess Maria of Nassau]]]]
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Uesugi Kagekatsu]], Japanese samurai and warlord (d. [[1623]])
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Christian Barnekow (1556–1612)|Christian Barnekow]], Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (d. [[1612]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bohlen-Bohlendorf |first1=Julius von |title=Der Bischofs-Roggen und die Güter des Bisthums Roeskild |date=1850 |publisher=Löffler |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldpAAAAAcAAJ&dq=Christian+Barnekow+%2224+januar+1556%22&pg=PA24 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg]], German noblewoman (d. [[1638]])
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Countess Maria of Nassau (1556–1616)|Countess Maria of Nassau]] (d. [[1616]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beets |first1=Nicolaas |last2=Bond |first2=Nederlandsche Militaire |title=Onder Neerlands vlag: album ter herdenking van het vijf en twintig jarig bestaan van den Nederlandschen militairen bond : 1874-1899 |date=1899 |publisher=Van Holkema & Warendorf |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GINVAAAAcAAJ&dq=Maria+van+Nassau+%227+februari+1556%22&pg=PA153 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Tōdō Takatora]], Japanese daimyō (d. [[1630]])<ref>{{cite book |first1=Chris|last1=Glenn |title=The Samurai Castle Master |date=2022 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |isbn=978-1-3990-9658-4 |page=1 |url=https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Samurai-Castle-Master-Hardback/p/21669 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Sethus Calvisius]], German calendar reformer (d. [[1615]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sittard |first1=Josef |title=Compendium der Geschichte der Kirchenmusik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Gesanges: von Ambrosius zur Neuzeit |date=1881 |publisher=Levy & Müller |page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4RDBE21z-QC&dq=Sethus+Calvisius+%2221+februar+1556%22&pg=PA201 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Guillaume du Vair]], French statesman and philosopher (d. [[1621]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=St James Press|author2=Anthony Levi|author3=Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi|title=Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqkRAQAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=St. James Press|isbn=978-1-55862-159-6|page=265}}</ref>
* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[Dirck van Os]], Dutch merchant (d. [[1615]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[David Hoeschel]], German librarian (d. [[1617]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brucker |first1=Johann Jakob |title=Ehren-tempel der Deutschen Gelehrsamkeit: in welchem die Bildnisse gelehrter |date=1747 |publisher=Haid |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgJq4glvHT8C&dq=David+Hoeschel+%228+april+1556%22&pg=PA98 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Andreas von Auersperg]], Carniolan noble and military commander in the battle of Sisak (d. [[1593]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[François Béroalde de Verville]], French writer (d. [[1626]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haag |first1=Eugène |title=La France protestante: ou, Vies des protestants français|date=1852 |publisher=J. Cherbuliez |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IxNAQAAMAAJ&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+B%C3%A9roalde+de+Verville+%2227+avril+1556%22&pg=PA10 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600)|Jerzy Radziwiłł]], Polish Catholic cardinal (d. [[1600]])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 12, 1583 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1583.htm#Radziwill |website=cardinals.fiu.edu}}</ref>
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche]], English politician and diplomat (d. [[1625]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Zouche, Edward la, eleventh Baron Zouche|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-30301|year=2004 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/30301}}</ref>
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Pomponio Nenna]], Italian composer (d. [[1608]])<ref>{{cite web |title=NENNA, Pomponio |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pomponio-nenna_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |website=www.treccani.it |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=it-IT}}</ref>
* [[June 24]]
** [[Victoria of Valois]], French princess (d. 1556)
** [[Joan of Valois (1556)|Joan of Valois]], French princess (d. 1556)
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea]], English countess (d. [[1634]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephen |first1=Leslie |title=Dictionary of National Biography |date=1891 |publisher=Macmillan |page=409 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UycJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Elizabeth+Finch+%229+july+1556%22&pg=PA409 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach]] (d. [[1604]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Back |first1=Friedrich |title=Die evangelische Kirche im Lande zwischen Rhein, Mosel, Nahe und Glan bis zum Beginn des 30jährigen Krieges: ¬Theil ¬II, ¬Die Reformation der Kirche sowie der Kirche Schicksale und Gestaltung bis zum Jahre 1620; Abth. 1 |date=1873 |publisher=Marcus |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNJgAAAAcAAJ&dq=Otto+Heinrich+%2222+juli+1556%22&pg=PA145 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[James Melville (1556–1614)|James Melville]], Scottish divine and reformer (d. [[1614]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephen |first1=Leslie |title=The Dictionary of National Biography, Founded in 1882 by George Smith |date=1922 |publisher=H. Milford |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ7Xp-wvpHwC&dq=James+Melville+%2226+july+1556%22&pg=PA241 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Philipp Nicolai]], German Lutheran pastor (d. [[1608]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wendt |first1=Hans Hinrich |title=Dr. Philipp Nicolai |date=1859 |publisher=Nolte & Köhler |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsI5AAAAcAAJ&dq=Philipp+Nicolai+%2210+august+1556%22&pg=PA4 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Bartolomeo Cesi]], Italian painter (d. [[1629]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crespi |first1=Luigi |title=La Certosa di Bologna descritta nelle sue pitture |date=1793 |publisher=A san Tommaso d'Aquino |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qV-xwYldIxIC&dq=Bartolomeo+Cesi+%2216+agosto+1556%22&pg=PA45 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[William Harris (Tudor person)|William Harris]], English knight (d. [[1616]])
