Editing 13th century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1201 to 1300}}
{{For|the video game series|XIII Century (series){{!}}''XIII Century'' (series)}}
{{Centurybox|13}}
[[File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg|thumb|250px|Mongol Emperor [[Genghis Khan]] whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history]]
The '''13th century''' was the century which lasted from January 1, [[1201]] (represented by the [[Roman numerals]] MCCI) through December 31, [[1300]] (MCCC) in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]].

The [[Mongol Empire]] was founded by [[Genghis Khan]], which stretched from [[Eastern Asia]] to [[Eastern Europe]]. The conquests of [[Hulagu Khan]] and other [[Mongol invasions]] changed the course of the [[Muslim world]], most notably the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)]] and the destruction of the [[House of Wisdom]]. Other Muslim powers such as the [[Mali Empire]] and [[Delhi Sultanate]] conquered large parts of [[West Africa]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]], while [[Buddhism]] witnessed a decline through the conquest led by [[Bakhtiyar Khilji]]. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably [[Samudera Pasai Sultanate|Samudera Pasai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-24 |title=Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site |url=https://republika.co.id/berita/en/travelling-2/17/03/24/ona4he414-samudra-pasai-worthy-to-be-world-historical-site |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=Republika Online}}</ref> The Kingdoms of [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]] and [[Hanthawaddy Kingdom|Hanthawaddy]] would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.<ref name="Coedes">{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 |editor=Walter F. Vella |author-link=George Coedès}}</ref>

Europe entered the apex of the [[High Middle Ages]], characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the [[The Fourth Crusade|fourth]], while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the [[Reconquista]] and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the [[Teutonic Order]] Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and [[Livonia]]. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years, [[Thomas Aquinas]] developed [[Scholasticism]], which dominated the curricula of the new universities.<ref name]"Catholic Encyclopedia">{{Cite web |title=St. Thomas Aquinas |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Catholic Encyclopedia}}</ref> In England, King John signed the [[Magna Carta]], beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence.<ref name="Brooks">{{cite book |last=Brooks|first=Christopher|title=Western Civilization: A Concise History |publisher=NSCC Libraries Pressbooks |year=2020}}</ref>

The [[Southern Song]] dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the [[Yuan dynasty]] of the Mongols. The [[Kamakura shogunate|Kamakura Shogunate]] of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of [[Goryeo]] resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.<ref name="Mongols">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Kenneth B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72 |title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1997 |isbn=9780275958237}}</ref>

In [[North America]], according to some population estimates, the population of [[Cahokia]] grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century [[History of London#Population|London]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History|url=http://www.demographia.com/dm-lon31.htm|access-date=2023-02-10|website=www.demographia.com}} Quoting from ''The London Encyclopedia'', Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010, {{ISBN|1405049251}}</ref> In [[Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru|Peru]], the [[Kingdom of Cusco|Kingdom of Cuzco]] began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In [[History of the Maya civilization|Mayan civilization]], the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Kanem Empire]] in what is now [[Chad]] reached its apex. The [[Solomonic dynasty]] in Ethiopia and the [[Kingdom of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe Kingdom]] were founded.

==Events==
[[Image:East-Hem 1200ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD]]

=== 1201–1209 ===
*[[1202]]: Introduction of {{Lang|la|[[Liber Abaci]]}} by [[Fibonacci]].
* [[1202]]: [[Battle of Basian]] occurs on July 27, between [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and [[Seljuks]].
* [[1202]]: [[Battle of Mirebeau]] occurs on August 1, between [[Arthur I of Brittany]] and [[John of England]]. 
* [[1204]]: [[Islamization]] of [[Bengal]] by [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] and [[Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent|oppression of Buddhism in East India]].
* [[1204]]: [[Fourth Crusade]] of [[1202]]–[[1204]] captures [[Zadar]] for [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and sacks [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Constantinople]], creating the [[Latin Empire]].
* [[1204]]: Fall of [[Normandy]] from [[House of Plantagenet|Angevin]] hands to the [[Kingdom of France|French]] King, [[Philip Augustus]], end of [[Normans|Norman]] domination of France.
* [[1205]]: [[Battle of Adrianople (1205)|The Battle of Adrianople]] occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria|Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria]], and [[Crusades|Crusaders]] under [[Baldwin I of Constantinople|Baldwin I]], (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
* [[1206]]: [[Genghis Khan]] is declared [[Great Khan]] of [[the Mongols]].
* 1206: The [[Delhi Sultanate]] is established in Northern India under the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Dynasty]].
* [[1209]]: [[Francis of Assisi]] founds the [[Franciscan Order]].
* [[1209]]: The [[Albigensian Crusade]] is declared by [[Pope Innocent III]].

