Editing 1535

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1535}}
{{Year nav|1535}}
[[File:Vädersoltavlan cropped.JPG|right|200px|thumb|April 20: The Vädersol appears in the sky over Stockholm and is interpreted as an omen from God]]
[[File:Battle_of_Tunis_1535_Attack_on_Goletta.jpg|right|200px|thumbnail|[[June 1]]: The Holy Roman Empire begins its attempt at the [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|Conquest of Tunis]].]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
Year '''1535''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDXXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Lima]], now the capital of [[Peru]], is founded by [[Francisco Pizarro]], as ''[[History of Lima|Ciudad de los Reyes]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=W. Michael Mathes|title=The Conquistador in California: 1535: The Voyage of Fernando Cortes to Baja California in Chronicles and Documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFwWAAAAYAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Dawson's Book Shop|isbn=978-0-87093-231-1|page=40}}</ref>
* [[January 21]] &ndash; The French Protestant leaders of the October 1534 ''[[Affair of the Placards|Affaire des Placards]]'' are burned to death in front of the Cathedral of [[Notre-Dame de Paris]] and witnessed by a large crowd that includes [[Francis I of France|King François]] and the [[Ottoman embassy to France (1534)|visiting Ottoman diplomats]].<ref>Edith Garnier, ''L'Alliance Impie'' (Editions du Felin, 2008) p.90 {{ISBN|978-2-86645-678-8}}</ref>  
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[George Joye]] publishes his ''Apologye'' in [[Antwerp]], to clear his name from the accusations of [[William Tyndale]].
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Fray Tomás de Berlanga]] discovers the [[Galápagos Islands]], when blown off course ''en route'' to [[Peru]].
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of England|English]] forces under [[William Skeffington]] storm [[Maynooth Castle]] in Ireland, the stronghold of [[Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare]], after a siege that began on March 16. Skeffington shows little mercy to the 25 surviving defenders, and has them decapitated in front of the castle two days after the surrender.<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas M. |last=McCoog |title=The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541-1588: "Our way of proceeding" |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |page=17}}</ref>
* [[March 29]] &ndash; ([[Tenbun]] 4, 26th day of 2nd month) [[Emperor Go-Nara|Go-Nara]], who has ruled since [[1526]] is formally installed as the 105th [[Emperor of Japan]]<ref>[[Isaac Titsingh]], ed. (1834). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  Annales des Empereurs du Japon.]'' (Paris: [[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]], 1834) pp. 372–382.</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 11]] &ndash; The [[Ottoman embassy to France (1534)|visiting Ottoman envoys to France]] depart from [[Marseille]], six months after having arrived from [[Istanbul]] in October. [[Jean de La Forêt]], the new French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, accompanies the Ottoman fleet with his party on a French galley, and the group sails to [[Tunis]].<ref>Edith Garnier, ''L'Alliance Impie'' (Editions du Felin, 2008) p.91 {{ISBN|978-2-86645-678-8}}</ref>  
* [[April 20]] &ndash; While King [[Gustav Vasa]] of Sweden is out of the country, an unusual atmospheric phenomenon, the ''[[sun dog|Vädersol]]'', appears in the sky over the Swedish capital of [[Stockholm]], and last for two hours. Because of uncertainty about whether the ''vädersol'' is a sign of God showing favor or disapproval of the [[Reformation in Sweden|Protestant reformation]] and of King Gustav himself, the Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop [[Olaus Petri]] commissions [[Urban målare|Urban Larsson]] to document the event in a painting, the ''[[Vädersolstavlan]]''. 
