Editing 1400

{{Short description|Calendar year in the 2nd millenium}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1400}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{for|the Singaporean film|1400 (film)}}
{{Year nav|1400}}
{{C14 year in topic}}

Year '''1400''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCD]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]]. The year 1400 was not a leap year in the [[Proleptic Gregorian calendar]], it was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; The [[Epiphany Rising]] begins in [[England]] against [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]] by nobles planning to restore [[Richard II of England|King Richard II]] to the throne, and is quickly crushed.  [[Ralph Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley|Baron Lumley]] dies after attempting to seize [[Cirencester]]. The [[John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury|Earl of Salisbury]] and the [[Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey|Earl of Kent]] are captured and beheaded on January 7. [[Thomas Blount (died 1400)|Sir Thomas Blount]] is hanged, drawn and quartered at [[Oxford]] on January 12. [[Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester]] is captured and executed by a mob in [[Bristol]] on January 13. The [[John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter|Earl of Huntingdon]] is beheaded at [[Pleshey]] on January 16. 
* [[February 14]] &ndash; The deposed [[Richard II of England]] dies by means unknown in [[Pontefract Castle]]. It is likely that King [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] ordered his death by starvation, to prevent further uprisings.
* [[February]] &ndash; [[Henry Percy (Hotspur)]] leads English incursions into [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]].
* [[March 23]] &ndash; Five-year-old [[Trần Thiếu Đế]] is forced to abdicate as ruler of [[Đại Việt]] (modern-day [[Vietnam]]), in favour of his maternal grandfather and court official [[Hồ Quý Ly]], ending the [[Trần dynasty]] after 175 years and starting the [[Hồ dynasty]]. Hồ Quý Ly subsequently changes the country's name to Đại Ngu.

=== April&ndash;June===
* [[April 21]] &ndash; Sir [[Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester]], resigns as [[England]]'s [[Admiral of the North and West]] to join the resistance against [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]]. The office will remain vacant for more than six years. Percy will be beheaded in 1403 after his defeat in the [[Battle of Shrewsbury]].
* [[April 23]] &ndash; In what is now [[Romania]], [[Alexander I of Moldavia|Alexandru cel Bun]] (Alexander the Good) is installed as the new [[List of monarchs of Moldavia|Prince (Voivode)]] of [[Moldavia]] by [[Mircea the Elder]], the Voivode of [[Wallachia]], after Mircea removes the reigning monarch, [[Iuga of Moldavia|Prince Iuga]].
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Jingnan campaign]]: In the [[Shandong]] province of Ming dynasty China, [[Zhu Di]], Prince of Yan, defeats the Imperial forces of General [[Li Jinglong]] in the two-day Battle of Baigou River, by taking advantage of the chaos that results when a gust of wind breaks the staff of General Li's flag of battle. The Yan forces capture 100,000 of the Imperial soldiers as prisoners and Li and the others retreat to [[Jinan]]. 
* [[April]] &ndash; King [[Swa Saw Ke]], of [[Ava Kingdom|Ava]], the largest kingdom in Burma, dies after a reign of 33 years and is succeeded by his son, [[Tarabya of Ava|King Tarabya]], who reigns less than seven months before being assassinated.
* [[May 22]] &ndash; Meeting in [[Frankfurt]], three of the prince-electors of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] ([[Rupert, King of Germany|Rupert, elector of the Palatinate]], [[Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg]], elector of Saxony, and [[Jobst of Moravia]], elector of Brandenburg) meet in [[May 1400 imperial election|an attempt to replace the Emperor]], [[Wenceslaus, King of the Romans]] because of his failure to stamp out civil unrest or to resolve the Western Schism. They select [[Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] as the replacement for Wenceslaus. 
* [[June 5]] &ndash; Duke Frederick I of Brunswick-Lüneburg is assassinated after being identified as a rival to Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick, on his way back from a May 22 meeting of the prince-electors, is ambushed by a party of men led by [[Henry VII, Count of Waldeck|Count Henry of Waldeck]] while passing through the village of [[Kleinenglis]] in the [[Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (now part of the German state of [[Hesse]], near [[Borken, Hesse|Borken]]).

