Editing 1420

{{About year|1420}}
{{Year nav|1420}}
[[File:Hetteš, Ferdinand - Porážka železných pánů u Sudoměře dne 25. března 1420.jpg|250px|thumb|[[March 25]]: The [[Hussites]] defeat [[Holy Roman Empire]] troops at the [[Battle of Sudomer]].]]

{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1420''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXX]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].


== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 25]] &ndash; The [[Raron affair|civil war in Switzerland]], which had pitted the [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] of [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]], [[Canton of Uri|Uri]] and [[Unterwalden]], supporting rebels in [[Valais]] against the [[Raron family|Baron of Valais]] and against the [[Canton of Bern]], is ended by the signing of a treaty at the neutral town of [[Zug]], after mediation by [[Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The History of Switzerland, for the Swiss People |last=Zschokke |first=Heinrich and Emil |publisher=C. S. Francis & Company |year=1855 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyswitzerl00zschgoog|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyswitzerl00zschgoog/page/n98 78]–81}}</ref>
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Pietro Loredan (admiral)|Admiral Pietro Loredan]] of the Republic of Venice is assigned to carry out the conquest of Dalmatia (now part of Croatia) across the [[Adriatic Sea]].<ref name=Giulino>{{DBI | last = Gulino | first = Giuseppe | title = LOREDAN, Pietro | url = http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-loredan_(Dizionario-Biografico) | volume = 65 | accessdate = 18 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[William Taylor (Lollard)|William Taylor]] is acquitted of charges of heresy in a trial before the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Henry Chichele]]. Taylor will later be convicted and burned at the stake for heresy in 1423.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Taylor, William (d.1423)|volume=55}}</ref>
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Pope Martin V]] issues the papal bull ''Omnium plasmatoris domini'', calling upon Roman Catholics to unite in a crusade against what he considers heretic Christian sects, including the adherents of [[John Wycliffe]] ([[Lollards]]) and the followers of [[Jan Hus]] (Hussites).<ref>"[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07585a.htm Hussites]", in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''</ref><ref>Šmahel, František, ''Husitská revoluce, 3. Kronika válečných let ''(The Hussite Revolution. 3. Chronicle of the War Years) (Prague: Karolinum, 1996) p.36 (ISBAN 80-7184-075-0)</ref>
* [[March 15]] &ndash; Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor, orders the execution of the Hussite Jan Krása, who had led an uprising against the Empire at Wroclaw.
* [[March 17]] &ndash; Ferdinand de Palacios, an envoy of the Pope, publishes the papal bull at Wroclaw, calling for a crusade against the Hussites
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Hussite Wars]] After their offer of a surrender is refused, the outnumbered Hussites of [[Bohemia]], led by [[Jan Zizka]], defeat the invading Holy Roman Imperial forces at the [[Battle of Sudoměř]] fought near what is now [[Čejetice]] in the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060304001712/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/matthaywood/main/Hussite_Battles_and_Significant_events.htm List of Hussite Battles]</ref>[[Frederick II of Brandenburg|Frederick II]]
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg]] leads a decisive defeat of the [[Pomerania in the Late Middle Ages|Pomeranian Alliance]] in the battle of [[Angermünde]].<ref>[[Werner Buchholz (German historian)|Werner Buchholz]] et al., ''Pommern'' (Siedler, 1999) {{ISBN|3-88680-780-0}} pp.160-166</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 22]] &ndash; A dispute between the County of Nassau-Siegen and the Electorate of Trier over who shall be made count of [[Isenburg-Limburg]] is settled after negotiations.
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Great Frisian War]]: In a war that began 70 years earlier in [[1350]] The [[Skieringers]], led by [[:fy:Sikke Douwes Sjaardema|Sikke Sjaarda]], capture the city of [[Bolsward]] (now part of [[Friesland]] in the [[Netherlands]]) from the wealthier [[Fetkeapers]]. The allies of the Fetkeapers, led by [[Focko Ukena]], then react and make a counterattack on May 12 at Palesloot near [[Hindeloopen]].  