* [[May 4]] &ndash; The first of the English [[Carthusian Martyrs of London]], [[John Houghton (martyr)|John Houghton]] of London, [[Robert Lawrence (martyr)|Robert Lawrence]] of [[Beauvale]], and [[Augustine Webster]] of [[Axholme]] are executed at [[Tyburn]] after refusing to sign the English [[Oath of Supremacy]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Cranmer|first= Thomas|title= The Remains of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury|year= 1833|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The three will be canonized 435 years later on October 25, 1970, as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, with a feast day of May 4.<ref>{{cite book |author=Malcolm Pullan |title=The Lives and Times of Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535–1680 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGgoNQAACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Athena Press |isbn=978-1-84748-258-7 |pages=xvii–xxii}}</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; In [[Amsterdam]], a small troop of [[Anabaptists]], led by the minister Jacob van Geel, attacks the city hall, in an attempted coup to seize the city. In the counter-attack by the city's militia, the [[burgemeester]], Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=James Tracy (historian)|last=Tracy|first=James D.|title=Holland under Habsburg Rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic|year=1990|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-06882-3|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1779n76h;brand=ucpress}}</ref> In another incident this year in Amsterdam, seven men and five women walk nude in the streets; and Anabaptists rebel in other cities of the Netherlands.
* [[May 19]] &ndash; French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] sets sail for his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and [[Chief Donnacona]]'s two sons (taken by Cartier during his first voyage).
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[William Tyndale]] is arrested in [[Antwerp]] for heresy, in relation to his Bible translation,<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref> and imprisoned in [[Vilvoorde]].
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|Conquest of Tunis]] by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], begins with the destruction of [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Barbarossa]]'s fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the [[Ottoman Empire]], around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.
* [[June 8]] &ndash; [[Battle of Bornholm (1535)|Battle of Bornholm]]: Combined [[Sweden|Swedish]] and [[Denmark|Danish]] fleets defeat the [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] navy.
* [[June 22]] &ndash; Cardinal [[John Fisher]], [[Bishop of Rochester]], is executed for his refusal to swear an oath of loyalty to King [[Henry VIII of England]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/210|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/210 210–215]}}</ref>
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Münster Rebellion]]: The [[Anabaptist]] state of [[Münster]] is conquered and disbanded.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Sir]] [[Thomas More]], author of ''[[Utopia (More book)|Utopia]]'' and one time [[Lord Chancellor]] of England, is executed for treason, after refusing to recognize King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] as head of the [[Church of England|English Church]], and separate from the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref name="People's Chronology">{{cite book|chapter=1535|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everto Creasando, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Archdeacon]] [[Charles Reynolds (cleric)]], envoy to James V, Charles V, and Pope Paul III, is buried in Rome. He died of malaria while lobbying for the excommunication of King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] for heresy.
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul III]] issues a [[papal bull]], ''Sublimis Deus'', to appint a commission of five cardinals and three bishops to carry out a reform of the city of Rome and the Roman Curia, with unlimited powers to uproot and punish all spiritual and secular transgressions, abuses, and errors.<ref>Ludwig Pastor, ''History of the Popes'' (tr. R.F. Kerr) [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesf11past Volume XI] (London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner 1912), pp. 148-150. Stephan Ehses, "Kirchliche Reformarbeiten unter Papst Paul III. vor dem Trienter Konzil," in: {{cite book|title=Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFErAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA153|volume=XV|year=1900|publisher=Herder|language=German}}, pp. 153—174; 397—411, at p. 157.</ref>
* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], becomes the first person to pass through the new [[Porta Nuova (Palermo)|Porta Nuova]] in [[Palermo]], celebrating the European conquest of the North African territory of [[Tunis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1sUAAAAQAAJ |title=Gaspare Palermo, ''Guida istruttiva per potersi conoscere tutte le magnificenze della Città di Palermo'', Volume terzo, Palermo, Reale Stamperia, 1816, p. 3-5 |last1=Palermo |first1=Gaspare |date=1816 }}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cartier]] reaches the island in the [[Saint Lawrence River]], that eventually becomes [[Montreal]].
* [[October 4]] &ndash; The first complete English-language [[Coverdale Bible|Bible]] is printed in [[Antwerp]], with translations by [[William Tyndale]] and [[Myles Coverdale]].
