Editing 1419

{{About year|1419}}
[[File:Assassinat de Jean sans Peur.jpg|250px|thumb|[[September 16]]: "[[John the Fearless]]", the Burgundian rebel who temporarily took control of [[Paris]], is assassinated.]]
{{Year nav|1419}}
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1419''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[Hundred Years' War]]: [[Rouen]] surrenders to [[Henry V of England]], which brings [[Normandy]] under the control of England.<ref>{{EB1911 |last=Kingsford |first=Charles Lethbridge |display=Henry V. |volume=13 |pages=284–285 |wstitle=Henry V. of England |author-link=Charles Lethbridge Kingsford |inline=1}}</ref>
* [[February 11]] &ndash; At [[Zaranj]] in what is now Afghanistan, [[Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Qutb al-Din]] becomes the new [[malik]] (monarch) of [[Sistan]] upon the death of his father, [[Qutb al-Din Muhammad ibn Shams al-Din Shah 'Ali]].<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3)'' (Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 1994)</ref>
* [[February 13]] &ndash; The [[University of Rostock]] is established in [[Germany]] by [[Albert V, Duke of Mecklenburg]] following approval in a papal bull from Pope Martin V.
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Braccio da Montone]] is awarded Governorship of [[Bologna]] by [[Pope Martin V]] in recognition of his ouster of [[Antongaleazzo Bentivoglio]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Montone: La patria di Braccio Fortebracci|author=Angelo Ascani|year=1965|pages=47-48}}</ref>
* [[March 19]] &ndash; (26 Muharram 822 AH) [[al-Nasir Ahmad ibn Isma'il|Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsir of Yemen]] presents a set of Yemeni gifts for the [[Chinese treasure ship#Yemen|Chinese envoy to Aden]] to take back to China's Emperor Yongle, after having received gifts from the Chinese in January.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Facet of the Commercial Interactions in the Indian Ocean during the 15th Century: On the Visit of a Division from Zheng He's Expedition to Yemen |author=Hikoichi Yajima |year=1974}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Sen|first=Tansen|year=2016|title=The impact of Zheng He's expeditions on Indian Ocean interactions|page=619}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 25]] &ndash; Representatives of the Swiss cantons of [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]], [[Canton of Uri|Uri]] and [[Unterwalden]] begin negotiations in [[Zurich]] with the [[Canton of Bern]] in an attempt to [[Raron affair|prevent the breakup of the Swiss Confederation]]. The negotiations soon fail.<ref name=Zschokke>{{Cite book |title=The History of Switzerland, for the Swiss People |last=Zschokke |first=Heinrich and Emil |publisher=C. S. Francis & Company |year=1855 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyswitzerl00zschgoog|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyswitzerl00zschgoog/page/n98 78]–81}}</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; In Italy's [[Republic of Florence]], the republic is elevated to the level of an [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence|archdioese]] by Pope Martin V, who spent 18 months in Florence after being elected by the Council of Constance. In recognition of the hospitality accorded to him, Pope Martin names Bishop [[:it:Amerigo Corsini|Amerigo Corsini]] to be the first Archbishop of Florence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cappelletti |first=Giuseppe |title=Le chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riNXAAAAcAAJ |volume=Tomo decimosesto (16) |year=1861 |publisher=G. Antonelli |location=Venice |language=it |page=568}}.</ref> 
* [[May 14]] &ndash; The Treaty of Torun ends the war between the Teutonic Knights and the Polish and Lithuanian Kingdom.<ref>Malcolm Vale, ''Henry V: The Conscience of a King'' (Yale University Press, 2016) p.270</ref>
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Raron affair]]: In Switzerland, The representatives of Lucerne, Uri and Unterwalden leave Zurich and halt further discussion with Bern after failing to win any concessions.<ref name=Zschokke/>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; King [[Henry V of England]] is [[betrothal|betrothed]] to Princess [[Catherine of Valois]], the 17-year-old daughter of King [[Charles VI of France]], in negotiations in the neutral site of [[Pontoise]], north of [[Paris]], during a halt to hostilities in the war between the two kingdoms. Henry and Catherine will marry a little more than a year later, on June 2, 1420.<ref>Charlotte M. Yonge, ''Cameos From English History'' (Macmillan and Co., 1880) p.306</ref>
* [[June 20]] &ndash; The [[Ōei Invasion]] of [[Tsushima Island]], [[Japan]] on orders of King Sejong of [[Joseon Dynasty|Korea]], begins as General Yi Jong-mu leads 227 ships and 17,285 soldiers to come ashore at [[Asō Bay]].<ref name="Sillok">[https://web.archive.org/web/20191105084830/http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10106020_004 Annals of King Sejong Vol.4 June 20. National Institute of Korean History.]</ref>
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Ōei Invasion]]: A Japanese counterattack begins with 3,700 Korean invaders killed over the next six days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khirin-ld.rekihaku.ac.jp/rdf/nmjh_kaken_medInterNationalExcange/E5412|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616160536/https://khirin-ld.rekihaku.ac.jp/rdf/nmjh_kaken_medInterNationalExcange/E5412|script-title=ja:看聞日記|language=ja|publisher=[[National Museum of Japanese History]]|archive-date=16 June 2023|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> 

