Editing 1453

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Year '''1453''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDLIII]]''') was a [[common year]] [[Common year starting on monday|starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]], the 1453rd year of the [[Common Era]] (CE) and ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the [[2nd millennium]], the 53rd year of the [[15th century]], and the 4th year of the [[1450s]] decade.

In April, the forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]] began besieging the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] capital of [[Constantinople]]. The [[Fall of Constantinople|city's fall]] and the destruction of the empire in May sparked fear and religious fervor against the Ottomans across Europe. [[Pope Nicholas V]] issued a [[crusading bull]] and attempted to negotiate a peace in the ongoing war in northern Italy, which saw [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] fight with the forces of [[Republic of Florence|Florence]], [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]], and their [[Kingdom of France|French allies]]. In July, France routed the forces of [[Kingdom of England|England]] at the [[Battle of Castillon]], and subdued the last English holdouts over the following months, ending the [[Hundred Years' War]] and English territorial control in France. The [[Ming dynasty]] of China was troubled by the growing power of the newly-proclaimed [[Khagan]] [[Esen Taishi]] in Mongolia. A diplomatic incident occurred when an embassy mission from the Japanese [[Ashikaga shogunate]] rioted and attacked Chinese civilians. Violent succession disputes broke out in several countries, including the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] in Okinawa and the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]].

[[1452/1453 mystery eruption|A "mystery eruption"]] occurred at an unknown location in the northern hemisphere in late 1452 or early 1453, beginning a 15-year period of colder weather across the hemisphere. A major drought continued in the [[Aztec Empire]], leading to famine and many deaths. China was devastated by catastrophic flooding along the [[Yellow River]] and an exceptionally cold winter.

== Events ==

* January – [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces began to mobilize in preparation for war against the [[Byzantine Empire]]. [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] sends ships to aid the defense of [[Constantinople]], the Byzantine capital.{{Sfn|Philippides|Hanak|2011|p=573}}
* March – A large cohort of English troops depart to reinforce [[Gascony]].{{Sfn|Vale|1969|pp=132–133}}
* April – [[Sayf al-Din Inal]] deposes the young Egyptian sultan [[Al-Mansur Fakhr al-Din Uthman|Al-Mansur Uthman]], who had come to power after his father's death two months prior.{{Sfn|Petry|2022|p=41}}
* [[April 6]] – The Ottoman Empire declares war against the Byzantines, beginning the [[Fall of Constantinople|Siege of Constantinople]].{{Sfn|Somel|2003|p=xxiii}}{{Sfn|Necipoğlu|2009|p=221}}
* [[April 18]] – Ottoman forces, led by Sultan [[Mehmed II]], launch their first assault against Constantinople.{{Sfn|Philippides|Hanak|2011|p=575}}
* [[May 29]] – Ottoman forces capture [[Constantinople]], destroying the [[Byzantine Empire]]—the successor state of the [[Roman Empire]].{{Sfn|Philippides|Hanak|2011|p=|pp=577–578}}
* [[June 14]] – [[Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua|Ludovico Gonzaga of Mantua]] defends the city against [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] forces led by his brother [[Carlo Gonzaga of Milan|Carlo]].{{sfn|Swain|1989|p=443}}
* [[July 9]] – The [[Giant Bible of Mainz]] is completed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Crump |first=Francis J. |date=1952 |title=The Gutenberg Bible |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43720372 |journal=[[The Catholic Biblical Quarterly]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=216–217 |jstor=43720372}}</ref>
* [[July 17]] – The French destroy the English army at the [[Battle of Castillon]].{{Sfn|Vale|1969|pp=132–133}}
* [[July 23]] – The [[Burgundian State|Burgundian]] army led by Duke [[Philip the Good]] defeats the rebel forces of [[Ghent]] at the [[Battle of Gavere]]{{Sfn|Vaughan|1970|pp=328–332}}
* August – French forces led by [[René of Anjou]] arrive in the [[Piedmont]], seeking to assist [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]] and [[Republic of Florence|Florence]] against Venice.{{Sfn|Ilardi|1959|pp=139–140}}
* [[September 30]] – [[Pope Nicholas V]] issues a [[crusading bull]] against the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Hardy|2024|p=6}}
* [[October 20]] – The last English holdouts in Gascony (including [[Bordeaux]]) surrender to France, ending the [[Hundred Years' War]].{{Sfn|Vale|1969|pp=132–133}}
* December – An exceptionally cold winter leads to heavy snows across [[China]], with many deaths reported in the [[Huai River]] valley.{{Sfn|Twitchett|1988|p=336}}

