Editing 14th century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1301 to 1400}}
{{Centurybox|14}}
[[File:Timur reconstruction03.jpg|thumb|[[Tamerlane|Tamerlane the Conqueror]], the founder of the [[Timurid Empire]].]]
The '''14th century''' lasted from 1 January [[1301]] (represented by the [[Roman numerals]] MCCCI) to 31 December [[1400]] (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both [[Europe]] and the [[Mongol Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Europe - Crisis, Recovery, Resilience {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Crisis-recovery-and-resilience-Did-the-Middle-Ages-end |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Oxford University Press |title=The Black Death in Asia, Europe, and Africa |url=https://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/58110/Chapter-10-The-Black-Death.pdf |access-date=December 28, 2023 |website=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref> [[West Africa]] experienced economic growth and prosperity. 

In [[History of Europe|Europe]], the [[Black Death]] claimed 25 million lives {{En dash}} wiping out one third of the European population<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death Black Death], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> {{En dash}} while the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of France]] fought in the protracted [[Hundred Years' War]] after the death of King [[Charles IV of France]] led to a claim to the French throne by King [[Edward III of England]]. This period is considered the height of [[chivalry]] and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the [[Italian Renaissance]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]].

In [[History of Asia|Asia]], [[Tamerlane]] (Timur), established the [[Timurid Empire]], history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the [[Timurid Renaissance]] emerged. In the [[Arab world]], historian and political scientist [[Ibn Khaldun]] and explorer [[Ibn Battuta]] made significant contributions. In India, the [[Bengal Sultanate]] separated from the [[Delhi Sultanate]], a major [[trading nation]] in the world. The sultanate was described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with.<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). {{cite book |year=2005 | title=Bengal: the unique state | publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. | isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 | quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref> The [[Empire of the Great Khan|Mongol court]] was driven out of [[Ming dynasty|China]] and [[Northern Yuan dynasty|retreated]] to Mongolia, the [[Ilkhanate]] collapsed, the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chaghatayid]] dissolved and broke into two parts, and the [[Golden Horde]] lost its position as a [[great power]] in [[Eastern Europe]].

In [[Africa]], the wealthy [[Mali Empire]], a huge producer of gold, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of [[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Musa I of Mali]], the wealthiest individual of medieval times, and perhaps the wealthiest ever.<ref name=":0">Thad Morgan, [https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501152955/https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa |date=2019-05-01 }}, ''History.com,'' March 19, 2018</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |author=Davidson |first=Jacob |date=July 30, 2015 |title=The 10 Richest People of All Time |work=[[Money.com]] |url=https://money.com/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609132212/https://money.com/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time-2/ |archive-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref>

In the [[History of the Americas|Americas]], the [[Mexica]] founded the city of [[Tenochtitlan]], while the [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]] mound city of [[Cahokia]] was abandoned.

== 1301–1309 ==
[[File:Catalan Atlas BNF Sheet 6 Mansa Musa.jpg|thumb|[[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Musa I of Mali]], described as the wealthiest individual in history <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />]]
* The [[Little Ice Age]] was a period of widespread cooling which, while conventionally defined as extending from around the 16th to the 19th centuries, is dated by some experts to a timespan from about 1300 to about 1850, during which average global temperatures dropped by as much as {{cvt|2|C-change}}, particularly in Europe and North America. This created conditions for a shortened growing season and reduced crop yields that led to the famines in those areas.
* [[1305]]–[[1314]]: The [[Trials of the Knights Templar]]. The [[Knights Templar]] arrested and tried. [[Jacques de Molay]], the last grand master of the Templars, is executed in 1314.
* [[1309]]: King [[Jayanegara]] succeeds [[Raden Wijaya|Kertarajasa Jayawardhana]] as ruler of [[Majapahit]].<ref name="RICKLEFSp18">Ricklefs (1991), page 18</ref>
* 1309–[[1377]]: The [[Avignon papacy]] transfers the seat of the Popes from [[Italy]] to [[France]].

== [[1310s]] ==
* The [[Great Famine of 1315-1317|Great Famine of 1315–1317]] kills millions of people in [[Europe]].
* [[1318]]–[[1330]]: An [[Italy|Italian]] Franciscan friar, [[Odoric of Pordenone|Mattiussi]], visited Sumatra, Java, and [[Banjarmasin]] in Borneo. In his record he described the kingdom of [[Majapahit]].