* [[May 12]] &ndash; The Venetian Navy and Army, led by Admiral Loredan, begin their assault on the territory of Dalamatia in order to control the Adriatic. By October, the area is under Venetian control.<ref name=Giulino/> 
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Troyes]]:  With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King [[Charles VI of France]] acknowledges [[Henry V of England]] as his heir, and as virtual ruler of most of France.<ref>{{cite book|author=Arthur Hassall|title=France, Mediaeval and Modern: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSZdAAAAIAAJ|year=1919|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-598-86435-2|page=64}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Albert II of Germany|Albert V]], [[Duke of Austria]], issues the [[Vienna Gesera]], a campaign of expulsion or extermination of the 1,500 [[History of the Jews in Austria|Jewish]] residents of [[Vienna]]. Those who are not imprisoned are executed 10 months later, and similar persecutions are carried out in other cities in Austria.<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wiener-gesera Wiener Gesera], ''Jewish Virtual Library''</ref>
* [[May 25]] &ndash;  [[Henry the Navigator]] is appointed Grand Master of the [[Military Order of Christ]].
* [[June 2]] &ndash; [[Catherine of Valois]] marries King [[Henry V of England]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Keith Dockray|title=Henry V|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ildnAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Tempus|isbn=978-0-7524-3046-1|page=185}}</ref>
* [[June 7]] &ndash; Troops of the [[Republic of Venice]] capture [[Udine]] after a long siege, ending the independence of the [[Patriarchal State of Friuli]], run by the [[Patriarch of Aquileia]].
[[File:Adolf Liebscher - Bitva na hoře Vítkově dne 14. července roku 1420.jpg|200px|thumb|Vitkov Hill]]
* [[June 12]] &ndash; The [[Hussites]] of [[Jan Zizka]] defeat the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Germany, the Duchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary at the [[Battle of Vítkov Hill]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 14]] &ndash; The [[Hussites]] defeat and the Holy Roman Imperial forces begin a month-long fight in the [[Battle of Vítkov Hill]].
* [[August 7]] &ndash; Construction of the dome of [[Florence Cathedral]] is started, after [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] wins the commission for his "double shell" design.
* [[August 31]] &ndash; [[1420 Caldera earthquake|A 9.4 M<sub>S</sub>-strong earthquake]] shakes Chile's [[Atacama Region]], causing [[tsunami]]s in Chile, as well as [[Hawaii]] and [[Japan]].<ref name="El Mercurio, 2019">{{cite news |last=Guzmán |first=L. |date=February 14, 2019|language=es|title=Encuentran registros de megaterremoto ocurrido hace seis siglos en el norte de Chile |url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=546452 |work=[[El Mercurio]] |location=Santiago, Chile |access-date=June 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Abad, 2018">Manuel Abad, Tatiana Izquierdo, Miguel Cáceres, Enrique Bernárdez and Joaquín Rodríguez-Vidal (2018). ''Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean-wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile)''. Sedimentology. Publication: december, 13th, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12570</ref>
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany|Murdoch Stewart]] becomes the new [[Duke of Albany]] and Regent of Scotland for [[James I of Scotland|King James I]], upon the death of his father [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany|Robert Stewart]]. During his time governing Scotland, Murdoch makes no effort to secure King James's release until forced to do so by political pressure.<ref>J. D. Mackie, ''A History of Scotland'' (Penguin Books, 1964) p.97</ref>
* [[September 15]] &ndash; In a crusade against the Hussites, Holy Roman Imperial forces begin the [[Battle of Vyšehrad|siege of Vyšehrad]] 
* [[September 24]] &ndash; The Ottoman Army defeats a rebellion, led by [[:ro:Nicolae Csák|Miklós Csáki]], [[Voivode of Transylvania]] (now Romania). Two days later, the Ottoman troops loot and burn the city of [[Orăștie]] and take thousands of Transylvanian civilians as slaves.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 21]] &ndash; King Henry V summons the English Parliament, directing its members to assemble at Westminster on December 2.  