== Global events ==
A [[1452/1453 mystery eruption|major volcanic eruption of unknown source]] likely occurred somewhere in the Northern Hemisphere in late 1452 or early 1453. The [[Kuwae]] caldera in [[Vanuatu]] was previously seen as a candidate for this eruption, but [[ice core]] analysis has instead linked it to another [[1458 mystery eruption|mystery eruption in 1458]]. Attested through [[dendrochronology]] (analysis of tree rings) across the northern hemisphere for 1453, temperatures decreased by 0.4–6.9°C (0.7–12.4°F), beginning a 15-year cold period.{{Sfn|Abbott et al.|2021|pp=565–567, 575}}{{Sfn|Sigl et al.|2013|p=1151}}

== Africa ==
[[Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq]], sultan of the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]] since 1438, died on February 13. His son [[Al-Mansur Fakhr al-Din Uthman|Al-Mansur Uthman]], only 18 years old, ascended to the throne; desperate to avoid being overthrown for his youth, Uthman attempted to purchase the loyalty of various high-ranking [[mamluk]]s using heavily debased coinage. Supreme Commander [[Sayf al-Din Inal]] led a [[coup d'état]] alongside his [[Zahiri school|Zahiri]] emir allies against the young sultan, seizing the [[Cairo Citadel]]. Inal was accepted as sultan by [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] Caliph [[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Cairo)|Al-Qa'im]] in April.{{Sfn|Petry|2022|p=41}}

==Asia==
Hostile relationships continued between the [[Ming Dynasty]] and the growing [[Oirats|Oirat]] confederation of [[Esen Taishi]]. Esen had captured the [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Yingzong Emperor]] in battle four years prior, and killed [[Northern Yuan]] leader [[Taisun Khan]] early in the previous year. Early in the year, the Minister of War [[Yu Qian]] considered a plan for an offensive campaign against the Oirat and Mongols, but ultimately focused on maintaining the northern border, unwilling to disrupt the newly reformed command structure of the [[Military of the Ming dynasty|Ming military]]. Having dominated the Mongol tribes after his defeat of Taisun, Esen declared himself [[Khagan]] of the Northern Yuan, becoming the first non-[[Borjigin]] to do so. The alarmed Ming government heightened border security, and debated whether to recognize Esen as Khagan.{{sfn|De Heer|1986|pp=90–91, 95–98}} However, Esen's declaration led to significant internal conflict against his rule.{{Sfn|Twitchett|1988|p=331}}

A recent series of annual floods worsened in central China, with the [[Yellow River]] devastating [[Henan]]. Urgent repairs to dikes along the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] were initially unsuccessful, leading to the appointment of the engineer [[Xu Youzhen]] to supervise efforts to maintain the canal and vital grain shipments to [[Beijing]].{{sfn|De Heer|1986|pp=94–95}}{{sfn|Zhou|Deng|2021|p=213}}{{Sfn|Twitchett|1988|p=335}} An exceptionally cold winter caused heavy snow across northern and central China at the end of the year, with many deaths reported in the icebound [[Huai River]] valley. Following years of unrest among the [[Yao people|Yao]] and [[Miao people|Miao]] peoples, a regional uprising against Ming rule broke out in [[Guizhou]] and [[Huguang]].{{Sfn|Twitchett|1988|p=336}} The somewhat unstable political legitimacy of the Jingtai Emperor in the wake of Yingzong's capture was heightened after the death of {{Interlanguage link|Zhu Jianji|zh|朱见济}}, his son and heir apparent, on December 18.{{sfn|De Heer|1986|pp=95–98}}

After a twenty-year halt, a large Japanese tribute mission was dispatched by the [[Ashikaga Shogunate]] to the Ming court. The envoys were angered by court officials' refusal to pay high prices for the wares, and rioted along their return journey, looting civilian houses in Lingqing, [[Shandong]], and attacking officials sent to investigate. The [[Jingtai Emperor]] decided not to capture the riotous diplomats, hesitant to upset diplomatic relations with Japan.{{sfn|Wang|2023|p=109}}

