Editing 1551

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{About year|1551}}
{{Year nav|1551}}
[[File:Capture of Tripoli by the Ottomans 1551.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[August 15]]: The [[Siege of Tripoli (1551)|Siege of Tripoli]] ends with Ottoman conquest of North Africa]]
Year '''1551''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDLI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Luca Spinola (1489–1579)|Luca Spinola]] is elected to a two-year term as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]], succeeding [[Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buonadonna |first=Sergio |title=Rosso doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797 |publisher=Da Ferrari |language=it}}</ref>
* [[January 11]] (5th waxing of Tabodwe 912 ME) &ndash; King [[Bayinnaung]] of Burma is successful in capturing his ancestral city of [[Toungoo]] from his rebellious half-brother [[Minkhaung II of Toungoo|Minkhaung II]], and sets about to make Toungoo the capital for the first time since 1539.<ref>{{cite book | last=Kala | author-link=U Kala | first=U | title=[[Maha Yazawin]] |publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing |location=Yangon |year=1724 | edition=2006, 4th printing | language=Burmese |volume=1 |page=201}}</ref> Minkhaung is forgiven by King Bayinnaung rather than being executed, and assists in the King's campaign to capture the neighboring [[Pyay|Kingdom of Prome]].
* [[January]]&ndash; [[Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow]], and Tsar [[Ivan IV of Russia]] preside over the reforming [[Stoglavy Synod]] ("Hundred-Chapter") church council.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]], ''The Great Church in Captivity'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985) p.329.</ref> A calendar of the saints and an ecclesiastical law code (''[[Stoglav]]'') are introduced.
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Alice Arden]] and her lover, Richard Mosbey, carry out the murder-for-hire of her husband, [[Thomas Arden]] of Faversham with the assistance of a [[highwayman]] known as "Black Will", two of Arden’s domestic servants (Michael Saunderson and Elizabeth Stafford) and Mosbye's sister (Cicely Pounder). The body is carried outside, and Thomas is reported as missing, but a discovery is made that the murder was committed inside the house. The conspirators are later executed.<ref>[http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng4.htm "Alice Arden of Feverham, Executed with her lover Mosbie and Others in the Year 1551 for the Murder of her Husband"], Newgate Calendar on Ex-Classics Web Site</ref> 
* [[February 23]]&ndash; At the [[Kremlin]] in [[Moscow]],  [[Ivan IV of Russia|Tsar Ivan IV]] and [[Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow|the Metropolitan Macarius]], present the proposed code of laws, drafted by the [[Stoglavy Synod]], to the clergy, nobility and principal Russian citizens for their approval.<ref>John S. C. Abbott, ''The Empire of Russia from the Remotest Period to the Present Time'' (Mason Brothers, 1859, reprinted 2020)("On the 23rd of February, 1551, a larger convention of the clergy...")</ref> 
* [[March 27]] &ndash; French mechanical engineer [[Aubin Olivier]] becomes the director of the new Royal Mint, the ''Moulin des Etuves'' on the [[Île de la Cité]] in Paris after having learned the technique of producing uniform [[milled coinage]] during a sabbatical in Germany.<ref>{{cite book |last= Porteous |first= John |year= 1969 |title= Coins in History |location= New York |publisher= Putnam |pages=178–180}}.</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]], issues an edict to reduce tensions among the three major ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary, with an administration to have equal representation of for ethnic Hungarians, Slovaks and Germans.<ref>Martin Štefánik – Ján Lukačka et al. 2010, Lexikón stredovekých miest na Slovensku, Historický ústav SAV, Bratislava, 2010, p. 532-534, {{ISBN|978-80-89396-11-5}}. http://forumhistoriae.sk/-/lexikon-stredovekych-miest-na-slovensku {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326010518/http://forumhistoriae.sk/-/lexikon-stredovekych-miest-na-slovensku |date=March 26, 2017 }}</ref>
* [[May 1]] &ndash; The [[Council of Trent]] reconvenes by order of [[Pope Julius III]] after having been adjourned on September 17, [[1549]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc12/htm/ii.ii.htm |title=Council of Trent|author=Trenkle, Franz Sales|date=March 3, 2003|access-date=May 24, 2018}}</ref>
* [[May 12]] &ndash; The [[National University of San Marcos]] is founded in [[Lima]] in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], being the first officially established university in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=National Geographic |title=1551: Oldest University in Americas Established |url=http://ipod-ngsta.test.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/may12/oldest-university-americas-established |access-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-date=May 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520100039/http://ipod-ngsta.test.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/may12/oldest-university-americas-established/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Italian War of 1551–1559]]: A defensive alliance, placing the [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]] under the protection of [[France]], is signed between representatives of King [[Henry II of France]] and [[Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma]], placing Parma under French protection. 
