Editing 1443

{{About year|1443}}
[[File:Frieze - Main portal - Castel Nuovo - Naples - Italy 2015.JPG|250px|thumb|[[February 26]]: [[Alfonso V of Aragon]] makes triumhant entry into [[Naples]].]]
{{Year nav|1443}}
[[File:Hunminjeongum.jpg|200px|thumb|[[December 30]]: King [[Sejong the Great]] of Korea introduces the standardized Korean alphabet in the ''[[Hunminjeongeum]]''.]]
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1443''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXLIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; 
**[[Pope Eugene IV]] called for Christians under his jurisdiction to participate in the [[Crusade of Varna]] against the incursions of the [[Ottoman Empire]] into Central Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Imber |first=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC |title=The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-0144-9 |pages=27}}</ref>
**The coronation of [[Christopher of Bavaria|Christoffer III]] as [[King of Denmark]] and of his wife [[Dorothea of Brandenburg]], as Queen Consort, took place at the [[Ribe Cathedral|Vor Frue Maria Dormkirke]] in [[Ribe]], nearly three years after he had first claimed the throne on April 9, 1440.
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Raffaele Adorno]] was elected as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Sergio |last1=Buonadonna |first2=Mario |last2=Mercenaro |title=Rosso doge. I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797 |year=2007 |editor=De Ferrari Editori |location=Genoa}}</ref> 
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The Spanish monarch, King [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], makes a trimphant entrance into the city of [[Naples]] in order to assume the throne of the [[Kingdom of Naples]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Medieval Crown of Aragon |first=T.N. |last=Bisson |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |page=144}}</ref> 
* [[March 11]] &ndash; At the age of 16 months old, [[Charlotte of Savoy]], daughter of [[Louis, Duke of Savoy]], is betrothed in a ceremony to Frederick III of the [[House of Wettin]], the 4-year-old son of [[Frederick II, Elector of Saxony]]. No marriage takes place, however, and Charlotte will marry the Crown Prince of France in 1451.<ref>Joachim W. Stieber, ''Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire'', (E.J. Brill, 1978), p. 254</ref>

=== April&ndash;June===
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[Henry Chichele]], the Roman Catholic [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] for almost 29 years, dies and is succeeded by [[John Stafford (bishop)|John Stafford]] on May 13. 
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|The Duke of York]], Richard Plantagenet, signs a treaty with [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy]] for an indefinite truce between the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Burgundy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolffe |date=2001 |first=Bertram |title=Henry VI |edition=Yale |url={{googlebooks|SPLVBwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |series=[[English Monarchs series]] |publisher=Yale University Press |place=London |orig-year=1981 |page=189 |isbn=978-0-300-08926-4 }}</ref>
* [[May 13]] &ndash;  [[John Stafford (bishop)|John Stafford]] is appointed as the new [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]  by [[Pope Eugene IV]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Davies |date=2004 |first=R.G. |title=Stafford, John (d. 1452) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26209 |type=online |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26209 }}</ref>
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[List of earthquakes in Poland#Natural Earthquakes|The strongest earthquake]] on record in [[Poland]] kills at least 30 people and damages buildings in [[Krakow]] and [[Wroclaw]], and in  [[Timisoara]] and [[Oradea]] in Romania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rp.pl/Historia/190609682-W-1443-roku-w-Polsce-doszlo-do-najsilniejszego-w-historii-kraju-trzesienia-ziemi.html|title=W 1443 roku w Polsce doszło do najsilniejszego w historii kraju trzęsienia ziemi|website=www.rp.pl}}</ref>
* [[June 6]] &ndash; Afonso V of Aragon formally reunites the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.