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorers [[João Gonçalves Zarco]], [[Tristão Vaz Teixeira]] and [[Bartolomeu Perestrello]], at the service of Prince [[Henry the Navigator]], discover [[Madeira Island]], a year after Zarco and Tristão had discovered [[Porto Santo Island]].<ref>Jeronimo Dias Leite, ''Descobrimento da Ilha da Madeira e Discurso da Vida e Feitos Dos Capitães da dira Ilha'' (''Discovery of the Island of Madeira and discourse on the life and deeds of the Captains of the said Island'') (1579, reprinted by Coimbra, 1947, with introduction and notes by João Franco Machado) </ref>
* [[July 3]] &ndash; The [[Ōei Invasion]] ends as the Korean soldiers withdraw from Tsushima and reassembe at Geoje Island.<ref name="Sillok"/>
* [[July 30]] &ndash; The [[Defenestrations of Prague|first defenestration]] of [[Prague]] occurs in the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] when a mob led by Jan Želivský storms the Town Hall and kills several members of the town council by throwing them out of a window.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pichova |first=Hana |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Prague as the Site of Defenestration: On the Twentieth Anniversary of Bohumil Hrabal's Death |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/3b591k520 |website=The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}</ref> 
* [[August 16]] &ndash; King [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia]] dies of a heart attack at the age of 58, leading to the outbreak shortly thereafter of the Hussite Wars.  
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Siege of Ceuta (1419)|Siege of Ceuta]]: After four days of battle, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] defenders of the city of [[Ceuta]] are able to force a retreat of invaders from Morocco.     
* [[August 24]] &ndash; King Henry V of England directs the members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble at Westminster by October 16. 
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[John the Fearless]], [[Duke of Burgundy]] is assassinated by adherents of the [[Charles VII of France|Dauphin]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 16]] &ndash; The first session, in almost two years,  of the [[English Parliament]] is opened by King Henry V. The House of Commons re-elects [[Roger Flower]] as its speaker.
* [[November 7]] &ndash; The [[Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty (1419)|Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty]] ends four years of conflict, by recognizing Venetian possessions in the Aegean and the Balkans.<ref>Prince Stephen Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich and Eleanor Calhoun, Princess Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich, ''The Servian People: Their Past Glory and Their Destiny'' (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910) p.530</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; The 1419 session of the English Parliament closes after four weeks.
* [[November 24]] &ndash; The [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid ruler]] of [[Persia]], [[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Mirza Shahrukh]] (r. 1404&ndash;1447), sends a large embassy to the court of the [[Yongle Emperor]] of [[China]].<ref name=Abru>{{citation|first=Hafiz|last=Abru|title=A Persian Embassy to China, being an extract from ''Zubdatu't tawarikh'' of Hafiz Abru|publisher=Paragon Book Reprint Corp.|place=New York|year=1970|page=6}}. Translated by K.M. Maitra, with  introduction by L. Carrington Goodrich.</ref> The group arrives in China on 29 August 1420.<ref name=Abru/> One of the Persian envoys, [[Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh]], keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, which soon becomes widely known throughout Iranian and the Turkic Middle East, thanks to its inclusion into historical works by [[Hafiz-i Abru]], and [[Abdur Razzaq (traveller)|Abdur Razzaq]]. Naqqash writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient [[courier]] system as compared to that in Persia, the hospitality of his hosts at the courier stations in providing comfortable lodging and food, and the fine luxurious goods and craftsmanship of the Chinese.<ref name=Abru/>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Louis III of Anjou]] is invested by Pope Martin V as the new [[King of Sicily]]. 

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Michael I of Wallachia|Mihail I]] defends [[Wallachia]] against the Ottomans, with [[Hungary|Hungarian]] help.
* The final 41 treasure ships are built in the [[Nanjing]] shipyards, used in the expeditions of [[Zheng He]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Church |first=Sally K. |title=Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-Ft Treasure Ships |date=2005 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40727457 |journal=Monumenta Serica |volume=53 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001 |jstor=40727457 |s2cid=161434221 |issn=0254-9948}}</ref>
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== Births ==
*[[February]] &ndash; [[Abu 'Amr 'Uthman]],  [[Hafsid]] [[caliph]] of [[Ifriqiya]] (d. [[1488]])
*[[February 16]] &ndash; [[John I, Duke of Cleves]] (d. [[1481]])
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Ginevra d'Este]] (d. [[1440]])
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[John of Sahagún]], Spanish Augustinian friar, priest and saint (d. [[1479]])
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan]] (d. [[1471]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen]] (d. [[1485]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Abd al-Haqq II]], last Marinid Sultan of Morocco (d. [[1465]])
**[[Barbara Fugger]], German banker (d. [[1497]])

== Deaths ==
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Vincent Ferrer]], Spanish missionary and saint (b. [[1350]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia]], King of Bohemia since [[1378]] (b. [[1361]])
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[John the Fearless]], [[Duke of Burgundy]] (assassinated) (b. [[1371]])
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[William Gascoigne]], Chief Justice of England
* [[December 22]] &ndash; [[Antipope John XXIII]]
* ''date unknown''
** [[Je Tsongkhapa]], founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (b. [[1357]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jinpa |first=Thupten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uW2DwAAQBAJ |title=Tsongkhapa: A Buddha in the Land of Snows |date=2019-11-12 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-1-61180-646-5 |pages=329–365 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Stella de’ Tolomei]], Italian courtier

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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