Editing 1428

{{About year|1428}}
{{Year nav|1428}}
[[File:Siège d'Orléans (1428).jpg|thumb|250px|October 17, 1428: England begins bombardment of the walls of the French city of Orleans on sixth day of [[Siege of Orléans|siege]].]]

{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1428''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXXVIII]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Frederick II, Elector of Saxony|Friedrich II of the House of Wettin]], nicknamed "Friedrich, der Sanftmütige" ("Frederick the Gentle") becomes the new [[List of rulers of Saxony|Elector of Saxony]] at the age of 15, upon the death of his father "[[Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|Frederick the Warlike]]".<ref>"Frederick II., Elector of Saxony", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 11 (11th ed.), ed. by Hugh Chisholm, Hugh, (Cambridge University Pressk, 1911) p.60.</ref>
* [[February 2]] &ndash; The [[1428 Catalonia earthquake|Catalonia earthquake]] takes place in the Catalonian region of Spain during [[Candlemas]], estimated later at 6.5 magnitude, with extreme damage to the city of [[Roussillon]] and to the village of [[Queralbs]].<ref>{{citation|first1=E.|last1=Banda|first2=A. M.|last2=Correig|year=1984|title=The Catalan earthquake of February 2, 1428|journal=Engineering Geology|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|volume=20|issue=1–2|pages=89–97|doi=10.1016/0013-7952(84)90045-0|bibcode=1984EngGe..20...89B |language=en}}</ref> The quake collapses a church in [[Puigcerdà]], killing more than 100 people, and 1,000 overall.<ref>Carmen Olivera, et al., ''[http://www.igc.cat/web/files/IGC_2006_sismologia_segles.pdf Els terratrèmols dels segles XIV i XV a Catalunya]'' (The Earthquakes of the 14th and 14th century in Catalonia), (Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, 2006) {{ISBN|84-393-6961-1}}</ref> 
* [[February 20]] &ndash; [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Zhu Qizhen]], son of China's Emperor [[Xuande Emperor|Xuanzong of Ming]], is named as the Crown Prince of Ming dynasty China by his father.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodrich |first=L. Carington |author-link=Luther Carrington Goodrich |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 |last2=Fang |first2=Chaoying |author-link2=Fang Chao-ying |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1976 |isbn=0-231-03801-1 |location=New York|page=289}}</ref> He will become the [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming]] in 1435.
* [[March 25]] &ndash; 
**China's Emperor [[Xuande Emperor|Xuanzong of Ming]] directs Admiral [[Zheng He]] to oversee the rebuilding of the [[Porcelain Tower of Nanjing]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Dreyer | first=Edward L. |title=Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Longman |location=New York |isbn=9780321084439 |author-link=Edward L. Dreyer |page= 142}}.</ref> The construction of the temple was completed in 1431.<ref>{{cite book | last=Dreyer | first=Edward L. | title=Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433 | year=2007 | publisher=Pearson Longman | location=New York | isbn=9780321084439 | author-link=Edward L. Dreyer | pages= 135 & 144}}.</ref>
**The Fifth Parliament of King Henry VI of England closes its session, as the King grants [[royal assent]] to the Commissioners of Sewers Act 1427, the Wages of Artificers Act granting the justices of peace power to "assign the wages of artificers and workmen by proclamation", and the Assizes Act and the Exigent on Indictment Act which both set statutes of limitation on certain proceedings.  
* [[March 27]] &ndash; [[Casimir V, Duke of Pomerania]] becomes the sole ruler of Pomerania-Stettin in Germany upon the death of his brother, [[Otto II, Duke of Pomerania|Otto II]], after the two had ruled jointly since 1413.<ref>"Otto II. und Casimir VI." in ''[[Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie]]'' Vol. 25, ed. by Gottfried von Bülow (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1887) pp. 785–787</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435)]]: The [[Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428)|bombardment of]] [[Copenhagen]], capital of Denmark, by ships of the Northern German [[Hanseatic League]] takes place and is repelled by the Danish Navy.