== [[1320s]] ==
[[File:Europe in 1328.png|thumb|Europe in 1328]]
* [[1320]]: [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] is crowned [[King of Poland]] which leads to its later unification.
* [[1321]]: [[Dante Alighieri]]: [[Divine Comedy]]
* [[1323]]: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in [[Tutuila]] (present-day [[American Samoa]]).
* [[1325]]: Forced out of previous habitations, the [[Aztec|Mexica]] found the city of [[Tenochtitlan]].
* [[1327]]: [[Tver Uprising of 1327|Tver Uprising]] against the [[Golden Horde]].
* [[1328]]: [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
* 1328–[[1333]]: [[Wang Dayuan]], a traveller from [[Quanzhou]], [[China]] during the [[Yuan dynasty]], visited [[Luzon]] & [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]], many places in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]], and reached [[Dhofar]] and [[Aden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritimeasia.ws/topic/chronology.html|title=Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE|website= Maritime Asia}}</ref>

== [[1330s]] ==
[[File:Asia in 1335.svg|thumb|The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the [[Ilkhanate]], [[Golden Horde]], [[Yuan dynasty]] and [[Chagatai Khanate]].]]
* [[1331]]–[[1333]]: The [[Genkō War]] in [[Japan]] deposes the [[Kamakura Shogunate]], ending the [[Kamakura Period]] and beginning the [[Kenmu Restoration]] under Emperor [[Emperor Go-Daigo|Go-Daigo]].<ref name=JapanEncyclopedia>{{Cite book |last=Frederic |first=Louis |title=Japan Encyclopedia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-674-01753-6 |pages=238–239}}</ref>
* [[1335]]: The death of the [[Ilkhan]] [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Said]] causes the disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia.
* [[1336]]: The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] is founded in [[South India]] by [[Harihara I]].
* 1336: The [[Kenmu Restoration]] ends and the [[Muromachi period]] begins in [[Japan]]; start of the [[Nanboku-chō period]].<ref name=JapanEncyclopedia/>
* [[1337]]: The [[Hundred Years' War]] begins when [[Edward III of England]] lays claim to the French throne.

== [[1340s]] ==
[[Image:Burying Plague Victims of Tournai.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Burying coffins of [[Black Death]] victims in [[Tournai]].]]
* [[1343]]–[[1345]]: In [[Saint George's Night Uprising]], pagan [[Estonians]] launch a last large-scale attempt to rid themselves of the non-indigenous Christian religion.
* 1345–[[1346]]: The French recruit troops and ships in [[Genoa]], [[Monaco]], and [[Nice]].
* 1346: English forces led by Edward III defeat a French army led by [[Philip VI of France]] in The [[Battle of Crécy]], a major point in the Hundred Years' War which marks the rise of the [[longbow]] as a dominant weapon in Western Europe.
* 1346: King [[Valdemar IV of Denmark]] sells the [[Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)|Duchy of Estonia]] to the [[Teutonic Order]].
* [[1347]]–[[1351]]: The [[Black Death]] kills around a third of the population of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Jenny |date=2020-07-06 |title=Plague was one of history's deadliest diseases—then we found a cure |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-plague|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305102437/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-plague|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2021|access-date=2022-08-27 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref>
* 1347: [[Adityawarman]] moved the capital of [[Dharmasraya]] and established the kingdom of Malayupura in [[Pagarruyung]], West Sumatra.<ref>Kern, J.H.C., (1907), ''De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka'', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.</ref>
* [[1348]]: The 6.9-magnitude [[1348 Friuli earthquake]] centered in [[Northern Italy]] was felt across Europe. Contemporaries linked the quake with the [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|Black Death and Great Famine]], fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.