On the island of [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]], a succession dispute between the princes Shiro and Furi of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] resulted in the burning of [[Shuri Castle]]. [[Shō Taikyū]], possibly a third party to the conflict, would be enthroned as king the following year.{{Sfn|Smits|2024|pp=231–232}}

==Europe==

===Central and Eastern Europe===

In 1452–1453, the twelve-year-old [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] assumed power in Hungary without a coronation. The previous ''de facto'' ruler, regent [[John Hunyadi|János Hunyadi]], maintained a position in government. On October 28, Ladislaus was crowned [[King of Bohemia]] in Prague, ending an interregnum that had lasted since the death of [[Albert II of Germany|Albert II]] in 1439.{{Sfn|Oslanský|1996|pp=21–26}}{{Sfn|Bak|1998|pp=716–717}}

[[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily II]], the Grand Prince of [[Principality of Moscow|Moscow]], solidified his power in the waning years of the [[Muscovite War of Succession]]. Rival throne claimant [[Dmitry Shemyaka]] had been forced to flee to the [[Novgorod Republic]] several years prior after a military defeat in Galich. He continued his efforts to take control of Moscow, with his strongholds in the rural northern areas along the [[Northern Dvina]] and [[Vychegda]]. In 1453, he returned to [[Veliky Novgorod]], where he was fatally poisoned, possibly on Vasily's orders.{{Sfn|Martin|2006|p=175}}{{Sfn|Crummey|1987|p=75}}

==== Fall of Constantinople ====
[[File:Le siège de Constantinople (1453) by Jean Le Tavernier after 1455.jpg|alt=A labeled miniature painting showing the fall of Constantinople in 1453|thumb|Mid-1450s French [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] depicting the [[Fall of Constantinople]]]]
[[Mehmed II]], the Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]], began preparations to conquer the city of [[Constantinople]], the capital of the declining [[Byzantine Empire]], soon after his ascension to the throne in 1451. He had fortified the European coast north of the city, giving him full control over the [[Bosporus|Bosporus Strait]].{{Sfn|Necipoğlu|2009|p=221}} Mehmed mobilized the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] in early January, and arranged for large [[Bombard (weapon)|bombards]] to be brought to the staging areas. Some Ottoman forces attacked the Byzantine strongholds of [[Nesebar|Mesambria]] and [[Silivri|Selybria]] later in January; Mesambria quickly surrendered, while Selybria held out until March.{{sfn|Philippides|Hanak|2011|pp=411, 573}}{{Sfn|Harris|2010|pp=185–186}} Mercenary forces led by the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] captain [[Giovanni Giustiniani]] arrived in the city on January 26, joining [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] forces stationed in the city.{{Sfn|Harris|2010|p=189}}

Ottoman forces began besieging Constantinople itself on April 6, with Mehmed hoping to starve the city into surrender. Although the city's population had declined greatly since its peak, food shortages set in quickly; an emergency order was given to distribute bread to the family of soldiers, as many had abandoned their posts to care for their starving families.{{Sfn|Necipoğlu|2009|pp=220–221}} With the entrance to the city's harbor, the [[Golden Horn]], blocked by the Byzantines, Ottoman forces transported their ships from the Bosporous into the Golden Horn by hauling them over the hills of [[Galata|Pera]]. After three smaller assaults over the prior weeks, the Ottomans launched a mass assault on the morning of May 29. The third wave of the assault took the city's walls and subdued the defenders, with the Byzantine emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]] dying in unclear circumstances. Ottoman forces sacked the city for three days.{{sfn|Philippides|Hanak|2011|pp=575–578}}[[File:Byz1453 (cropped).png|alt=A map of the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire in 1453. Successor states, including Morea, Athens, Epirus, Trebizond, and Theodoro, are also featured|thumb|The Byzantine Empire and its successor states before the fall of Constantinople in 1453]]
Some rump states of the Byzantine Empire still remained — the [[Despotate of the Morea]] and the separatist [[Empire of Trebizond]]. The [[Palaiologos]] scions [[Demetrios Palaiologos|Demetrios]] and [[Thomas Palaiologos|Thomas]] shared the title of Despot of the Morea, and fought among themselves. Later in 1453, a rebel leader named [[Manuel Kantakouzenos (usurper)|Manuel Kantakouzenos]] led a group of Albanians in the Morea into [[Morea revolt of 1453–1454|a rebellion]] against the despots. Mehmed dispatched the Ottoman general [[Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey]] to put down the revolt, although he would not see immediate success.{{sfn|Bartusis|1992|pp=134–135}}