* [[October 18]]
**[[Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf]], French duke and nobleman (d. [[1605]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moreau |first1=Jean |title=Histoire de ce qui s'est passé en Bretagne |date=1836 |publisher=Brest |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Charles+I+d%27Elbeuf+%2218+octobre+1556%22&pg=PA25 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
**[[John Dormer (of Dorton)|John Dormer]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1626]])<ref>{{cite web |title=DORMER, Sir John (1556-1627), of Dorton and Long Crendon, Bucks. |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/dormer-sir-john-1556-1627 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Battista Caccini]], Italian artist (d. [[1613]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pope-Hennessy |first1=Sir John Wyndham |title=Italian High Renaissance and Baroque Sculpture |date=1986 |publisher=Phaidon |isbn=978-0-7148-2417-8 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWbsAAAAMAAJ&q=%2224%20october%201556%22 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Ahmad Baba al Massufi]], Malian academic (d. [[1627]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akyeampong |first1=Emmanuel Kwaku |last2=Gates Jr |first2=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=%2226+october+1556%22+Ahmad+Baba+al-Timbukti&pg=PA124 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Jacques Davy Duperron]], French cardinal (d. [[1618]])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 9, 1604 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1604.htm#Perron |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Francesco Contarini]], Doge of Venice (d. [[1624]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rendina |first1=Claudio |title=I dogi: storia e segreti |date=1984 |publisher=Newton Compton |page=350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUwiAQAAIAAJ&q=%2228%20novembre%201556%22 |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
* [[December 5]] &ndash; [[Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford]], English countess (d. [[1588]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Alan H. |title=Monstrous Adversary: The Life of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford |date=1 August 2003 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78138-772-6 |page=309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnRvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Anne+Cecil+%225+december+1556%22&pg=PA309 |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]], Indian composer (d. [[1627]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Barbara Stoler |title=The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562842-5 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3_WAAAAMAAJ&q=%2217%20december%201556%22 |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Jeanne de Lestonnac]], French saint (d. [[1640]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Margaret Clitherow]], English Catholic martyr (d. [[1586]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=George H. |title=A New Manuscript of Mush's Life of Margaret Clitherow |journal=Journal for Manuscript Research |date=1966 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=103–106 |doi=10.1484/J.MSS.3.464 |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.MSS.3.464?journalCode=mss |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>
** [[Ahmad Baba al Massufi]], Sudanese writer and political leader (d. [[1627]])<ref>{{cite book |title=International Bulletin |date=1973 |publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa |page=396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmbjAAAAMAAJ&q=%2226%20october%201556%22 |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Alexander Briant]], English Jesuit martyr (d. [[1581]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Briant, Alexander [St Alexander Briant]|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-3378|year=2004 |access-date=12 October 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/3378}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
[[File:Thomas Cranmer by Gerlach Flicke.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Thomas Cranmer]]]]
[[File:St Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Founder of the Jesuits.jpg|thumbnail|right|110px|Saint [[Ignatius of Loyola]]]]
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Anne Shelton (courtier)|Anne Shelton]], English courtier, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (b. [[1475]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Shelton family|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-70835|year=2004 |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/70835}}</ref>
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Humayun]], 2nd [[Mughal Emperor]] (b. [[1508]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Syed |first1=Muzaffar H. |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |date=20 February 2022 |publisher=K. K. Publications |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&q=%2227%20january%22 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Poggio]], Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. [[1493]])<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 20, 1551 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1551-ii.htm#Poggio |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Frederick II, Elector Palatine]] (1544–1556) (b. [[1482]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Neues Archiv für die Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und der rheinischen Pfalz |date=1890 |publisher=G. Koester |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuLlLPAfCaIC&dq=Friedrich+II+pfalz+%2226+februar+1556%22&pg=PA97 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cranmer]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (burned at the stake) (b. [[1489]])<ref>{{cite book|author=J.R. Broome|title=Thomas Cranmer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3JxDZ9QUGQC&pg=PA5|date=June 1998|publisher=Gospel Standard Publications|isbn=978-1-897837-11-5|pages=5}}</ref>
* [[April 18]] 