== [[1350s]] ==
* [[1350]]: [[Uthong|Ramathibodi I]] establishes the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]].
* 1350: [[Hayam Wuruk]], styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" /> Under its military commander [[Gajah Mada]], Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
* [[1351]]: The [[Red Turban Rebellions]] break out along the [[Huai River]] valley, beginning a nearly 20-year period of uprisings against the [[Mongol]]-led [[Yuan dynasty]] in [[China]].
* [[1353]]: [[Fa Ngum]] established the [[Lan Xang]] kingdom in Laos.
* [[1356]]: The [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] of the Holy Roman Empire headed by [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles IV]] issues the [[Golden Bull of 1356]], establishing various constitutional aspects of the Empire, the most significant being the [[Prince-elector|electoral college]] to elect future emperors.
* 1356: The Diet of the Hansa is held in [[Lübeck]], formalising what up until then had only been a loose alliance of trading cities in northern Europe and officially founding the [[Hanseatic League]].
* [[1357]]: Scotland retains its independence with the signing of the [[Treaty of Berwick (1357)|Treaty of Berwick]], thus ending the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]].
* 1357: In the [[Battle of Bubat]], the [[Sunda Kingdom|Sundanese]] royal family is massacred by the Majapahit army by the order of [[Gajah Mada]]; the death toll includes Sundanese king Lingga Buana and princess [[Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi]], who committed suicide.<ref>{{cite book | author= Drs. R. Soekmono| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | orig-year= 1973|edition=5th reprint|year=1988 | location =Yogyakarta| page =72 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

== [[1360s]] ==
[[Image:Shiva and Uma 14th century.jpg|thumb|200px|[[1360s|This 14th-century statue from]] [[Tamil Nadu]], present day [[India]] depicts the gods [[Shiva]] (on the left) and [[Parvati|Uma]] (on the right). It is housed in the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
* [[1363]]: The [[Battle of Lake Poyang]], a naval conflict between [[China|Chinese]] rebel groups led by [[Chen Youliang]] and [[Zhu Yuanzhang]], takes place from August to October, constituting one of the [[Largest naval battle in history|largest naval battles in history]].
* [[1365]]: The [[Old Javanese]] text ''[[Nagarakertagama]]'' is written.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
* [[1366]]: [[Tepanec]] [[Tlatoani]] Acolnahuácatl accepts [[Acamapichtli]] as the first [[tlatoani]] of [[Tenochtitlan]] for the [[Aztec|Mexica]] Empire.
* [[1368]]: The end of the [[Mongol]]-led [[Yuan dynasty]] in [[China]] and the beginning of the [[Ming dynasty]].

== [[1370s]] ==
* [[1371]]: The [[Battle of Maritsa]], the Serbs are defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], with most of Serb nobility being killed.
* [[1377]]: Majapahit sends a [[punitive expedition]] against [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]]. Palembang's prince, [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to [[Malacca]] and establishing it as a major international port.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
* [[1378]]: The [[Western Schism|Great Schism of the West]] splits the Catholic Church, eventually leading to three simultaneous [[pope]]s and not resolved until 1417.
* 1378: [[Battle of the Vozha River]] between Russians and Mongols.
* 1378–[[1382]]: [[Ciompi Revolt]] occurs in [[Florence]].

== [[1380s]] ==
[[Image:Batalha de Aljubarrota 02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum|The Portuguese interregnum]], ''[[Battle of Aljubarrota]] between the Portuguese and Castilians in [[1385]].'']]
* [[1380]]: Russian principalities defeat the [[Golden Horde]] at the [[Battle of Kulikovo]].
* [[1381]]: [[John Wycliffe]] is dismissed from the [[University of Oxford]] for criticism of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], leading to the [[Lollardy]] movement in [[England]].
* 1381: [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England.
* [[1382]]: Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] captures [[Moscow]].
* 1382: [[Barquq]] rise to power to start the [[Burji dynasty]], the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in Egypt.
* [[1385]]: [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] between [[Portugal]] and [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]. Portugal maintains independence.
* [[1385]]: [[Union of Krewo]] between [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]].
* [[1389]]: [[Battle of Kosovo]] between Serbs and Ottoman Turks; [[Prince Lazar]], Sultan [[Murad I]] and [[Miloš Obilić]] are killed.
* 1389: [[Wikramawardhana]] succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />

== 1390–1400 ==
[[File:Timur defeats the sultan of Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Timur]] defeats the [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]], in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600.|336x336px]]
* [[1391]]: [[Anti-Jewish]] [[pogroms]] spread throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of [[Jews]] are massacred.
* [[1392]]: [[Taejo of Joseon]] establishes the [[Joseon Dynasty]].
* 1392: Emperor [[Emperor Go-Kameyama|Go-Kameyama]] of [[Japan]] abdicates in favor of rival claimant [[Emperor Go-Komatsu|Go-Komatsu]], in order to end the [[Nanboku-chō period]] of conflict between the [[Northern Court|Northern]] and [[Southern Court|Southern]] imperial courts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan, 1334–1615 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00sans |url-access=registration |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1961 |isbn=0804705259 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00sans/page/117 117]–118}}</ref>
* [[1396]]: The [[Battle of Nicopolis]], in which the Ottoman Empire defeats a large [[Crusades|Crusader]] army of knights and infantry from various Christian kingdoms including [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] and [[Wallachia]].
* [[1396]]: The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of [[Vidin]] and its king [[Ivan Sratsimir]] by the Ottomans.
* [[1397]]: The [[Kalmar Union]] is established, uniting [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] into one kingdom.
* 1397: Reign of [[Chimalpopoca]] begins as the third ''[[tlatoani]]'' of [[Tenochtitlan]].
* [[1399]]: [[Zhu Di]] launches the [[Jingnan campaign]] from [[Beiping]] ([[Beijing]]) to unseat his nephew, the [[Jianwen Emperor]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Denis Twitchett|title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C|date=1998|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-521-24332-2|pages=195}}</ref>

== Undated ==
* Transition from the [[Medieval Warm Period]] to the [[Little Ice Age]].
* [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages]]
* The poet [[Petrarch]] coins the term [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] to describe the preceding 900 years in [[Europe]], beginning with the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in [[476]] through to the renewal embodied in the [[Renaissance]].
* Beginning of the [[Ottoman Empire]], early expansion into the [[Balkans]].
* [[Iwan]] vault, [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]], is built.
* Early 14th century: Kao Ninga paints ''Monk Sewing'' (attributed) in the [[Kamakura period]] ([[Cleveland Museum of Art|Cleveland Museum]] collection).
* An account of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s life, translated earlier into Greek by [[Saint John of Damascus]] and widely circulated to [[Christianity|Christians]] as the story of [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], became so popular that the two were venerated as [[saints]].<ref>Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.</ref>
* [[Singapore]] emerges for the first time as an important fortified city and trading centre.
* [[Islam]] reaches [[Terengganu]], on the [[Malay Peninsula]] as evidence by the [[Terengganu Inscription Stone]].
* The [[Hausa people|Hausa]] found several [[city-state]]s in the south of modern [[Niger]].
* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at [[Great Zimbabwe]], built of non-cemented, dressed stone. Research suggests the city's population to be between less than 10,000 to 18,000 at its peak.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chirikure, S. |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=What was the population of Great Zimbabwe (CE1000 – 1800) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=e0178335 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1278335C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0178335 |pmc=5470674 |pmid=28614397 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="contested">{{cite book |last=Kuklick |first=Henrika |title=Colonial situations: essays on the contextualization of ethnographic knowledge |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-299-13124-1 |editor=George W. Stocking |pages=135–170 |chapter=Contested monuments: the politics of archaeology in southern Africa}}</ref>

==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
{{See also|Timeline of historic inventions#14th century}}
* Music of [[Ars nova]]
* Foundation of the [[University of Cracow|University of Kraków]]
* Chinese text the ''[[Huolongjing]]'' by [[Jiao Yu]] describes [[fire lance]]s, [[fire arrow]]s, [[Multiple rocket launcher|rocket launcher]]s, [[land mine]]s, [[naval mine]]s, [[bombard (weapon)|bombard]]s, [[cannon]]s, and hollow [[cast iron]] [[Round shot|cannonball]]s filled with [[gunpowder]], and their use to set ablaze enemy camps
* First [[pound lock]] in Europe reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in 1373<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Pound+lock|title=pound lock|date=August 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815174854/http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Pound+lock |archive-date=2011-08-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Navboxes
|title = {{hlist|Millennia|Centuries|Decades|Years}}
|state=collapsed
|list =
{{Decades and years}}
{{Centuries}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:14th century}}
[[Category:14th century| ]]
[[Category:2nd millennium]]
[[Category:Centuries]]