* [[June 14]] &ndash; Pope Eugene IV and King Alfonso V of Naples reach a forma agreement at [[Terracina]], with the Pope recognizing Alfonso as the rightful King and [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Prince Ferrante]] as heir to the throne, while Alfonso agrees to stop support of the antipope Amadeus VII and the Council of Basel.<ref>Joachim W. Stieber, ''Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire'' (Brill, 1978) pp. 197–198 {{ISBN| 9004052402}}.</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl]] ([[Old Zürich War]]): The forces of the city of [[Zürich]] are defeated, but the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]] have insufficient strength to besiege and take the city. 
* [[August 14]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Dieppe]], an attempt by England's [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|Earl of Shrewsbury]] to capture the French port at Normandy and France's access to the [[English Channel]], fails after nine months.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=Juliet R. V.|title=Conquest : the English kingdom of France in the Hundred Years War|publisher=Abacus|location=London|year=2010|page=313|isbn=978-0-349-12202-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark}}</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Pope Eugene IV]] returns to [[Rome]] for the first time in more than nine years, after having been forced to flee on June 4, 1434.<ref>Ferdinand Gregorovius,[https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ-uIjEZvB4C&pg=PA1 ''History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages.''] Volume 7, Part 1.(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1909) pp.88–89</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Peter, Duke of Coimbra|Pedro de Portugal, Duke of Coimbra]] and regent for the 11-year old [[Afonso V of Portugal|King Afonso V]], grants letters patent to his younger brother [[Prince Henry the Navigator|Dom Henrique of Navegador]] ("Prince Henry the Navigator"), giving Henrique an exclusive monopoly over all navigation south of [[Cape Bojador]], whether for the purpose of war or trade, as well as a commission on any African goods or slaves brought back to mainland Portugal.<ref>[[João de Barros]], ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente''.  Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib.1-5) p.60</ref> 
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Battle of Niš (1443)|Battle of Niš]]: [[John Hunyadi]] and the army of the [[Crusade of Varna]] defeat three [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|armies of the Ottoman Empire]], and capture the city of [[Niš]] in modern-day [[Serbia]]; [[Skanderbeg]] deserts the Ottoman camp and goes to [[Albania]].
* [[November 28]] &ndash; Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the [[Ottoman Empire]], liberate [[Krujë]], in Middle [[Albania]], and raise the [[Flag of Albania|Albanian flag]].
* [[December 12]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Zlatitsa]] in what is now [[Bulgaria]], Ottoman troops under the Sultan [[Murad II]] and General [[Kasim Pasha]] defeat an attack by John Hunyadi and the forces of Hungary, Croatia, Poland and Serbia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pálosfalvi |first=Tamás |title=From Nicopolis to Mohács, A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare 1389-1526 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2018 |isbn=9789004375659 |pages=116}}</ref>
* [[December 24]] &ndash; 
**The Christian crusaders under Hunyadi begin their retreat westward after their defeat at Zlatica, and the Ottoman forces follow them, with a confrontation ultimately taking place on January 2 at the [[Battle of Kunovica]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mirčetić|first=Dragoljub|title=Vojna istorija Niša: deo 2. U sredjem veku (700-1459) (Military History of Niš, Part 2. In the Middle Ages (700-1459).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2G0yAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Prosveta|page=95|isbn=9788774551522}}</ref>
**In [[Poland]], [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn|Wenceslaus I, Duke of Siewierz]] sells the [[duchy]] of [[Siewierz]] to [[Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal)|Zbigniew Oleśnicki]], Bishop of Kraków, for 6,000 silver coins ([[Prague groschen]]), equivalent to at least {{convert|21|kg}} or 750 ounces of silver.<ref>Kazimierz Jasiński, ''Rodowód Piastów śląskich'' (''Lineage of the Silesian Piast Dynasty''), volume 3 (1977) pp.166-167.</ref>
* [[December 30]] &ndash; King [[Sejong the Great]] of [[Joseon|Korea]] announces the creation of the ''[[Hunminjeongeum]]'' (literally "The Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People") a manual for [[Hangul]], a standardized writing system for the [[Korean language]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hunminjeongeum Manuscript |url=http://english.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?ctgryLrcls=CTGRY168&nttId=57977&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1205&mn=EN_03_03 |website=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] |publisher=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* In [[Moldavia]], the conflict between brothers and co-rulers [[Iliaș of Moldavia|Iliaș]] and [[Stephen II of Moldavia|Stephen II]] reignites, and Stephen captures Iliaș and blinds him, thus remaining sole ruler of the country.