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[Ilie II Rareș]], Ruler of Moldavia since 1556, is forced by the Ottoman Empire to abdicate the throne.<ref name=Unsprung>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23030256 | jstor=23030256 | title=Über den Ursprung der rumänischen Bojarenfamilien | last1=Fischer | first1=Emil | journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie | year=1908 | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 }}</ref>
* [[June 11]] &ndash; With the approval of the Ottoman Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], Prince Ilie's brother [[Ștefan VI Rareș]] becomes the new [[List of monarchs of Moldavia|Prince of Moldavia]].<ref name=Unsprung/>
* [[June 27]] &ndash; The [[Edict of Châteaubriant]] is promulgated in France by King Henri II, providing for an increasingly severe series of measures in the Roman Catholic Kingdom to be taken against Protestants, considered to be [[heresy|heretics]].<ref>Raymond A. Mentzer, Jr., "The Legal Response to Heresy in Languedoc, 1500-1560" ''Sixteenth Century Journal'' '''4'''.1 (April 1973:19-30) p. 22.</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 7]] &ndash; The fifth, and final outbreak of [[sweating sickness]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]] reaches [[London]], as documented by [[Henry Machyn]] in his diary, and continues until July 19. Machyn notes that "ther ded from the vii day of July unto the xix ded of the swett in London of all dyssesus viij/c, iij/xx and xij and no more in alle, and so the chanseller is sertefiyd." ("There died from the 7th day of July unto the 19th dead of the sweat in London of all diseases 8 hundred, 3 score and 12 [i.e., 872], and no more in all, and so the Chancellor is certified.")<ref>{{citation|title=The Diary of Henry Machyn 1550–1563|date=1848|author=Henry Machin|pages=7–8|url=https://archive.org/stream/henrymachyncit00camduoft#page/6/mode/2up}}</ref> [[John Caius]] of [[Shrewsbury]] writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.
* [[July 12]] &ndash; The [[List of Spanish regents|regency over the Kingdom of Spain]] by [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Archduchess Maria]] and her husband, [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Maximilian of Austria]], ends after almost three years when Maria's brother [[Philip II of Spain|Crown Prince Philip]] returns to [[Madrid]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Henry Kamen|last=Kamen|first= Henry|title=Philip of Spain|publisher=Yale University Press|date= 1998 |isbn=978-0-300-07800-8 |page=49}}</ref> Philip resumes his role as regent for [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles I]], the father of both Maria and Philip; Maria and Maximilian had served during the absence of both the King and the Crown Prince starting on October 1, 1548.
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Invasion of Gozo (1551)|Invasion of Gozo]]: [[Ottoman Turks]] and [[Barbary pirates]] invade the Mediterranean island of [[Gozo]] (now part of [[Malta]]), and enslave almost all of its 6,000 inhabitants.<ref name=Badger>{{cite book|last1=Badger|first1=George Percy|title=Description of Malta and Gozo|date=1838|publisher=M. Weiss|location=[[Malta]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/descriptionmalt01badggoog/page/n338 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptionmalt01badggoog}}</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Weissenburg]] goes into effect as [[John Sigismund Zápolya]], [[List of Hungarian monarchs|King of Hungary]] since 1540, abdicates in favor of [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Ferdinand of Austria]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Volkmer |first = Gerald |title=Das Fürstentum Siebenbürgen 1541-1691: Außenpolitik und völkerrechtliche Stellung (The Principality of Transylvania 1541-1691. Foreign policy and international legal status)|publisher = Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde |year = 2002 |location = [[Heidelberg]] |url = http://www.siebenbuergen-institut.de/sembl/st-publ-volkmer.htm |language = de |access-date = 2007-01-27 |archive-date = 2008-02-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080204214621/http://www.siebenbuergen-institut.de/sembl/st-publ-volkmer.htm |url-status = dead}}</ref> In addition, the independent Kingdom of [[Transylvania]], ruled by [[Isabella Jagiellon]], is ceded to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] as part of peace with Ferdinand.