[[File:AntonioMendoza.jpg|120px|thumb|Viceroy Mendoza of New Spain]]
* [[November 1]] &ndash; Eighteen days after the death of [[Francesco II Sforza]], [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and King of Spain Charles V claims the [[Duchy of Milan]] as his inheritance under Sforza's will. [[Francis I of France|King François of France]] disputes the claim of Charles, citing the French right to rule Milan, Genoa and Asti, and the dispute leads to [[Italian War of 1536–1538|war between France and the Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallett |first1=Michael |last2=Shaw |first2=Christine |title=The Italian Wars: 1494–1559 |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2012 |page=228 |isbn=978-0582057586 |url=https://archive.org/details/italianwars149410000mall}}</ref>
* [[November 14]] &ndash; 
**Spanish colonial administrator [[Antonio de Mendoza]] is appointed as the first [[List of viceroys of New Spain|Viceroy of New Spain]], with jurisdiction on behalf of King Carlos of Spain over a large area of what is now [[Mexico]] and the southwestern United States, from California to Louisiana, the state of Florida, most of Central America and the Caribbean, the northern parts of South America, the Philippines and Guam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aiton |first=Arthur Scott |url=https://archive.org/details/antoniodemendoza0000aito|title=Antonio de Mendoza, first viceroy of New Spain |date=1927 |publisher=Duke University Press |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>
**Voters in the [[Canton of Geneva#Republic of Geneva (1534/1541–1798, 1813–1815)|Republic of Geneva]] approve the merger of the city's seven charitable establishments into a single entity, the ''[[Hospice général|Hôpital général]]'' 
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Jakob Hutter]], leader of the [[Hutterites]] is arrested along with his wife in [[Klausen, South Tyrol|Klausen]] in the [[Tyrol]] region on the Italian side of the [[Alps]]. The two are taken to the prison at the fortress in [[Bronzolo]].<ref>Werner O. Packull, ''Hutterite Beginnings: Communitarian Experiments during the Reformation'' ([[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1995)</ref><ref>{{BBKL|h/huter_j| band=2 |author=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz |article=Huter, Jakob |pages=1218-1221}}</ref>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; The ''[[Council of Ten|Consejo de i Diexe]]'', governing body for the [[Republic of Venice]], votes to replace the republic's treasury, made of wood, with the [[Zecca of Venice|Zecca]] a structure that has stone vaults, and invites architects to submit designs.<ref>{{wikicite |ref=Howard-Sansovino |reference=[[Deborah Howard]], ''Jacopo Sansovino: Architecture and Patronage in Renaissance Venice'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) p.39 {{ISBN|9780300018912}}}}</ref>
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[James Atkenhead]], the envoy of Scotland's King James V, leaves Scotland to travel to France to evaluate [[Mary of Bourbon]], daughter of [[Charles, Duke of Vendôme]], as a prospective queen consort.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UYVCAAAAcAAJ Teulet, Alexandre, ''Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse'', vol. 1, Paris (1862)] 94-105.</ref> After the evaluation, and a personal visit by King James to France, the Scottish monarch decides to return to his plan to marry [[Madeline of Valois]], daughter of King Francois of France. 
* [[December]] &ndash; [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]], nominally [[Sapa Inca]], is imprisoned by the Spanish [[Conquistador]]s of Peru.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]] gives battle to [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]].
* Spanish forces abandon the [[Spanish conquest of Yucatán#Second attempted conquest (1531–35)|second attempted conquest of Yucatán]].