* [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[Nuno Tristão]] penetrates the [[Arguin]] Gulf, off the west coast of Africa.
* King [[Sejong the Great]] starts to create [[Hangul]], the native alphabet of the [[Korean language]], with his scholars.
* [[Vlad II Dracul]] begins his second term as ruler of [[Wallachia]], succeeding [[Basarab II of Wallachia|Basarab II]].
* The Buddhist [[Zhihua Temple]] (智化寺) is built in [[Beijing]], at the order of [[Wang Zhen (eunuch)|Wang Zhen]], chief [[eunuch]] at the court of the [[Zhengtong Emperor]] of [[Ming Dynasty]] China.
* A powerful earthquake destroys the [[Timișoara Fortress]] in the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]]

== Births ==
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Albert III, Duke of Saxony]] (d. [[1500]])
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Saxony]] (d. [[1484]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Giovanni II Bentivoglio]], Italian noble (d. [[1508]])
* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[Matthias Corvinus]], of Hungary (d. [[1490]])
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Edmund, Earl of Rutland]], brother of Kings [[Edward IV of England]] and [[Richard III of England]] (d. [[1460]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Victor, Duke of Münsterberg]], Reichsgraf, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (d. [[1500]])
* [[May 31]] or [[1441]] &ndash; [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby]], English noble, mother of King Henry VII, grandmother of King Henry VIII of England (d. [[1509]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Norton|title=Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDGIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP17|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-0734-4|pages=17}}</ref>
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Anthony Browne (died 1506)|Anthony Browne]], English knight (d. [[1506]])
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Muhammad Jaunpuri]] (d. [[1505]])
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein]], Germany noble (d. [[1511]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Magdalena of France]], French princess and regent of Navarre (d. [[1495]])
* [[December 5]] &ndash; [[Pope Julius II]] (d. [[1513]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Lives of the Popes: Illustrated Biographies of Every Pope from St Peter to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWET5L0UA_4C|year=1998|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-0802-6|page=197}}</ref>
* ''probable''
** [[Piero del Pollaiuolo]], Italian painter (d. [[1496]])
** [[Ygo Gales Galama]], Frisian warlord and freedom fighting rebel (d. [[1492]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Erasmo of Narni]], Italian mercenary (b. 1370)
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Robert le Maçon]], Chancellor of France
* February &ndash; [[Guidantonio da Montefeltro]], count of Urbino (b. 1377)
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas]] (b. 1371)
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[Henry Chichele]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Clayton J. Drees|title=The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jDfydG6ReAC&pg=PA103|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30588-7|pages=103}}</ref>
* May &ndash; [[John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Becker |first=E. |date=1983 |orig-date=1950 |title=Schloss und Stadt Dillenburg. Ein Gang durch ihre Geschichte in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Zur Gedenkfeier aus Anlaß der Verleihung der Stadtrechte am 20.&nbsp;September 1344 herausgegeben |language=de |edition=Neuauflage |location=Dillenburg |publisher=Der Magistrat der Stadt Dillenburg |page=12 }}</ref>
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Niccolò Albergati]], Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1373)
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand the Holy Prince]] of Portugal (b. 1402)
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Ashikaga Yoshikatsu]], Japanese shōgun (b. 1434)
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Lewis of Luxembourg]], Archbishop of Rouen 
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; Infante [[Diogo, Constable of Portugal]]
** [[Jelena Balšić]], Serbian duchess (b. 1366)
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Zeami Motokiyo]], Japanese actor and playwright (b. 1363)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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