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk|Sir John Swinton]], an envoy of [[Robert III of Scotland|King Robert III of Scotland]], crosses the border into England along with 20 knights, after being given a [[safe conduct|writ of safe conduct]] by [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]] to allow their travel to negotiate during the standoff between the two British kingdoms between phases of the [[Hundred Years' War]]. 
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Jagiellonian University]] is re-established in [[Kraków]] by order of [[Władysław II Jagiełło|King Władysław II]], with the creation of the Faculty of Theology at what is then called the Kraków Academy. The restoration is partially financed by the sale of jewelry owned by the King's late wife, [[Jadwiga of Poland|Queen Jadwiga]], who had died in [[1399]].
* [[August 6]] &ndash; Writing from [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] to [[Scotland]]'s [[Robert III of Scotland|King Robert III]], England's [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]] sends a demand that King Robert meet him "on Monday the 23rd of this present month of August, at [[Edinburgh]], where, for this reason and for the peace of tranquility of the realms of England and Scotland, we intend to be," for Robert "to perform the obligation which you owe us" as "overlords of Scotland and of its kings in all temporal matters pertaining to them..."  King Henry warns that "considering the effusion of Christian blood and other dangers and losses which may occur if you do not comply with our wishes, you will be present to render us homage and take the oath of fealty."  <ref name=Flemming>Jessie H. Flemming, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kYLSAAAAMAAJ&dq=edinburgh+august+1400&pg=PA6 ''England Under the Lancastrians''] (Longman's, Green and Co., 1921) pp.5-6</ref>
* [[August 14]] &ndash; King Henry IV leads the English Army into [[Scotland]], after receiving no answer from Scotland's King Robert III to his August 6 demand. The troops reach [[Haddington, East Lothian]] the next day and at [[Leith]], on the outskirts of [[Edinburgh]], by August 18. As historian  [[James Hamilton Wylie]] will note almost 500 years later, "the walls of Edinburgh did not fall before this ram's-horn blast, and August 23rd came and went without the required homage or recognition."<ref>James Hamilton Wylie, ''History of England Under Henry the Fourth'' (Longmans, Green and Co., 1884) p.138</ref> 
* [[August 20]] &ndash; Meeting at the [[Lahneck Castle]] in what is now the German state [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], the princes of the German states vote to depose the Holy Roman Emperor, [[Wenceslaus, King of the Romans|Wenceslaus]], due to his weak leadership and mental illnesses.
* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Rupert, King of Germany|Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine]], is elected as [[King of the Romans]].
* [[August 29]] &ndash; Having failed in his expedition to receive a pledge of [[fealty]] from the King of Scotland, King Henry IV crosses back into England.<ref name=Flemming/> 
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Owain Glyndŵr]] is proclaimed [[King of the Britons|Prince of Wales]] by his followers, and begins attacking [[England|English]] strongholds in northeast [[Wales]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 7]] &ndash; [[Timur|Tamerlane]], the Mongol conqueror, stops between [[Malatya]] and [[Aleppo]] at the Turkish garrison in [[Besni|Behesna]]. According to author Peter Purton, the garrison "had the temerity to shoot a catapult ball at Timur which rolled into his tent. Setting up his own battery of 20 machines, it is said that the first shot hit and destroyed the offending weapon. Treating this as a good omen, the attack was launched, the towers mined... and the place surrendered."<ref>Peter Purton, ''A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200-1500'' (Boydell & Brewer, 2009) p.186</ref>
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Jingnan campaign]]: In China, Prince [[Zhu Di]] of Yan expands his conquests with the capture of [[Cangzhou]] in [[Heibei]] province.
* [[October 30]] &ndash; (11 [[Rabi' al-Awwal|Rabi' I]] 803 AH) Tamerlane begins the [[Sack of Aleppo (1400)|destruction of the Syrian city]] of [[Aleppo]]<ref>Alphonse de Lamartine, ''History of Turkey'' (translated from the French) (D. Appleton and Company, 1855) p.320</ref> overwhelming the [[Mamluk Sultanate]] defenders. 