===[[1210s]]===
[[Image:Liber abbaci magliab f124r.jpg|thumb|A page of the [[Italians|Italian]] [[Fibonacci]]'s {{Lang|la|[[Liber Abaci]]}} from the [[National Central Library (Florence)|Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze]] showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.]]

* [[1210]]: [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutb-ud-Din Aibak]], the first ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], fell down from a horse while playing [[chovgan]] (a form of [[polo]] on horseback) in [[Lahore]] and died instantly when the [[Pommel (saddle)|pommel]] of the saddle pierced his ribs.
* [[1212]]: The [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] marks the beginning of a rapid Christian [[Reconquista|reconquest]] of the southern half of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], mainly from [[1230]]–[[1248]], with the defeat of [[Al-Andalus|Moorish]] forces.
* [[1212]]: [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick of Sicily]] is crowned [[King of the Romans]] at Mainz.
* [[1213]]: The Kingdom of France defeats the [[Crown of Aragon]] at the [[Battle of Muret]].
* [[1214]]: France defeats the English and Imperial German forces at the [[Battle of Bouvines]].
* [[1215]]: King John signs [[Magna Carta]] at [[Runnymede]].
* [[1216]]: [[Battle of Lipitsa]] between Russian principalities. 
* [[1216]]: [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman Sundara I]] reestablishes the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Dynasty]] in Southern India 
* [[1217]]–[[1221]]: [[Fifth Crusade]] captures Egyptian [[Ayyubid]] port city of [[Damietta]]; ultimately the [[Crusaders]] withdraw.

===[[1220s]]===
* c. [[1220]]: The [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] was established
* [[1220]]: [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] is crowned in Rome
* [[1221]]: [[Siege of Merv (1221)|Merv]], [[Herat]], [[Siege of Bamyan|Bamyan]] and [[Nishapur]] are destroyed in the [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire]].
* [[1222]]: [[Andrew II of Hungary]] signs the [[Golden Bull of 1222|Golden Bull]] which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
* [[1223]]: The [[Signoria]] of the [[Republic of Venice]] is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia.
* [[1223]]: The [[Mongol Empire]] defeats various Russian principalities at the [[Battle of the Kalka River]].
* [[1223]]: [[Volga Bulgaria]] defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the [[Battle of Samara Bend]].
* [[1225]]: [[Trần dynasty]] of Vietnam was established by Emperor [[Trần Thái Tông]] ascended to the throne after his uncle [[Trần Thủ Độ]] orchestrated the overthrow of the [[Lý dynasty]].
* [[1226]]–[[1250]]: Dispute between the so-called second [[Lombard League]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]].
* [[1227]]: [[Estonians]] are finally subjugated to [[Terra Mariana|German crusader rule]] during the [[Livonian Crusade]].
* [[1227]]: [[Genghis Khan]] dies.
* [[1228]]–[[1229]]: [[Sixth Crusade]] under the excommunicated [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]], who returns [[Jerusalem]] to the [[Crusader States]] in a negotiated settlement with the Sultan of Egypt, [[Al-Kamil]] 
* [[1228]]–[[1230]]: First clash between [[Gregory IX]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]].