** [[Luigi Alamanni]], Italian poet and statesman (b. [[1495]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Efemeridi letterarie di Roma |date=1806 |publisher=Vincenzo Poggioli |page=339 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqPEM8sj6v8C&dq=Luigi+Alamanni+%2218+aprile+1556%22&pg=PA339 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
** [[John Gage (Tudor politician)|John Gage]], English courtier of the Tudor period (b. [[1479]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Gage, Sir John|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10272|year=2004 |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/10272}}</ref>
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Valentin Friedland]], German scholar and educationist of the Reformation (b. [[1490]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Jahrbücher der deutschen Turnkunst: Blätter für die Angelegenheiten die deutschen Turnwesens, vornehmlich in seiner Richtung auf Erziehung und Gesundheitspflege |date=1890 |publisher=Anhuth |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFZpiwNRpaMC&dq=Valentin+Friedland+%2226+april+1556%22&pg=PA76 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Luca Ghini]], Italian physician and botanist (b. [[1490]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiarugi |first1=Alberto |title=NEL QUARTO CENTENARIO DELLA MORTE DI LUCA GHINI 1490–1556 |journal=Webbia |date=January 1957 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/00837792.1957.10669672 |bibcode=1957Webbi..13....1C |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00837792.1957.10669672 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=it |issn=0083-7792}}</ref>
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Saitō Dōsan]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1494]])
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Martin Agricola]], German composer (b. [[1486]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Don Michael Randel|title=The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXILEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|date=30 October 2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-25572-2|pages=25}}</ref>
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Joan of Valois (1556)|Joan of Valois]], French princess (b. 1556)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kosior |first1=Katarzyna |title=Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe: East and West |date=2019 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-11848-8 |pages=139–172 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-11848-8_5 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en |chapter=Conception, Childbirth, and Motherhood: Performing a Royal Family|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-11848-8_5 |s2cid=150761162 }}</ref>
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Ignatius of Loyola]], Spanish founder of the Jesuit order and saint (b. [[1491]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loyola |first1=Ignatius |last2=O'Conor |first2=Joseph |title=The autobiography of St. Ignatius |date=1900 |publisher=Benziger Brothers |location=New York |page=165 |url=https://archive.org/details/stignatiusautobi00ignauoft/page/n179/mode/2up?q=july |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Girolamo da Carpi]], Italian painter (b. [[1501]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olszewski |first1=Edward J. |last2=Dunbar |first2=Burton Lewis |title=Sixteenth-century Italian Drawings |date=2008 |publisher=Harvey Miller |isbn=978-1-905375-10-3 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZPrAAAAMAAJ&q=Girolamo+da+Carpi+1+agosto+1556 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[John Bell (bishop of Worcester)|John Bell]], Bishop of Worcester<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abingdon |first1=Thomas |title=The Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Worcester |date=1723 |publisher=W. Mears; and J. Hooke |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5J9bAAAAQAAJ&dq=John+Bell+%2211+august+1556%22&pg=PA104 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 17]] &ndash;  [[Victoria of Valois]], French princess (b. 1556)
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell]], Scottish traitor (b. [[1512]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meginness |first1=John Franklin |title=The Historical Journal |date=1894 |publisher=Gazette and Bulletin Print. House |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZUyAQAAMAAJ&dq=Patrick+Hepburn+%22september+1556%22&pg=PA66 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Frederick of Denmark (bishop)|Frederick of Denmark]], Prince-bishop (b. [[1532]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roerdam |first1=Holger |title=Historiske Kildeskrifter og Bearbejdelser af Dansk Historie |date=1873 |publisher=G. E. C. Gad |page=706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajULGtXUXu0C&dq=Frederik+af+Danmark+%2227+oktober+1556%22&pg=PA706 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=da}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Pietro Aretino]], Italian author (b. [[1492]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aretino |first1=Pietro |title=L'oeuvre du divin Arétin |date=1909 |publisher=Bibliothèque des Curieux |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FL4uAQAAIAAJ&dq=Pietro+Aretino+%2221+octobre+1556%22&pg=PA3 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Richard Chancellor]], English Arctic explorer (drowned at sea) (b. c. [[1521]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=John A. |last2=Schmid |first2=Susan Walters |title=Encyclopedia of Tudor England |date=9 December 2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-59884-299-9 |page=249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uPNEAAAQBAJ&dq=Richard+Chancellor+%2210+november+1556%22&pg=PA249 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Giovanni della Casa]], Italian poet (b. [[1503]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Opere di Monsignor Giovanni Della Casa |date=1806 |publisher=Società tipografica de'Classici italiani |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xs8AQAAMAAJ&q=14%20novembre%201556%22 |access-date=15 October 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
* ''date unknown''
** [[Tullia d'Aragona]], Italian poet, author and philosopher (b. [[1510]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Tullia d'Aragona |url=http://www.projectcontinua.org/tullia-d-aragona/ |website=projectcontinua |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>
** [[Fuzûlî]], Turkish poet (b. [[1494]])<ref>{{cite thesis |last=DEMİREL |first=Hamide |date= |title=A study of the poet Fuzuli (c. 1480-1556) with special reference to his Turkish, Persian, and Arabic divians|url=https://teav.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12575/44013/12101.pdf?sequence=1 |type=PhD|page=1 |publisher=University of Durham |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>
*''probable'' 
** Brian mac Cathaoir O Conchobhair Failghe, last of the [[Kings of Ui Failghe]]
** [[Jacob Clemens non Papa]], Flemish composer (b. [[1510]])<ref>{{cite book |title=A General History of Music, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period. To which is Prefixed, a Dissertation on the Music of the Ancients.|date=1789 |publisher=Robson and Clark, Bond-Street |page=311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCbJ4lV9sa4C&dq=Jacob+Clemens+non+Papa+%221556%22&pg=PA309 |access-date=15 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1556}}
[[Category:1556| ]]