* [[November 2]] &ndash; The Mamluk Sultanate surrenders the city of Aleppo and Tamerlane's Army massacres many of the inhabitants.<ref>Rebecca Joyce Frey, ''Genocide and International Justice'' (Facts On File, 2009) p.188</ref>
* [[November 25]] &ndash; (9th waxing of Nadaw, [[Burmese calendar|730 ME]]) [[Minkhaung I]] becomes the new King of Ava, the largest kingdom in what is now northern [[Myanmar]], after a battle for power that follows the assassination of the erratic [[Tarabya of Ava|King Tarabya]].
* [[December 21]] &ndash; [[Manuel II Palaiologos]] becomes the only [[Byzantine Emperor]] ever to visit England, and is greeted at [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]] by [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]], who hosts the Emperor at [[Eltham Palace]] during the Christmas holiday.<ref>"Henry IV", by T. F. Tout, in ''Dictionary of National Biography'', ed. by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee (The Macmillan Company, 1908) p.488</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; In China, the [[Jingnan campaign]] of Prince [[Zhu Di]] of Yan suffers a serious reversal at the Battle of Dongchang as Imperial General Sheng Yong, replacement of [[Li Jinglong]], encircles the Yan forces. Yan Army General [[Zhang Yu (general)|Zhang Yu]] is killed, but Zhu Di is able to escape to the northern capital at [[Beijing]] and regroups his forces for a second attack to take place in February.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Timur]] defeats both the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]], to capture the city of [[Damascus]] in present-day [[Syria]]. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.
* [[Timur]] conquers the [[Kara Koyunlu|Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans]], in present-day [[Azerbaijan]], and the [[Jalayirids|Jalayirid dynasty]] in present-day [[Iraq]]. Black Sheep ruler [[Qara Yusuf]] and Jalayirid Sultan [[Ahmad (Jalayirids)|Ahmad]] flee, and take refuge with the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Bayezid I]].
* In modern-day [[Korea]], King [[Jeongjong of Joseon]] abdicates in fear of an attack by his ambitious younger brother, [[Taejong of Joseon|Taejong]]. Taejong succeeds to the throne.
* Prince [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] establishes the [[Malacca Sultanate]], in present-day western [[Malaysia]] and northern [[Sumatra]].
* Hananchi succeeds Min as King of [[Hokuzan]], in modern-day north [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], [[Japan]].
* [[Wallachia]] (modern-day southern [[Romania]]) resists an invasion by the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]].
* A Wallachian army captures [[Iuga of Moldavia|Iuga]], and makes [[Alexander I of Moldavia|Alexandru cel Bun]] the Prince of [[Moldavia]].
* The [[Kingdom of Kongo]] begins.
*  The [[Haast's eagle]] and [[Moa]] are both driven to extinction by [[Māori people|Māori]] hunters.
* The [[Mississippian culture]] starts to decline.
* Europe is reported to have around 52 million inhabitants.
* The [[House of Medici]] becomes powerful in [[Florence]].
* [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] is created a [[county corporate]], by [[Henry IV of England]].
* [[Jean Froissart]] completes his ''[[Froissart's Chronicles|Chronicles]]'', detailing the events of the 14th Century in France.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[John, Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz|Infante John of Portugal]], the [[Constable of Portugal|Constable]] (d. [[1442]])
* [[March 15]] &ndash; [[Guillaume Jouvenel des Ursins]], Justice Minister of France (d. [[1472]])
* [[May 19]] &ndash; [[John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton]], English baron (d. [[1462]])
* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Joan Ramon II, Count of Cardona]] (d. [[1471]])
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester]], English noble (d. [[1439]])
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Mani' ibn Rabi'a al-Muraydi]], oldest known ancestor of the House of Al Sa'ud (d. [[1463]])
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley]], Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. [[1487]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley]] (d. [[1459]])