===[[1230s]]===
[[Image:Chinesischer Maler von 1238 001.jpg|thumb|Portrait of the Chinese [[Zen]] Buddhist [[Wuzhun Shifan]], painted in 1238, [[Song dynasty]].]]
* [[1231]]: [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]] promulgates the [[Constitutions of Melfi]], a far-reaching legal code influential in the development of continental European statehood.<ref>{{cite book|last= Van Cleve|first= T. C.|title=The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immuntator Mundi|publisher=Oxford|year=1972|isbn=0-198-22513-X|page=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kantorowicz|author-link=Ernst Kantorowicz|first=Ernst|title=Frederick the Second, 1194–1250|year=1937|publisher=Frederick Ungar|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/fredericktheseco000027mbp/page/n5|page=228}}</ref>
* [[1232]]: The [[Siege of Kaifeng (1232)|Mongols besiege Kaifeng]], the capital of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]], capturing it in the following year.
* [[1233]]: [[Battle of Ganter]], [[Ken Arok]] defeated Kertajaya, the last king of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]], thus established [[Singhasari]] kingdom<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314681/Ken-Angrok |title=Ken Angrok|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> Ken Arok ended the reign of [[Isyana Dynasty]] and started his own [[Rajasa dynasty]].
* [[1235]]: The [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] kingdoms unite to form the [[Mali Empire]] which leads to the downfall of [[Sosso]] in the 1230s.
* [[1237]]: [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]] virtually annihilates the forces of the second [[Lombard League]] at the [[Battle of Cortenuova]].
* [[1239]]–[[1250]]: Third conflict between the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[Papacy]].
* [[1237]]–[[1240]]: [[Mongol Empire]] conquers [[Kievan Rus]].
* [[1238]]: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of [[Sukhothai Kingdom]].

===[[1240s]]===
* [[1240]]: Russians defeat the Swedish army at the [[Battle of the Neva]].
* [[1241]]: [[Mongol Empire]] defeats Hungary at the [[Battle of Mohi]] and defeats Poland at the [[Battle of Legnica]]. Hungary and Poland ravaged.
* [[1242]]: Russians defeat the [[Teutonic Knights]] at the [[Battle of Lake Peipus]].
* [[1243]]–[[1250]]: Second [[Holy Roman Empire]]–[[Papacy]] War.
* [[1244]]: [[Ayyubids]] and [[Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246|Khwarezmians]] defeat the [[Crusaders]] and their Muslim allies at the [[Battle of La Forbie]].
* [[1249]]: End of the Portuguese [[Reconquista]] against the [[Al-Andalus|Moors]], when King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] reconquers the [[Algarve]].
* [[1248]]–[[1254]]: [[Seventh Crusade]] captures Egyptian [[Ayyubid]] port city of [[Damietta]], [[crusaders]] ultimately withdraw, after the capture of French king [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]]. [[Mamelukes]] overthrow [[Ayyubid]] Dynasty.

===[[1250s]]===
* [[File:Genghis Khan empire-en.svg|thumb|271px|[[Mongol Empire]] in 1227 at [[Genghis Khan]]'s death  ]]By 1250, [[Pensacola culture]], through trade, begins influencing [[Coastal Coles Creek culture]].<ref name="WEINSTEIN2008">{{cite journal|author1=Weinstein, Richard A.|author2=Dumas, Ashley A.|year=2008|title=The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico|url=http://www.coastalenv.com/sarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Southeastern Archaeology|volume=27|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425141409/http://www.coastalenv.com/sarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-25}}</ref>
*[[1250]]: The [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk dynasty]] is founded in Egypt.
*[[1250]]: Death of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]] on December 13th.
*[[1257]]: Baab Mashur Malamo established the [[Sultanate of Ternate]] in Maluku.
* [[1258]]: [[Baghdad]] captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in Baghdad.
* 1258: [[Pandya dynasty|Pandayan]] Emperor [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I|Jatavarman Sundara I]] invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka.
* [[1259]]: [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|Treaty of Paris]] is signed between [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] and [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]

===[[1260s]]===
* [[1260]]: Mongols first major war defeat in the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] against the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Egyptians]].
* 1260: [[Toluid Civil War]] begins between [[Kublai Khan]] and [[Ariq Böke]] for the title of [[Great Khan]].
* [[1261]]: [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantines]] under [[Michael VIII]] retake [[Constantinople]] from the [[Crusaders]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]].
* [[1262]]: Iceland brought under Norwegian rule, with the [[Old Covenant (Iceland)|Old Covenant]].
* [[1265]]: Dominican theologian [[Thomas Aquinas]] begins to write his [[Summa Theologica|''Summa Theologiae'']].
* [[1268]]: Fall of the [[Crusader states|Crusader State]] of [[Antioch]] to the Egyptians.