* [[July 30]] &ndash; With the surrender of the island of Gozo, the Ottoman place 6,000 survivors on ships and transporting them to [[Tarhuna Wa Msalata]] (in modern-day [[Libya]]), where they are sold into slavery. The only natives left on the island are 300 persons who escaped the citadel and 41 elderly residents.<ref name=Badger/> 
* [[August 15]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Tripoli (1551)|Siege of Tripoli]] ends, with the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Knights of Malta]] surrendering [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. 
* [[August 30]] (1st waxing of [[Thadingyut]] [[Burmese calendar|913 ME]])&ndash; King Bayinnaung of Burma conquers the rebellious [[List of rulers of Prome|Kingdom of Prome]] (with a capital at [[Pyay]]) and kills the rebel Thado Thu, a former servant who had proclaimed himself as [[Thado Dhamma Yaza I of Prome|King Thado Dhamma Yaza]] after the 1550 assassination of King [[Tabinshwehti]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Royal Historical Commission of Burma | author-link=Royal Historical Commission of Burma | title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] | volume=2 |orig-year=1832 | location=Yangon | language=my | year=2003 |pages=262–268 | publisher=[[Ministry of Information, Myanmar]]}}</ref>  
* [[September 21]] &ndash; The [[Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico]] is founded in [[Mexico City]] ([[Mexico]]), being the second officially established university in the [[Americas]].
* [[September 30]] &ndash; (1st day of 9th month of [[Tenbun]] 21) [[Tainei-ji incident]]: A coup in [[Yamaguchi (city)|Yamaguchi]], by the military establishment of the [[Ōuchi clan]], forces their lord [[Ōuchi Yoshitaka]] to commit suicide, and the city is burned.<ref>{{cite book | last = Arai | first = Hakuseki | author-link = Arai Hakuseki | translator-last = Ackroyd | translator-first = Joyce Irene | title = Lessons from history : the Tokushi yoron | publisher = [[University of Queensland Press]] | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780702214851 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/lessonsfromhisto0000arai }}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley, Earl of Warwick]], ''de facto'' [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Kingdom of England]], is created [[Duke of Northumberland]].<ref>[[David Loades]] (1996): ''John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553''. Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-820193-1}}. pp. 180–181</ref>
* [[November 20]] &ndash; The Office of [[Cardinal Secretary of State]], the second highest position in the Roman Catholic Church after the Pope, is created to temporarily fill the vacancy between the death of one Pontiff and the election of another. Cardinal [[Girolamo Dandini (cardinal)|Girolamo Dandini]] is appointed by [[Pope Julius III]] to serve as the first Secretary of State.
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[George Martinuzzi]], the Hungarian Archbishop of Esztergom and the Governor of Transylvania, is assassinated by Marco Aurelio Ferrari on orders of Ferdinand, King of Hungary. Martinuzzi had been suspected of treason after attempting to negotiate a separate peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Martinuzzi, George| volume= 17 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| page = 803 }}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* Qizilbash forces under the command of [[Tahmasp I]] raid and destroy the cave monastery of [[Vardzia]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
* In [[Henan]] province, China, during the [[Ming dynasty]], a severe frost in the spring destroys the winter wheat crop. Torrential rains in mid summer cause massive flooding of farmland and villages (by some accounts submerged in a metre of water). In the fall, a large [[tornado]] demolishes houses and flattens much of the buckwheat in the fields. Famine victims either flee, starve, or resort to [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]]. This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years [[1528]], [[1531]], [[1539]], and [[1545]].
* In [[Slovakia]], Guta (modern-day [[Kolárovo]]) receives town status.
* [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] founds a sugar [[colony]] at [[Bahia]].
* [[Juan de Betanzos]] begins to write his ''Narrative of the [[Incas]]''.