* [[April 19]] &ndash; A truce is reached to halt the [[Wars in Lombardy]] six months after the [[Venetian Republic|Venetian Army]] destroyed the [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]]ese town of [[Maclodio]] on October 11. The Duchy of Milan [[cession|cedes]] the city of [[Bergamo]] to the Republic of Venice and the war halts for two years.<ref>John Julius , ''A History of Venice'' (Vintage Books, 1989.</ref>
* [[April 22]] &ndash; After an attack by the Ottoman Empire on Venetian outposts on the Greek island of [[Euboea]], the [[Republic of Venice]], presided over by the Doge [[Francesco Foscari]], authorizes Admiral [[:it:Andrea Mocenigo|Andrea Mocenigo]] to organize 15 warships to hunt and destroy the Ottoman raiders.<ref>Kenneth M. Setton, ''The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century'' (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1978) p.37</ref> 
* [[April 29]] &ndash; The coronation of the Vietnamese rebel leader [[Lê Lợi|Le Loi]] as the King of [[Đại Việt|Dai Viet]] takes place in [[Hanoi]] (at the time referred to as Thang Long). King Le Loi renames the Viet capital as "Dong Kinh".<ref>Kathlene Baldanza, ''Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia'' (Cambridge University Press, 2016) ISBN 978-1-316-53131-0</ref>
* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Joan of Arc]] makes her first attempt to reach the Armagnac court at Chinon, arriving at [[Vaucouleurs]] speaking to [[Robert de Baudricourt]], captain of the royal garrison, and tells him that [[God]] told her in a vision that she had a mission to help restore [[Charles VII of France|the Dauphin Charles]] to the throne. Baudricourt initially declines her request to be given an escort to visit Charles in person.<ref>Larissa Juliet Taylor, ''The Virgin Warrior: The Life and Death of Joan of Arc'' (Yale University Press, 2009)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|year=1999|title=Joan of Arc: A Military Leader|publisher=Sutton Publishing|location=Stroud|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053|url-access=registration|isbn=9780750918053|oclc=42957383|pages=40–1}}</ref>
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Dan II of Wallachia|Dan II]] leads an army against the Ottomans at [[Golubac Fortress]], obtaining a treaty that will allow him a semi-peaceful rule in [[Wallachia]], until [[1432]].
* [[June 15]] &ndash; In [[Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428)#Second attack in June 1428|second bombardment of Copenhagen]] by the Hanseatic League, all but three of the Danish Navy's ships are destroyed by the Hanseatic cannons, capable of shooting aartillery at greater distances than Denmark is technologically capable of achieving.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 3]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Delft]] is signed by the [[Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut|Countess Jacqueline of Holland]] as a surrender to [[Philip the Good|Philip, Duke of Burgundy]] to end the [[Siege of Gouda (1428)|siege of Gouda]] by the Cod Forces against Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut during the Hook and Cod Wars. Under the pact, Jacqueline retains her title and nominal powers, but Philip administers the government and the right to inherit control.<ref>[http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/plaatsen/details.asp?actie=zoeken&page=2&pk=73 De Zoen van Delft (3 juli 1428)] (The Treaty of Delft, Dutch National Archive)</ref>
* [[July 12]] &ndash; King [[James I of Scotland]] gives [[royal assent]] to the Oath by Queen Act 1428 (''De juramento prestando Domine Regine'') passed by the [[ Parliament of Scotland]] at [[Perth]].<ref>David M. Walker, ''A Legal History of Scotland'' (W. Green, 1988), [https://books.google.com/books?id=EOFKAQAAIAAJ vol 2], p.213</ref> 
* [[August 7]] &ndash; The [[Valais witch trials]] begin in Swiss [[Savoy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burns |first1=William E. |title=Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313321429 |page=296 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qr6_q-chR6MC&pg=PA296|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 30]] &ndash; (20th day of the 7th month of [[Shōchō|Shōchō 1]]) Japan's [[Emperor Shōkō]] dies at the age of 27.
* [[September 7]] &ndash; (29th day of the 7th month of [[Shōchō|Shōchō 1]]) [[Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan|Emperor Go-Hanazono]], the 10-year old third cousin of the late Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of [[Japan]].<ref>[[Isaac Titsingh]], ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.'']  (Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1834) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691], pages 330-331</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[England|English]] forces under [[Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury]], [[Siege of Orléans|besiege Orléans]]. [[Jean de Dunois]], the Bastard of Orléans, commands the defenders. Bombardment starts on October 17 and troops attempt an assault on <ref name=Rankin>{{cite book|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc: Translated and Annotated by Daniel Rankin and Claire Quintal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5AnyffsHu4C&pg=PA67|date=15 February 1964|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7540-3|pages=67|language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Siege of Orléans]]: After four days of bombardment, English troops attempt an assault on the [[bastion|boulevart]] of the city walls but the French defenders hold the attackers back with missile fire, rope nets, scalding oil, hot coals and quicklime.<ref>J.H. Ramsay, ''Lancaster and York: A century of English history (A.D. 1399–1485) Vol. 1'' (Oxford: Clarendon, 1892)</ref> p.383 <ref name=Rankin/>
* [[October 24]] &ndash; Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful assault on Orléans. He is succeeded in command by [[William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk|William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk]].