The fall of Constantinople caused great fear, anxiety, and anger among Christian leaders throughout Europe. [[Anti-Turkish sentiment]] spread widely. As the news spread across Europe, songs and poems were composed lamenting the fall of the city and condemning the Ottoman Empire. Prominent examples from 1453 include Balthasar Mandelreiß's poem {{lang|de|[[Türkenschrei]]}}, commissioned by the Holy Roman imperial court, and [[Michael Beheim]]'s song-poem {{lang|de|Von den Türken und dem adel sagt dis}}.{{sfn|McDonald|2017|pp=372–373}} [[Pope Nicholas V]] called for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire, issuing a [[crusading bull]] on September 30.{{sfn|Hardy|2024|p=6}}

=== Western Europe ===

==== Italy ====
In [[Rome]], a plot by the humanist nobleman [[Stefano Porcari]] to overthrow Pope Nicholas V was discovered and put down by Papal forces in early January. Porcari escaped capture multiple times, but was eventually discovered hiding in a chest, and was executed on January 9.{{sfn|D'Elia|2007|pp=210–212}}

A [[Wars in Lombardy|series of regional military conflicts]] across [[Northern Italy]] centered on [[Lombardy]] continued in 1453.{{Sfn|Ilardi|1959|pp=129–138}} [[Francesco I Sforza|Francesco Sforza]], who had risen to power in Milan, allied with the Republic of Florence against their mutual enemies, Venice and the [[Kingdom of Naples]] under [[Alfonso V of Aragon]]. In 1452, Milan and Florence entered into an alliance with [[Charles VII of France]], who was opposed to the potential expansion of Alfonso's control in Italy. Held up by its campaign against the English, France was initially unable to offer any direct aid, but was able to prevent the [[Duchy of Savoy]], a Venetian ally, from invading Lombardy.{{Sfn|Ilardi|1959|pp=136–138}}{{Sfn|Mallett|1998|pp=556–558}}

On June 14, [[Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua|Ludovico Gonzaga of Mantua]] defended [[Mantua]] against Venetian forces led by his brother, [[Carlo Gonzaga of Milan|Carlo Gonzaga]].{{sfn|Swain|1989|p=443}} [[René of Anjou]], a French nobleman who had previously ruled Naples, allied with Florence and invaded Italy in August 1453 with a force of 2,000 soldiers, which soon grew to 3,000. Initially attempting to negotiate with the Venetians, Rene declared war on the republic on 10 October. Together with Milan and Florence, his forces managed to capture the region around [[Cremona]], [[Bergamo]], and [[Brescia]] by late November, although the onset of winter put a halt to the campaign.{{Sfn|Ilardi|1959|pp=139–140}} Concerned by the fall of Constantinople, Pope Nicholas V attempted to negotiate peace in the region in order to unite Christian Europe against the Ottoman Empire. Peace talks sponsored by Nicholas began in November. His efforts would materialize in April of the following year as the [[Treaty of Lodi]].{{Sfn|Ilardi|1959|pp=139–140}}{{Sfn|Mallett|1998|p=558}}

==== England and France ====

The [[Parliament of England]] met at [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] on March 6. The members of the parliament were highly receptive to King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]'s rule due to the crushing of [[Jack Cade's Rebellion]] in 1450 and the reconquest of Gascony by [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|John Talbot]] in 1452. The parliament approved a grant giving Henry the ability to raise an army of 20,000 archers for a period of six months, likely intend for a future reconquest of Gascony or [[Normandy]].{{Sfn|Wolffe|2001|pp=264–266}}{{multiple image
| image1            = Français 5054, fol. 229v, Bataille de Castillon (1453).jpg
| image2            = 15th-century painters - Surrender of the Burghers of Ghent in 1453 - WGA15789 (cropped).jpg
| width             = 200
| caption1          = 1484 depiction of the [[Battle of Castillon]]
| alt1              = A colorful illustration of a group of English and French knights fighting outside a castle. The French have several cannons
| caption2          = 1450s depiction of the surrender of [[Ghent]] to [[Philip the Good]] after the [[Battle of Gavere]]
| alt2              = A group of burghers are kneeling on the ground outside a castle on a starry night. They are surrendering to a group of men on horseback, including Duke Philip the Good, holding a sword
}}