===[[1270s]]===
[[File:Ibn al-nafis page.jpg|250px|thumb|The opening page of one of [[Ibn al-Nafis]]' medical works. This is probably a copy made in [[India]] during the 17th or 18th century.]]
* [[1270]]: [[Goryeo]] dynasty swears allegiance to the [[Yuan dynasty]].
* [[1270]]: The [[Zagwe dynasty]] is displaced by the [[Solomonic dynasty]].
* [[1271]]: [[Edward I of England]] and [[Charles of Anjou]] arrive in [[Akko|Acre]], starting the [[Ninth Crusade]] against [[Baibars]].
* [[1272]]–[[1274]]: [[Second Council of Lyon]] attempts to unite the churches of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]] with the [[State church of the Roman Empire|Church of Rome]].
* [[1274]]: The Mongols launch their first [[Mongol invasions of Japan#First invasion (1274)|invasion]] of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the [[Kamikaze (typhoon)|Kamikaze]] winds.
* [[1274]]: The [[Tepanec]] give the [[Mexica]] permission to settle at the islet Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds)
* [[1275]]: [[Dnyaneshwar|Sant Dnyaneshwar]] who wrote ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'' (a commentary on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'') and ''[[Amrutanubhav]]'' was born.
* [[1275]]: King [[Kertanegara]] of Singhasari launched [[Pamalayu expedition]] against [[Melayu Kingdom]] in Sumatra (ended in 1292).
* [[1277]]: Passage of the last and most important of the [[Condemnations of 1210–1277|Paris Condemnations]] by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] propositions
* [[1279]]: The [[Song dynasty]] ends after losing the [[Battle of Yamen]] to the Mongols.
*[[1279]]: The [[Chola Dynasty]] in Southern India officially comes to an end.

===[[1280s]]===
* [[1281]]: The Mongols launch their second [[Mongol invasions of Japan#Second invasion (1281)|invasion]] of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
* [[1282]]: [[Aragon]] acquires [[Sicily]] after the [[Sicilian Vespers]].
* [[1284]]: [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]] founded by Hugo de Balsham, the [[Bishop of Ely]].
* [[1284]]: King Kertanegara launches the Pabali expedition to [[Bali]], integrating Bali into the Singhasari territory.
* [[1285]]: Second [[Tatar invasions|Mongol raid]] against [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], led by [[Nogai Khan]].
* [[1289]]: The [[County of Tripoli]] falls to the Bahri [[Mamluks]] led by [[Qalawun]].
* [[1289]]: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of [[Kublai Khan]], who demanded that Java pay tribute to the [[Yuan Dynasty]].<ref>{{citation |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java |year=1988 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Jersey |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/288 288] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/288 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ&q=Majapahit|title=Modern Times|first=H.|last=Kahler|date=December 31, 1981|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=9004061967 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