* [[November 11]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Kratzau]] takes place in [[Bohemia]] in what is now the city of [[Chrastava]] in the [[Czech Republic]], as the [[Silesia]]n troops of the  [[Bohemian Crown Lands]] under of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] ([[Upper Lusatia]], the duchies of [[Duchy of Jawor|Jawor]] and [[Duchy of Wroclaw|Wroclaw]], Polenz, [[Lower Lusatia]] and the [[Duchy of Żagań]], led by [[:de:Hans von Polenz|Hans von Polenz]], repel an attack by the [[Sirotci]] [[Hussites]] led by [[:cs:Jan Královec z Hrádku|Jan Královec]].<ref>[[:de:Eberhard Windeck|Eberhard Windeck]]: Kaiser Sigismunds Buch (1440–50)</ref>
* [[December 2]] &ndash; The [[Appenzell Wars]] come to an end in Switzerland as [[Frederick VII, Count of Toggenburg]] and knights of the [[:de:Sankt Jörgenschild|Order of St. George's Shield]] defeat the rebel army of the [[Canton of Appenzell]] in a battle on the field between [[Gossau, St. Gallen|Gossau]] and [[Herisau]].<ref>"Appenzell Wars (1401-1429)" in ''Historical Dictionary of Switzerland'' online</ref> In a truce the next year, Appenzell is forced to repay the back taxes owed to the owed the Abbey of St. Gallbut is relieved from future obligations.
* [[December 27]] &ndash; In the [[:pl:Bitwa pod Starym Wielisławiem|Battle of]] [[Stary Wielisław]] (now in Poland), the [[Hussites]] are defeated in an attack by the Bohemian forces led by the Silesian Duke [[John I of Münsterberg]] (who is killed in the fighting) and [[Půta III of Častolovice]], Governor of [[Klodzko Land]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VII|year=1886|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=813}} (Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and other Slavic countries, Volume VII)</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Aztec Empire]] is formed by the triple alliance of the [[Aztec]] city-states [[Tenochtitlán]], [[Texcoco (Aztec site)|Texcoco]] and [[Tlacopán]] and defeats [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]] to win control of the [[Valley of Mexico]]. [[Itzcóatl]] becomes 1st emperor.
* A serious fire occurs at [[Baynard's Castle]] in the [[City of London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=John |title=The Annals of London: A Year-by-year Record of a Thousand Years of History |date=2000 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520227958 |page=[https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich/page/63 63] |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich|url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lam Sơn uprising]]: [[Lê Lợi]], founder of the [[Lê dynasty]] in [[Vietnam]], liberates [[Vietnam|Annam]] (the territory occupied by [[Ming dynasty]] [[China]] in [[1407]]) and restores the kingdom as [[Đại Việt]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Helena Palaiologina]], Queen of Cyprus (d. [[1458]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[William Percy (bishop)|William Percy]], late medieval Bishop of Carlisle (d. [[1462]])
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Pedro González de Mendoza]], Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. [[1495]])
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Filippo Strozzi the Elder]], Italian banker (d. [[1491]])
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Jingtai Emperor]] of China (d. [[1457]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine]] (d. [[1483]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick]], English nobleman, known as "the Kingmaker" (d. [[1471]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Neville, 16th earl of Warwick {{!}} English noble {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Neville-16th-earl-of-Warwick |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=28 May 2023 |language=en |date=10 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe]] (1429–1511) (d. [[1511]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Donato Acciaioli]], Italian scholar (d. [[1478]])
** [[Maria Ormani]], Italian artist, scribe and illuminator
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Didrik Pining]], German explorer (approximate date)

== Deaths ==
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]] (b. [[1370]])
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Ashikaga Yoshimochi]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1386]])
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Zawisza Czarny]], Polish knight and diplomat
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[John I of Münsterberg]], Duke of Ziebice (b. [[1370]])
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Emperor Shōkō]], emperor of Japan (b. [[1401]])
* Autumn &ndash; [[Masaccio]], Italian painter (b. [[1401]])
* [[November 3]] &ndash; [[Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury]], English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (b. [[1388]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Wiltshire Notes and Queries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a9DAQAAMAAJ|year=1905|page=489}}</ref>
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[Sophia of Bavaria]], Queen regent of Bohemia (b. [[1376]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Maxtla]], Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
** [[Paul of Venice]], Catholic theologian
** [[Isabella, Countess of Foix]], French sovereign (b. [[1361]])
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[John Purvey]], English theologian (b. [[1353]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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