** [[Luca della Robbia]], Florentine sculptor (d. [[1482]])
** [[Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine]] (d. [[1453]]).
** [[James of Sclavonia]], Croatian friar (d. [[April 1985|April 1485]] or [[1496]])
** [[Gennadius Scholarius]], [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine Greek]] philosopher and theologian, and [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] (d. [[1473]])
** [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury]], English politician (d. [[1460]])
** [[Owen Tudor]], Welsh courtier (d. [[1461]])
** [[Jacopo Bellini]], Italian painter (d. [[1470]])
** [[Rogier van der Weyden]], Dutch painter (or [[1399]])
** [[Hans Multscher]], German painter and sculptor (d. [[1467]])
** [[Helene Kottanner]], Hungarian writer and courtier (d. after [[1470]])
** [[Ausiàs March]], medieval [[Valencian language|Valencian]] poet and knight (d. [[1459]])
** [[Henry, Duke of Villena]] (d. [[1445]])
** [[Gonçalo Velho Cabral]], Portuguese monk, Commander in the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]], explorer, and hereditary landowner (d. [[1460]])
** [[Manuel Fokas]], Greek Byzantine painter (d. after [[1454]])
** [[Gilles Binchois]], Franco-Flemish composer (d. [[1460]])
** [[Hang Jebat]], closest companion of the legendary Malaccan hero [[Hang Tuah]]
** [[Alexander of Masovia]], Polish prince member of the [[House of Piast]] and [[Bishop of Trento]] (d. [[1444]])
** [[Andrea Grego]], [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar and preacher (d. [[1485]])
** [[Andronikos V Palaiologos]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] ruler of [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]] and surrounding territories alongside his father [[John VII Palaiologos]] (d. [[1407]]) 
** [[Thomas Boleyn (priest)|Thomas Boleyn]], [[Master (college)|Master]] of [[Gonville and Caius College|Gonville Hall, Cambridge]] and English priest (d. 1472)
** [[Vettore Cappello]], merchant, statesman and military commander of the [[Republic of Venice]] (d. [[1467]])
** [[Domenico Capranica]], Italian theologian, [[Canon law|canonist]], statesman, and [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] (d. [[1458]])
** [[Pietru Caxaro]], Maltese [[philosopher]] and poet (d. [[1485]])
** [[Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester]] noblewoman, first the mistress and then the second wife of [[Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester]] (d. [[1452]])
* ''probable''
** [[Marina Nani]], Venetian dogaressa (d. [[1473]])
** [[Giovanna Dandolo]], Venetian dogaressa (d. after [[1462]])
** [[Johannes Gutenberg]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Childress | first = Diana | title = Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press | url = https://archive.org/details/johannesgutenber0000chil | url-access = registration | publisher = Twenty-First Century Books | place = Minneapolis | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-7613-4024-9 |page=14}}</ref> (d. [[1468]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Richard II King of England.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Richard II of England]]]]
[[File:Geoffrey Chaucer (17th century).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Geoffrey Chaucer]]]]
* [[January 7]]
** [[Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey]], English politician (executed) (b. [[1374]])
** [[John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury]], English earl (executed) (b. [[1350]])
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester]], English politician (executed) (b. [[1373]])
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter]], English politician (executed)
* [[February 14]] &ndash; King [[Richard II of England]], (probably murdered) (b. [[1367]])
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[John Wittlebury]], English politician (b. [[1333]])
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford]], third son of John de Vere (b. [[1338]])
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Baldus de Ubaldis]], Italian jurist (b. [[1327]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], rival [[King of the Romans]]
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Jan of Jenštejn]], Archbishop of Prague (b. [[1348]])
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], English poet (b. c. [[1343]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Geoffrey Chaucer {{!}} Biography, Poems, Canterbury Tales, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Geoffrey-Chaucer |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=12 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Peter of Aragon (heir of Sicily)|Peter of Aragon]], Aragonese infante (b. [[1398]])
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Moravia|Elizabeth of Moravia]], [[Margravine of Meissen]] (b. [[1355]])
* November &ndash; [[Tarabya of Ava]] (b. [[1368]])
* December &ndash; [[Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas|Archibald the Grim]], Scottish magnate (b. [[1328]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Narayana Pandit]], Indian mathematician (b. [[1340]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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