===1290–1300===
[[Image:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg|thumb|Hommage of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] (kneeling), to the [[Philippe le Bel]] (seated). As [[duke of Aquitaine]], Edward was a vassal to the French king.]]
* The [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Dynasty]] comes to an end and is replaced by the [[Khalji dynasty]].
* [[1290]]: By the [[Edict of Expulsion]], King [[Edward I of England]] orders all [[Jews]] to leave the [[Kingdom of England]].
* [[1291]]: The [[Swiss Confederation]] of [[Canton of Uri|Uri]], [[Schwyz]], and [[Unterwalden]] forms.
* [[1291]]: [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] Sultan of Egypt [[al-Ashraf Khalil]] captures [[Siege of Acre (1291)|Acre]], thus ending the Crusader [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] (the last Christian state remaining from the [[Crusades]]).
* [[1292]]: [[Jayakatwang]], duke of Kediri, rebels and kills [[Kertanegara of Singhasari|Kertanegara]], ending the [[Singhasari kingdom]].
* [[1292]]: [[Marco Polo]], on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including [[Perlak, Aceh|Ferlec]], [[Samudra Pasai|Samudera]] and Lambri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/history.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813150213/http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/history.html|url-status=dead|title=History of Aceh|archivedate=August 13, 2012}}</ref>
* [[1292]]: King [[Mangrai]] founds the [[Lan Na|Lanna]] kingdom.
* [[1293]]: [[Mongol invasion of Java]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |title=Genghis khan and the making of the modern world |year=2004 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0-609-80964-4 |page=239 }}</ref> [[Kublai Khan]] of [[Yuan dynasty]] China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces.
* [[1293]]: On 10 November, the coronation of [[Raden Wijaya|Nararya Sangramawijaya]] as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu [[Majapahit]] kingdom in eastern Java.
* [[1296]]: [[First War of Scottish Independence]] begins.
* [[1297]]: Membership in the ''Mazor Consegio'' or the [[Great Council of Venice]] of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
* [[1299]]: [[Ottoman Empire]] is established under [[Osman I]].
* [[1300]]: [[Islam]] is likely [[The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)|established]] in the [[Aceh]] region.
* [[1300]]: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or [[Kutai Lama, Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara|Kutai Lama]].
* [[1300]]: The [[Turku Cathedral]] was consecrated in [[Turku]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-02|title=Kenelle kellot soivat? – Kiipeä 360-videon avulla Turun tuomiokirkon torniin|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-9692371|access-date=2023-02-10|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}</ref>
* [[1300]]: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name [[Sri Lumay]], a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the [[Chola dynasty]] in [[Sumatra]] established the [[Greater India|Indianized]] [[Rajahnate of Cebu]] in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.

== Inventions, discoveries, introductions ==
[[File:Alai Gate and Qutub Minar.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Qutb complex|Alai Gate and Qutub Minar]] were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=unescoaqm>{{Cite web|title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233/|access-date=2023-02-10|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref>]]

* Early 13th century – [[Xia Gui]] paints ''Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut'', during the [[Southern Song dynasty]] (now in [[Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art]], Kansas City, Missouri).
* The [[motet]] form originates out of the [[Ars antiqua]] tradition of [[Classical music|Western European music]].
* [[Manuscript culture]] develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
* [[Manuscript culture#Pecia system|''Pecia'' system]] of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
* Wooden [[movable type]] printing invented by Chinese governmental minister [[Wang Zhen (official)|Wang Zhen]] in [[1298]].
* The earliest known [[rocket]]s, [[landmine]]s, and [[History of firearms|handguns]] are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
* The Chinese adopt the [[windmill]] from the [[Islamic world]].
* [[Guan ware]] vase is made, [[Southern Song dynasty]]. It is now kept at [[Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art]], London.
*1250 – [[Cliff Palace]], [[Mesa Verde National Park|Mesa Verde]], and other [[Ancestral Pueblo]] architectural complexes reach their apex<ref name="b275">Berlo and Phillips, 275</ref>
* [[1280s]] – [[Eyeglasses]] are invented in Venice, Italy.
* Late 13th century – ''[[Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace]]'' is made during the [[Kamakura period]]. It is now kept at [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]].
* Late 13th century – ''[[Descent of the Amida Trinity]]'', [[raigo]] [[triptych]], is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]].
* The [[Neo-Aramaic]] languages begin to develop during the course of the century.

==See also==
* [[Christianity in the 13th century]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/walsh.htm |title=The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries |url-status=dead |author=James J. Walsh |author-link=James Joseph Walsh |year=1907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301075205/http://www2.nd.edu/Departments//Maritain/etext/walsh.htm |archive-date=2017-03-01 |website=nd.edu}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:13th Century}}
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