* The [[Timeline of early Estonian publications|earliest (partially) preserved printed book]] in [[Estonian language|Estonian]], a ''Catechism'' with a translation by Johann Koell from the [[Middle Low German]] [[Lutheran]] text of Simon Wanradt, is printed by [[Hans Lufft]] in [[Wittenberg]], for use in [[Tallinn]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The story of Johann Koell, Simon Wanradt and the Wanradt-Koell catechism|url=http://www.histrodamus.ee/index.php?event=Show_main_layers&layer_id=119&lang=eng|work=[[Histrodamus]]|access-date=2013-01-18|archive-date=October 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005071349/http://www.histrodamus.ee/index.php?event=Show_main_layers&layer_id=119&lang=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] begins the rebuilding of the walls around [[Jerusalem]].<ref>[https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/374383-0 Building inscription commemorating the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem]. ''Israel Antiquities Authority'' (2023).</ref>

== Births ==
[[File:Leo XI 2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope Leo XI]]]]
[[File:Catherine of Sweden (1552) c 1565.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Katarina Stenbock]]]]
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory XIV]] (d. [[1591]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Gregory XIV {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregory-XIV |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=6 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford]], English baron (d. [[1603]])
* [[January 16]] - [[Muhammad Thakurufaanu al-Auzam|Mohamed Thakurufaanu Al-Auzam]] (d. [[1585]])
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Eléanor de Roucy de Roye]], French noble (d. [[1564]])
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Min Phalaung]], Burmese monarch (d. [[1593]])
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Cornelius Gemma]], Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. [[1578]])
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[William of Rosenberg]], High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. [[1592]])
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach]], princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. [[1587]])
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Alessandro Allori]], Italian painter (d. [[1607]])
* [[June 2]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo XI]] (d. [[1605]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Leo XI {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-XI |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=6 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Jakub Krčín]], Czech architect (d. [[1604]])
* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Leonhard Rauwolf]], German physician and botanist (d. [[1596]])
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal]] (d. [[1573]])
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] (d. [[1592]])
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete]], Royal Governor of Chile (d. [[1609]])
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Katarina Stenbock]], queen of [[Gustav I of Sweden]] (d. [[1621]])
* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Shimazu Yoshihiro]], Japanese samurai and warlord (d. [[1619]])
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Emanuel van Meteren]], Flemish historian (d. [[1612]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk]] (d. [[1551]])
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Niwa Nagahide]], Japanese warlord (d. [[1585]])
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Nanda Bayin]], King of Burma (d. [[1600]])
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Gilbert Génébrard]], Roman Catholic archbishop (d. [[1597]])
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Martin Eisengrein]], German theologian (d. [[1578]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Federico Barocci]], Italian painter (d. [[1612]])
** [[Niels Kaas]], Danish chancellor (d. [[1594]])
** [[James Melville of Halhill]], Scottish historian (d. [[1617]])
** [[Thomas North]], English translator (d. c. [[1604]])
** [[Giaches de Wert]], Flemish composer (d. [[1596]])
** [[Benedict Pereira]], Spanish theologian (d. [[1610]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Titian - Portrait of Ippolito dei Medici - WGA22945.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Ippolito de' Medici]]]]
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa]], German alchemist and occult writer (b. [[1486]])
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Wolter von Plettenberg]], Master of the Livonian Order (b. [[1450]])
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Beatrix of Baden]], Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (b. [[1492]])
* [[May 4]] (executed by [[Henry VIII of England]]):
** Saint [[John Houghton (martyr)|John Houghton]], Carthusian monk
** Saint [[Robert Lawrence (martyr)|Robert Lawrence]], Carthusian monk
** Saint [[Augustine Webster]], Prior of the [[London Charterhouse]]
** Saint [[Richard Reynolds (martyr)|Richard Reynolds]],  Bridgettine monk of Syon
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Francesco Berni]], Italian poet (b. [[1497]])
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth Wandscherer]], Dutch Anabaptist
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Sebastian Newdigate]], Carthusian monk and martyr (b. [[1500]])
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[John Fisher]], Bishop of Rochester (executed) (b. c. [[1469]])
* [[July 6]] &ndash; Sir [[Thomas More]], English lawyer, writer, and politician (executed) (b. [[1478]])<ref>{{cite web |title=History - Historic Figures: Thomas More (1478 - 1535) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/more_sir_thomas.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg]] (b. [[1484]])
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Ippolito de' Medici]], ruler of Florence (poisoned) (b. [[1509]])
* [[September]] &ndash; [[George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny]] (b. [[1469]])
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg]], queen of [[Gustav I of Sweden]] (b. [[1513]])
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Piero de Ponte]], 45th Grandmaster of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] (b. [[1462]])
* [[December 29]] &ndash; [[Matsudaira Kiyoyasu]], Japanese daimyo (b. [[1511]])
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[William Skeffington]], Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. [[1465]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Jodocus Badius]], Flemish pioneer of printing (b. [[1462]])
** [[Canghali of Kazan]], khan of Qasim and Kazan (b. [[1516]])
** [[Bartolomeo Tromboncino]], Italian composer (b. [[1470]])
** [[Feliks Zamoyski]], Polish noble

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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