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh]], an envoy of the embassy sent by the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler of [[Persia]], [[Shahrukh Mirza|Mirza Shahrukh]] (r. 1404–1447), to the [[Ming Dynasty]] of China during the reign of the [[Yongle Emperor]] (r. 1402–1424), records his sight and travel over a large floating [[pontoon bridge]] at [[Lanzhou]] (constructed earlier in [[1372]]) as he crosses the [[Yellow River]] on this day. He writes that it was: "...composed of twenty three boats, of great excellence and strength attached together by a long chain of iron as thick as a man's thigh, and this was moored on each side to an iron post as thick as a man's waist extending a distance of ten cubits on the land and planted firmly in the ground, the boats being fastened to this chain by means of big hooks. There were placed big wooden planks over the boats so firmly and evenly that all the animals were made to pass over it without difficulty."
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Beijing]] is officially designated the capital of [[Ming Dynasty]] China, during the same year that the [[Forbidden City]], the seat of government, is completed.
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Hussite Wars]] &ndash; [[Battle of Vyšehrad]]: [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]], fails and is ejected from [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]].
* [[December 2]] &ndash; The 9th Parliament of King Henry V of England is opened at Westminster, and selects [[Roger Hunt (speaker)|Roger Hunt]] as Speaker of the House of Commons.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Henry V of England]] commences construction of the ship ''[[Grace Dieu (ship)|Grace Dieu]]''.
* [[Tang Saier]] starts a rebellion against the emperor of China, and takes two cities with her rebel army, before she is defeated.<ref>Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644</ref>
* Construction begins on the [[Temple of Heaven]] in [[Beijing]], [[China]], while the palace complex of the [[Forbidden City]] is completed. In this year the [[Yongle Emperor]] confers the title "Beijing" ("Northern Capital") for the [[Ming Dynasty]]'s new capital city, replacing [[Nanjing]].
* [[Radu II of Wallachia|Radu II Praznaglava]], supported by the Ottomans, and [[Dan II of Wallachia|Dan II]], with Hungarian help, start a seven-years-long struggle for the throne of [[Wallachia]], after [[Michael I of Wallachia|Mihail I]] is killed in a battle. The throne of Wallachia will switch from one to another about four times until [[1427]], when Radu II dies.
* [[Alexander I of Moldavia|Alexandru cel Bun]] defends Moldavia against the first incursion by the Ottomans, at [[Cetatea Albă]].
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== Births ==
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Dorothea of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg]] (d. [[1491]])
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[George of Poděbrady]], King of Bohemia (d. [[1471]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3BYAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Grolier Incorporated|isbn=978-0-7172-0131-0|page=516}}</ref>
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse]], German royalty (d. [[1462]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Anne Commire|title=Women in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUMOAQAAMAAJ|date=8 October 1999|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-0-7876-4061-3|page=361}}</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[William VIII, Marquess of Montferrat]] (d. [[1483]])
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Cleves, Countess of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg]], German noble (d. [[1488]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Jean Fouquet]], French painter (d. [[1481]])
** [[Nicolas Jenson]], French engraver (d. [[1480]])
** [[Antoinette de Maignelais]], mistress of Charles VII of France (d. [[1474]])
** [[Tomás de Torquemada]], first grand inquisitor of Spain (d. [[1490]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Iris Lilian Whitman|title=Longfellow and Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0n8duekVayMC|year=1927|publisher=Lancaster Press Incorporated|page=214}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg]] (b. c. 1369)
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen]] (b. 1362)<ref>{{cite book |last=Dek |first=A.W.E. |date=1970 |title=Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau |language=nl |location=Zaltbommel |publisher=Europese Bibliotheek |page=66 }}</ref>
* August &ndash; [[Michael I of Wallachia|Mihail I]], ruler of Wallachia (killed in battle)
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Pierre d'Ailly]], French theologian and cardinal (b. [[1351]])
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany]], regent of Scotland
* ''date unknown''
** [[Andrew of Wyntoun]], Scottish chronicler (b. [[1350]])<ref>{{cite book|author=James Grant Wilson|title=From Thomas the Rhymer to Richard Gall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA8|year=1876|publisher=Harper & brothers|pages=8}}</ref>
** [[Marina Galina]], Dogaressa of Venice 
** [[Epiphanius the Wise]], Russian saint<ref>{{cite book|author1=Henrik Birnbaum|author2=Michael S. Flier|title=California Slavic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9poAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08638-8|page=60}}</ref>
** King [[Lukeni lua Nimi]] of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] (b. [[1380]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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