* The new edition of the [[Genevan psalter]], {{Lang|fr|Pseaumes octantetrois de David}}, is published, with [[Louis Bourgeois (composer)|Louis Bourgeois]] as supervising composer, including the first publication of the [[hymn tune]] known as the ''[[Old 100th]]''.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:Jan Cornelisz. Vermeyen 005.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]]]
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[Jean Chapeauville]], Belgian theologian and historian (d. [[1617]])
* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], Grand vizier of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] (d. [[1602]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer]], English politician (d. [[1616]])
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Nicolaus Reimers]], German astronomer (d. [[1600]])
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Alessandro Alberti]], Italian painter (d. [[1596]])
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]] (d. [[1608]])
* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[Salomon Schweigger]], German theologian (d. [[1622]])
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Peter Monau]], German physician (d. [[1588]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Jacopo da Empoli]], Italian painter (d. [[1640]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[William Camden]], English historian (d. [[1623]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles W. J. Withers|author2=Hayden Lorimer|title=Geographers Volume 27: Biobibliographical Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRhHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=October 27, 2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-8011-7|pages=28}}</ref>
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas Drury (1551–1603)|Thomas Drury]], English government informer and swindler (d. [[1603]])
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Martin Delrio]], Flemish theologian and occultist (d. [[1608]])
* [[September 19]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of France]] (d. [[1589]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Jayne Maloof Williamson|title=The War of the Three Henries: Why?: The Motives Prompting Henri de Navarre, Henry de Guise, and Henri III to Engage in War, 1585-1589|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGdmAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|page=96}}</ref>
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Philip VI, Count of Waldeck]] (1567–1579) (d. [[1579]])
* [[October 8]] &ndash; [[Giulio Caccini]], Italian composer (d. [[1618]])
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Charlotte de Sauve]], French courtesan (d. [[1617]])
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Giovanni I Cornaro]], Doge of Venice (d. [[1629]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Bhai Gurdas]] &ndash; original scribe of [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
** [[George Tuchet, 1st Earl of Castlehaven]] (d. [[1617]])
** [[Fausto Veranzio]], Dalmatian/Croatian polymath, bishop, humanist (d. [[1617]])
** [[Job of Pochayiv]], Ukrainian Christian Orthodox Saint (d. [[1651]])
* ''probable''
** [[Patrick Galloway]], Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (d. c.[[1626]])
** [[Boris Godunov]], Tsar of Russia (d. [[1605]])
** [[Stanisław Stadnicki]], Polish nobleman (d. [[1610]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Martin Bucer by German School.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Martin Bucer]]]]
[[File:Cranach the Younger Barbara Radziwiłł.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Barbara Radziwiłł]]]]
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]], Prince of Anahlt-Dessau (1516–1544) and Anhalt-Zerbst (1544–1551) (b. [[1504]])
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Martin Bucer]], German Protestant reformer (b. [[1491]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Constantin Hopf|title=Martin Bucer and the English Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUf7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|date=December 1, 2012|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-72523-244-0|pages=58}}</ref>
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Joachim Vadian]], Swiss humanist (b. [[1484]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Oda Nobuhide]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1510]])
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Barbara Radziwiłł]], queen of [[Sigismund II of Poland]] (b. [[1523]])
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Shin Saimdang]], Korean artist, calligrapher and writer (b. [[1504]])
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Domenico di Pace Beccafumi]], Italian painter (b. [[1486]])
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Charles II de Croÿ]], Belgian duke (b. [[1522]])
* July &ndash; [[Adriaen Isenbrandt]], Flemish painter (b. [[1490]])
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[John Wallop]], English soldier and diplomat (b. [[1490]])
* [[July 14]] &ndash; [[Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk]] (b. [[1535]])
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Fray Tomás de Berlanga]], Bishop of Panama (b. [[1487]])
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Paul Speratus]], German Lutheran (b. [[1484]])
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Margaret Leijonhufvud]], queen of [[Gustav I of Sweden]] (b. [[1516]])
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Ōuchi Yoshitaka]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1507]])
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Hindal Mirza]], Mughal Empire emperor (b. [[1519]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Sagara Taketō]], Japanese samurai (b. [[1498]])
** [[Helena Ungler]], Polish printer
** [[Alice Arden]], English murderer (b. [[1516]]; executed by burning)<ref>The Newgate Calendar: "Alice Arden of Feversham"</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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