A reinforcement of over 2,000 men led by a number of prominent noblemen was sent to Gascony in March, increasing Talbot's forces to upwards of 7,300. However, the French navy was able to cut off English access to Bordeaux via the [[Gironde estuary]], preventing further reinforcement. On July 17, the French routed the English army at the [[Battle of Castillon]], killing Talbot. Charles VII's forces moved further into Gascony, [[Siege of Bordeaux (1453)|laying siege to Bordeaux]] in August. The city, alongside the holdout of [[Rions]], surrendered on October 20, ending the English presence in the region and bringing a close to the last phase of the [[Hundred Years' War]].{{Sfn|Vale|1969|pp=132–133}}<ref name=":0" />

==== Holy Roman Empire ====
The town of [[Ghent]] was embroiled in [[Ghent War (1449–1453)|a rebellion]] against the [[Burgundian State]] under Duke [[Philip the Good]]. Originating from a political dispute between Philip and Ghent, Philip declared war on the town in 1452. In February–March 1453, a Ghenter raiding party attacked several towns in the surrounding region, including [[Kortrijk]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|1970|pp=303–328}} Philip's rival, Charles VII of France, supported the Ghent rebels, although was unable to offer direct military support due to his ongoing war against the English.{{Sfn|Vale|1998|p=402}} With peace negotiations over the spring stalled, Philip attacked the castles around Ghent in June and July, and decisively defeated the rebels at the [[Battle of Gavere]] on July 23. The town was forced to pay reparations to pay for Philip's campaign, although it was not occupied or plundered.{{Sfn|Vaughan|1970|pp=328–332}}

The [[Giant Bible of Mainz]] was finished on July 9, 1453. It possibly served as an inspiration for the [[Gutenberg Bible]],<ref name=":1" /> the first large-scale book produced using a [[printing press]] and [[Movable type|moveable type]]. [[Johannes Gutenberg]] was overseeing preparations for his bible in 1453 after beginning work on it in 1450. Early copies would be [[Bookbinding|bound]] and distributed by 1456.{{Sfn|Miner|1952|pp=4–6}}{{Sfn|Füssel|2005|pp=18–20, 54}}

== The Americas ==
A major drought which began in 1450 continued to affect the [[Aztec Empire]]. Although famine conditions had already began to set in, they worsened in 1453, and people resorted to [[famine food]]s such as the roots of wild plants, [[corn silk]], and [[agave]]. Some sold themselves into slavery in exchange for maize. Many died from starvation, especially due to early frosts in the autumn of 1453. The drought and famine would only intensify in the following year.{{Sfn|Hassig|1981|pp=174–175}}{{Sfn|Therrell|Stahle|Soto|2004|pp=1265–1267}}

==Births==

* [[January 6]] – [[Girolamo Benivieni]], Italian poet<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariani |first=Giacomo |date=2017 |title=''Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy'': Benivieni, Girolamo |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4_713-1 |website=[[Springer Link]]|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4_713-1 }}</ref>
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Johannes Engel]], German doctor, astronomer and astrologer<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimble |first1=Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA339 |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last2=Williams |first2=Thomas R. |last3=Bracher |first3=Katherine |last4=Jarrell |first4=Richard |last5=Marché |first5=Jordan D. |last6=Ragep |first6=F. Jamil |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9780387304007 |page=339 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]], Spanish general and statesman{{sfn|Gerli|Armistead|2003|p=324}}
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales]], only son of Henry VI<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffiths |first=R. A. |date=2004 |title=Edward [Edward of Westminster], Prince of Wales |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8524 |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |doi=}}</ref>
* [[October 25]] – [[Giuliano de' Medici]], Italian nobleman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medici, Giuliano di Piero de' |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuliano-di-piero-de-medici_%28Enciclopedia-machiavelliana%29/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[Treccani]]}}</ref>
* [[November 7]] – [[Filippo Beroaldo]], philosopher and scholar{{Sfn|Bietenholz|Deutscher|1986|p=135}}
* [[November 15]] – [[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453–1468)|Alfonso, Prince of Asturias]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muñiz |first=Dolores Carmen Morales |title=Alfonso XII de Trastámara |url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6419/alfonso-xii-de-trastamara |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[Diccionario biográfico español]]}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===

* [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], Portuguese naval and military commander<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Estela |first=Vieira |date=2020 |title=Maritime Disasters and Collective Identities: Surviving Shipwreck in Early Modern Portugal |journal=[[Hispania (journal)|Hispania]] |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=549 |jstor=27026456}}</ref>
* {{Interlanguage link|Firdevsī-i Rūmī|lt=Firdevsī-i Rūmī|de|Firdevsî}}, Turkish poet<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bläsing |first=Uwe |date=2020 |title=Just an Etymological Note: The Case of Megrelian aӡmax-i, azmax-i 'puddle, pool, pond' |journal=[[Iran and the Caucasus]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=180 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20200204 |jstor=27058084}}</ref>
* [[Shin Mahasilavamsa]], Burmese poet<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=Yuriy M. |title=The Canon in Southeast Asian Literatures: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781136816123 |editor-last=Smyth |editor-first=David |pages=2–3}}</ref>
* [[Sultan-Khalil]], Sultan of the [[Aq Qoyunlu]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erkinov |first=Aftandil |date=2015 |title=From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle |url=https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/2791#ftn7 |journal=Cahiers d'Asie Centrale |volume=24 |pages=53}}</ref>

==Deaths==
* [[January 9]] – [[Stefano Porcari]], Italian nobleman and humanist politician{{sfn|D'Elia|2007|p=212}}
* [[February 13]] – [[Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq]], Egyptian Mamluk sultan{{Sfn|Petry|2022|p=41}}
* [[May 29]]
** [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], Byzantine emperor{{sfn|Philippides|Hanak|2011|pp=577–578}}{{sfn|Bartusis|1992|p=134}}
** [[Demetrios Palaiologos Metochites]], Byzantine noble and ambassador{{Sfn|Harris|2010|p=207}}
** [[Orhan Çelebi]], Ottoman prince{{Sfn|Harris|2010|p=207}}
* [[June 2]] or [[June 3]] – [[Loukas Notaras]], Byzantine statesman and naval commander{{sfn|Philippides|Hanak|2011|p=597}}
* [[June 22]] – [[Álvaro de Luna]], Spanish knight and statesman{{Sfn|Gerli|Armistead|2003|pp=520–521}}{{Sfn|MacKay|1998|p=615}}
* July – [[Jacques de Lalaing]], Burgundian knight{{Sfn|Vaughan|1970|p=328}}
* [[July 17]] 
** [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]], English nobleman and military leader<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pollard |first=A. J. |date=2004 |title=Talbot, John, First Earl of Shrewsbury and First Earl of Waterford |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26932 |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]}}</ref>
** [[John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle]], English nobleman, son of the Earl of Shrewsbury<ref name=":0" />
*[[December 16]] – {{Interlanguage link|Zhu Jianji|zh|朱见济}}, crown prince of the Ming Dynasty{{Sfn|De Heer|1986|p=97}}
*[[December 24]] – [[John Dunstaple]], English composer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bent |first=Margaret |date=2006 |title=Dunstaple [Dunstable], John |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8286 |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===

* [[Dmitry Shemyaka]], claimant to the [[Principality of Moscow]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alef |first=Gustave |date=1959 |title=The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847975 |journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.2307/2847975 |jstor=2847975}}</ref>
* [[Giovanni Giustiniani]], Genoese mercenary{{Sfn|Philippides|Hanak|2011|pp=522–544}}
* [[Nguyễn An]], Vietnamese-born Ming Dynasty court eunuch and architect{{Sfn|Chan|1988|p=241}} 
* [[Sophia of Lithuania]], Grand Princess of Moscow<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clements |first=Barbara Evans |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gz5pn |title=A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present |date=2012 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=9780253001047 |pages=18 |jstor=j.ctt16gz5pn}}</ref>

==References==
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===Bibliography===
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{{refend}}
{{div col end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1453}}
[[Category:1453| ]]